Review Sheet for Psych 350
Exam 3
What will be fair game for Exam 3? Anything and everything from Chapters 17-25,
the Epilogue, movies, and lectures since the second exam… This is just a guideline of the textbook
issues to cover/review. I may have missed
some things so it’s best not to rely exclusively on this. Remember
to review lecture notes! Forming study groups is a wise choice –
perhaps divide up the chapters, outline and teach each other main
points/concepts as a review. I will
have my normal office hours on Monday from 11:30-2. Good luck studying!
Chapter 17: Early Adulthood:
Biosocial Development
- Describe the changes in
growth, strength, and overall health that occur during early adulthood.
- Describe age-related
changes in physical appearance that become noticeable by the late 20s.
- Discuss changes in the
efficiency of various body functions, focusing on the significance of
these changes for the individual.
- (A Life-Span View)
Identify age-related trends in the sexual responsiveness of both men and
women during the decades from 20-40.
- Discuss changing
attitudes toward contraception from adolescence to young adulthood.
- (text and in Person)
Describe the main causes of infertility in men and women, and list several
techniques used to treat this problem, noting some of the issues raised by
the techniques.
- Discuss the causes and
consequences of drug abuse during early adulthood.
- (text and Changing
Policy) Identify the potentially
harmful effects of repeated dieting.
- Describe the typical
victims of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and discuss possible
explanations for these disorders.
- Explain how restrictive
stereotypes of ‘masculine’ behavior may be related to the self-destructive
behaviors of many young Americans.
- (text and Research
Report) Discuss the factors that
may determine whether a young male adult will suffer a violent death.
Concepts/words to
know
senescence
presbyopia
homeostasis
organ
reserve
infertility
pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID)
endometriosis
in
vitro fertilization (IVF)
drug
abuse
drug
addiction
set
point
Body
mass index (BMI)
Anorexia
nervosa
Bulimia
nervosa
Chapter
18: Early Adulthood: Cognitive Development
- Describe three approaches to the study of adult
cognition.
- Identify the main characteristics of postformal
thought, and describe how it differs from formal operational thought.
- (text and Research Report) Explain how
emotionally charged problems differentiate adolescent and adult reasoning.
- Define dialectical thought, and give examples
of usefulness.
- Draw a conclusion about whether postformal
thought represents a separate stage of development.
- Explain Carol Gilligan’s view of how moral
reasoning changes during adulthood.
- (A Life-Span View) Briefly describe the six
stages of faith outlined by James Fowler.
- Explain how the Defining Issues Test helps
relate moral development to other aspects of adult cognition and life
satisfaction.
- Discuss the relationship between cognitive
growth and higher education.
- Compare college students today with their
counterparts of a decade or two ago.
- (text and In Person) Discuss how life events
may trigger new patterns of thinking and result in cognitive growth.
Concepts/words to know
postformal approach
psychometric approach
information-processing approach
postformal thought
dialectical thought
thesis
antithesis
synthesis
defining issues test (DIT)
Chapter
19: Early Adulthood: Psychosocial Development
- Identify the two basic tasks, or crises, of
adulthood, and explain how the viewpoint of most developmentalists
regarding adult stages has shifted.
- Explain how the social clock influences the
timing of important events during early adulthood.
- (text and In Person) Review the developmental course of friendship during
adulthood, noting factors that promote friendship and gender differences
in friendship patterns.
- (Research Report) Identify Sternberg’s three components of love, and discuss
the pattern by which they develop in relationships.
- Discuss the impact of cohabitation on
relationships, and identify three factors that influence marital success.
- Discuss the impact of social systems on
divorce, the reasons for today’s rising divorce rate, and the usual impact
of divorce on families.
- (A Life-Span View) Discuss spouse abuse, focusing on its forms, contributing
factors, and prevention.
- Discuss the adjustment problems that accompany
divorce, especially those of the custodial parent.
- Discuss the importance of work to the
individual and whether the traditional stages of the career cycle are
pertinent to today’s workers.
- Identify possible reasons for the variability
in the job cycle today and the developmental implications for adults just
entering the work force.
- (text and Changing Policy) Discuss the myths,
challenges, and opportunities of dual-earner family life.
- Focusing on broad thesmes, describe the stages
of the family life cycle, noting the rewards and challenges of each stage.
- Discuss the special challenges facing
stepparent, adoptive parents, and foster parents.
Concepts/words to know
Erikson’s notions of intimacy versus isolation
Erikson’s notions of generativity versus stagnation
social clock
gateways to attraction
cohabitation
homogamy
heterogamy
social homogamy
marital equity
exchange theory
common couple violence
patriarchical terrorism
glass ceiling
role overload
role buffering
Chapter 20: Middle Adulthood: Biosocial Development
- (text and In Person) Identify the typical
physical changes of middle adulthood and discuss their impact.
- Describe how the functions of the sense organs
and vital body systems change during middle adulthood.
- (text and Research Report) Describe the
relationship between certain lifestyle factors—smoking, alcohol use,
nutrition, weight, and exercise—and health.
- Differentiate four measures of health, and
explain the concept of quality-adjusted life years.
- Explain how variations in health are related to
ethnicity.
- (Changing Policy) Explain why group differences
in health are often misattributed to genes and ancestry.
- Cite sex differences in mortality and
morbidity rates and several ways
in which these differences have been exacerbated by the medical community.
- Identify the typical changes that occur in the
sexual-reproductive system during middle-adulthood.
- (A Life Span View) Discuss historical changes
in the psychological impact of menopause, and explain what researchers
mean by “male menopause”.
- Identify age-related changes in sexual
expression.
Concepts/words
to know
aspects of vision decline
glaucoma
autoimmune disease
global disease burden
mortality
morbidity
disability
vitality
quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)
menopause
climacteric
osteoporosis
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Chapter 21: Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development
- Distinguish between fluid and crystallized
intelligence, and explain how each is affected by age.
- Differentiate the three fundamental forms of
intelligence described by Robert Sternberg, and discuss how each tends to
vary over the life-span.
- (Research Report) Explain the concept of
selective optimization with compensation.
- Outline Howard Gardner’s theory of
intelligence, noting the impact of genes, culture, and aging on the
various dimensions of intelligence.
- Discuss the multidirectionality of
intelligence.
- (A Life-span View) Briefly trace the history of
the controversy regarding adult intelligence, including the findings of
cross-sectional and longitudinal research and how cross-sequential
research compensates for their shortcomings.
- (text and In Person) Explain how and why
context and cohort affect intellectual development during adulthood.
- Discuss the plasticity of intelligence.
- Describe how the cognitive processes of experts
differ from those of novices.
Concepts/words to know
General
intelligence (g)
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
analytic intelligence
creative intelligence
practical intelligence
plasticity
expertise
expert
Characteristics of expertise
intuitive
automatic
strategic
flexible
Chapter 22: Middle Adulthood: Psychosocial Development
- Discuss the changes that normally occur during
middle age, including whether midlife is inevitably a time of crisis.
- (A Life-Span View) Explain why middle-aged adults are considered the “sandwich
generation”.
- Describe the Big Five clusters of personality
traits, and discuss reasons for their relative stability during adulthood.
- (text and In Person) Explain the concept of an
ecological niche, noting how it interacts with personality.
- Explain the tendency toward gender role
convergence during middle age.
- Characterize the relationship between
middle-aged adults and the older and younger generations.
- Differentiate three patterns of
grand-parent-grandchild relationships, and discuss historical trends in
their prevalence.
- (Research Report) Discuss the reasons for and value of grandparents becoming
surrogate parents.
- Discuss how and why marital relationships tend
to change during middle adulthood.
- (text and Changing Policy) Discuss the impact
of divorce and remarriage during middle adulthood, including reasons for
the high divorce rate among the remarried, and describe the dilemma faced
by middle-aged women in the “marriage market”.
- Describe how the balance among work, family,
and self often shifts during middle adulthood.
Concepts/words
to know
middle age
sandwich generation
midlife crisis
Big Five
ecological niche
gender crossover
kinkeepers
familism
remote grandparents
involved grandparents
companionate grandparents
surrogate parents
mentor
Chapter
23: Late Adulthood: Biosocial Development
- Define ageism, and identify two reasons for
changing views about old age.
- (A Life-Span View) Describe ongoing changes in
the age distribution of the American population.
- Distinguish among three categories of the aged,
and explain the current state of the dependency ratio.
- (text and In Person) Differentiate between
primary and secondary aging, and list several characteristic effects of
aging on the individual’s appearance, noting how the aged see themselves.
- Describe age-related problems in vision and
hearing.
- (text and Research Report) Discuss the
adjustments older adults may have to make in various areas of life in
order to maintain optimal functioning.
- Identify several reasons that the incidence of
chronic disease increases significantly with age, and explain the concept
of compression of morbidity.
- Outline the wear-and-tear and cellular
accidents theories of aging.
- Explain how the immune system functions, and
describe age-related changes in its functioning.
- Explain senescence from an epigenetic systems
theory perspective.
- Discuss the role of genetics in aging, and
explain what the Hayflick limit is and how it supports the idea of a
genetic clock.
- Identify lifestyle characteristics associated
with the healthy, long-lived adult.
- (Changing Policy) Discuss nutritional and
exercise needs during late adulthood, and suggest how these might best be
met.
Concepts/words
to know
ageism
gerontology
demography
dependency ratio
young-old
old-old
oldest-old
primary aging
secondary aging
cataracts
glaucoma
senile macular degeneration
presbycusis
tinnitis
elderspeak
compression of morbidity
wear-and-tear theory of aging
oxygen free radicals
antioxidants
B-cells
T-cells
maximum life span
average life expectancy
genetic clock
progeria
Hayflick limit
Chapter 24: Late
Adulthood: Cognitive Development
- Summarize the laboratory findings regarding
changes in the sensitivity of the sensory register and the capacity of
working memory during late adulthood.
- Summarize the laboratory findings regarding
changes in the older adults’ ability to access the knowledge base and to
use control processes efficiently.
- (A Life-Span View) Describe research methods for
assessing long-term memory in older adults.
- Suggest several reasons, other than the aging
process itself, that might contribute to age-related declines in cognitive
functioning.
- Describe age-related changes in the brain’s
size, weight, number of cells, and speed of processing.
- (Research Report) Characterize and explain discrepancies between how the
elderly perform on memory and problem-solving tasks in the laboratory, on
the one hand, and in daily life, on the other.
- Summarize and critique the findings of studies
showing that special training can reduce the intellectual declines
associated with aging.
- (text and Changing Policy) Discuss the impact
of nursing homes on the practical competencies of older adults, and
whether age-related declines in memory and processing speed are
inevitable.
- Identify the two most common forms of dementia
and discuss the differences between them.
- Identify and describe other organic causes of
dementia as well as causes of reversible dementia.
- (text and In Person) Discuss the claims of
developmentalists regarding the possibility of positive cognitive
development during late adulthood, and cite several areas of life in which
such development may occur.
Concepts/words
to know
working
memory
knowledge base
explicit memory
implicit memory
control processes
source amnesia
priming
dementia
alzheimer’s disease (AD) (know stages of this as well)
multi-infarct dementia (MID)
subcortical dementias
Parkinson’s disease
life review
wisdom
Chapter 25: Late Adulthood: Psychosocial Development
- Explain the central premises of self-theories
of psychosocial development during late adulthood.
- Discuss Erikson’s stage of integrity versus
despair and the process of achieving integrity in old age.
- Identify and describe
the stratification theories of psychosocial development during late
adulthood.
- Discuss dynamic
theories of late adulthood.
- Discuss the impact of
retirement on the individual and the factors that influence adjustment to
this event.
- List and discuss
several alternative sources of achievement during late adulthood.
- (Changing Policy)
Explain how the economic circumstances of the elderly have changed in
recent years, and discuss the issue of generational equity.
- Describe the components
of the social convoy, and explain this convoy’s increasing importance
during late adulthood.
- Discuss how, and why,
marriage relationships tend to change as people grow old.
- Discuss the impact of
being old and single (never-married, divorced, or widowed) on both women
and men.
- (text and In Person)
Discuss friendships and sibling relationships among older people.
- Discuss the
relationship between the generations as it exists today, and identify
several reasons for the current pattern of detachment.
- Describe the frail
elderly, and explain why their number is growing.
- (text and A Life-Span
View) Identify and discuss four factors that may protect the elderly from
frailty.
- Discuss alternative
care arrangements for the frail elderly, identifying some of the potential
advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Describe the typical
case of elder abuse.
Concepts/words
to know
self-theories
self-actualization
Erikson’s notions of ‘integrity vs. despair’
identity theory
identity assimilation
identity accommodation
selective optimization
stratification theories
disengagement theory
activity theory
dynamic theories
continuity theory
elderhostel
social convoy
beanpole family
frail elderly
activities of daily life (ADLs)
instrumental activities of daily life (IADLs)
respite care
Epilogue
- Identify Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying, and discuss
these stages in light of more recent research.
- (A Life-Span View) Discuss age-related
differences in the conceptualization of and emotional reactions to death.
- Discuss the steps that patients, family
members, and medical personnel can take to plan for a swift, pain-free,
and dignified death.
- (Changing Policy) Explain the concept of
palliative care, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of hospices.
- (text and Research Report) Discuss issues
surrounding assisted suicide and active euthanasia, noting the Dutch
experience with legislation regarding assisted dying.
- Describe some cultural and religious variations
in ho death is viewed and treated.
- Describe recent changes in the mourning
process, and suggest steps that can be taken in helping someone to recover
from bereavement.
Concepts/words to know
living will
double effect
palliative care
hospice
physician-assisted suicide
voluntary euthanasia