AMICUS BRIEFS
Amicus briefs are statements from outside parties that provide additional information and arguments in a legal action. The individuals, organizations, and/or businesses who submit the briefs are referred to as amici curiae, a Latin phrase meaning “friends of the court.”
A record number of amicus briefs was submitted in support of the University of Michigan. Briefs were also filed in support of plaintiffs Gratz, Hamacher, and Grutter. Several briefs were submitted that supported neither side of the argument expressly.
Quotes
The amicus briefs filed in support of the plaintiffs and defendants in the two U-M cases cover a wide range of individuals and institutions, from Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf to MTV Networks. Below are some representative quotes:
“[A] highly qualified, racially diverse officer corps educated and trained to command our nation’s racially diverse enlisted ranks is essential.… The primary sources for the nation’s officer corps are the service academies and the ROTC, the latter comprised of students already admitted to participating colleges and universities.”
Retired Military Leaders,
Past Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs,
Former U.S. Secretaries of Defense
Amicus Brief in support of the defendants
“As the experience in Texas, Florida, and California demonstrates, public universities have ample race-neutral means available to achieve objectives such as educational diversity, openness, and broad participation…. They [university officials] cannot follow Michigan’s model of adopting race-based admissions policies…”
U.S. Department of Justice
Amicus Brief in support of the plaintiffs
“The University of Michigan has created, and will continue to create, a learning environment that is the very essence of what a university should be—a place where our differences create a robust learning experience that is filled with challenge, progress, and hope.”
Jennifer Granholm
Governor, State of Michigan
Amicus Brief in support of the defendants
“There can be little doubt that racial and ethnic diversity in the senior leadership of the corporate world is crucial to our nation’s economic prospects. In a country in which minorities will soon dominate the labor force, commensurate diversity in the upper ranks of management is increasingly important.”
General Motors Corporation
Amicus Brief in support of the defendants
Read the Briefs
Click on the links below to read the full text of the amicus briefs.
> > in support of the University of Michigan in GRUTTER v. BOLLINGER
> > In support of the University of Michigan in GRATZ v. BOLLINGER
> > In support of Barbara Grutter and CIR in GRUTTER v. BOLLINGER
> > In support of Gratz, Hamacher, and CIR in GRATZ v. BOLLINGER
> > In support of neither party in GRATZ and GRUTTER
Amicus Briefs
Amicus Briefs Filed with the U.S. Supreme Court
in Grutter v. Bollinger IN SUPPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
- 13,922 Current Law Students
- 3M, et al. (Fortune 500 Corporations)
- American Bar Association
- American Educational Research Association, et al.
- American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)
- American Jewish Committee, et al.
- American Law Deans Association
- American Psychological Association
- American Sociological Association, et al.
- Amherst College, et al.
- Arizona State University College of Law
- Association of American Law Schools
- Association of American Medical Colleges, et al.
- Bay Mills Indian Community, et al.
- Lt. Gen. Julius W. Becton, Jr., et al.
(Retired Military Leaders)
- Black Law School Graduates Committee
- Black Women Lawyers’ Association of Greater Chicago
- Boston Bar Association, et al.
- Carnegie Mellon University and 37 Fellow Private Colleges and Universities
- Cities of Philadelphia and Cleveland, and the National Conference of Black Mayors
- Clinical Legal Education Association
- Coalition for Economic Equity, et al.
- Columbia University, et al.
- John Conyers and Other Members of Congress
- General Motors Corporation
- Rep. Richard A. Gephardt, et al.
- Graduate Management Admission Council and the Executive Leadership Council
- Harvard, Stanford and Yale Black Law Students Associations
- Harvard University, et al.
- Hayden Family
- Hispanic National Bar Association and Hispanic Association of Colleges & Universities
- Howard University
- Howard University Law Students
- Human Rights Advocates and University of Minnesota Human Rights Center
- Indiana University
- King County Bar Association, et al.
- Law School Admission Council
- Law School Deans
- Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law
- Leadership Conference on Civil Rights
- MTV Networks
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al.
- Media Companies
- Michigan Black Law Alumni Society
- Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm
- NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund and the American Civil Liberties Union
- National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium (NAPALC), et al.
- National Center for Fair & Open Testing (FairTest)
- National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N’COBRA), et al.
- National School Boards Association, et al.
- National Urban League, et al.
- NEA, its state affiliates, AFSCME and People For the American Way
- New America Alliance
- New Mexico Hispanic Bar Association, et al.
- New York City Council Speaker Gifford Miller, et al.
- New York State Black & Puerto Rican Legislative Caucus
- NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, et al.
- Pennsylvania General Assembly Members, et al.
- Senators Thomas A. Daschle, et al.
- Social Scientists Glenn C. Loury, et al.
- Society of American Law Teachers
- State of Maryland, et al. (including 21 states and the Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands)
- State of New Jersey
- United Negro College Fund and Kappa Alpha Psi
- UCLA School of Law Students of Color
- University of Michigan Law Student Associations
- University of North Carolina School of Law
- University of Pittsburgh, et al.
- Veterans of the Southern Civil Rights Movement, et al.
Amicus Briefs Filed with the U.S. Supreme Court
in Gratz v. Bollinger IN SUPPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
- 3M, et al. (Fortune 500 Corporations)
- American Council on Education, et al.
- American Educational Research Association, et al.
- American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)
- American Jewish Committee, et al.
- American Psychological Association
- Amherst College, et al.
- Authors of the Ten Percent Plan
- Bay Mills Indian Community, et al.
- Lt. Gen. Julius W. Becton, Jr., et al.
(Retired Military Leaders)
- Black Women Lawyers Association of Greater Chicago
- Carnegie Mellon University and 37 Fellow Private Colleges and Universities
- Cities of Philadelphia and Cleveland, and the National Conference of Black Mayors
- College Board
- Columbia University, et al.
- John Conyers and Other Members of Congress
- General Motors Corporation
- Rep. Richard A. Gephardt, et al.
- Harvard University, et al.
- Hayden Family
- Howard University
- Human Rights Advocates and University of Minnesota Human Rights Center
- Latino Organizations (National Council of La Raza, et al.)
- Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, et al.
- Leadership Conference on Civil Rights
- MTV Networks
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al.
- Media Companies
- Members of Congress
- Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm
- National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium (NAPALC), et al.
- National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, et al. (N’COBRA)
- National School Boards Association, et al.
- National Urban League, et al.
- NEA, its state affiliates, AFSCME and People For the American Way
- New America Alliance
- New York City Council Speaker Gifford Miller, et al.
- Northeastern University
- NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, et al.
- Senators Thomas A. Daschle, et al.
- Social Scientists Loury, et al.
- State of Maryland, et al. (including 21 states and the Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands)
- State of New Jersey
- United Negro College Fund and Kappa Alpha Psi
- University of Pittsburgh, et al.
Amicus briefs filed IN SUPPORT OF BARBARA GRUTTER AND CENTER FOR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS (CIR) IN GRUTTER
- Asian American Legal Foundation
- Cato Institute
- Center for Equal Opportunity, the Independent Women’s Forum, and the American Civil Right Institute
- Center for Individual Freedom
- Center for New Black Leadership
- Center for the Advancement of Capitalism
- Claremont Institute Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence
- Law Professors
- Michigan Association of Scholars
- National Association of Scholars
- Pacific Legal Foundation
- Reason Foundation
- State of Florida
- United States
- Ward Connerly
Amicus briefs filed IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS IN GRATZ
- Asian American Legal Foundation
- Cato Institute
- Center for Equal Opportunity, the Independent Women’s Forum, and the American Civil Right Institute
- Center for Individual Freedom
- Center for New Black Leadership
- Center for the Advancement of Capitalism
- Claremont Institute Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence
- Duane C. Ellison
- Michigan Association of Scholars
- National Association of Scholars
- Pacific Legal Foundation
- Reason Foundation
- State of Florida
- United States
- Ward Connerly
Amicus briefs filed IN SUPPORT OF NEITHER PARTY
- Anti-Defamation League in Grutter and Gratz v. Bollinger
- BP America Inc. in Grutter and Gratz v. Bollinger
- Criminal Justice Legal Foundation in Grutter v. Bollinger
- Equal Employment Advisory Council in Grutter and Gratz v. Bollinger
- Massachusetts Law School in Grutter v. Bollinger
|
