Bibliography

BaseballLibrary.com. "Felipe Alou." The Idea Logical Company, (last revised 2006). http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Felipe_Alou_1935 (accessed December, 2007).

SUMMARY: This website was used for information about Alou's childhood and accomplishments.

Burgos Jr., Adrian. Playing america's game: Baseball, latinos, and the color line. California: University of California Press, 2007.

SUMMARY: Burgos looks at the last 125 years of basball in terms of both latinos and blacks, however our project will focus on the latino segments.

Campello, F. Lennox. "Before El Duque There was Luque and Before Robinson There was Estalella." F. Lennox Campello, (last revised 2003). http://campello.tripod.com/firstblackinbaseball.html (accessed December 2007).

SUMMARY: This website covers a wide range of baseball phenomena. The beginnings of the development of Latino influence in baseball are briefly noted. Also noted are Latino managers and coaches and Jackie Robinson’s impact on future Latino baseball players.

Coker, Meg. "Baseball Teams Worried Some Players May Not Be Fielded Due To Visa Quotas." Cox News Service, (last revised May 04, 2006). http://www.visalaw.com/FAS/cox0506.pdf (accessed December 2007).

SUMMARY: This article provided information about the visa quotas, and their effect on MLB teams.

Encyclopedia Brittanica Online. “Latin Americans in Major League Baseball.” (last revised 2007). http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9384936/Latin-Americans-in-Major-League-Baseball. (accessed December, 2007).

SUMMARY: This web article provided information on the history on Latino influence in Major League Baseball. The article discusses Latino baseball history from its beginnings.

ESPN.com. "Contreras' wife, two daughters are in Florida" ESPN news services, (last revised June 24, 2004). http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=1826440 (accessed December, 2007).

SUMMARY: This ESPN article tells the story of how Cuban star pitcher, Jose Contreras, re-unified with his family.

ESPN.com. "Perez on Sheff's comments: 'That's going to hurt a lot of people'." ESPN news services, (last revised 2007). http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2893756 (accessed October 2007).

SUMMARY: This ESPN article shares Gary Sheffield’s statements about the Latino/ African American differences. The article also brings up the percentage change in the number of Latino players in Major League baseball. This article also uses the viewpoint of Latino influences around the Major Leagues.

ESPN.com. "Sheffield says Latin players easier to control than blacks" ESPN news services, (last revised June 3, 2007). http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2891875 (accessed December 2007).

SUMMARY: This ESPN article shares Gary Sheffield’s statements about the Latino/ African American differences. The article also brings up the percentage change in the number of Latino players in Major League baseball.

Gmelch, George. Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime. University of Nebraska Press, 2006.

SUMMARY: This book takes a look at how the game was imported, how it took hold and developed, how it was organized, played, and followed, and what these local and regional trends and features say about the sport's place in particular cultures.

Hayes, Parker. "Beyond Baseball: The Life of Roberto Clemente." Smithsonian Institute. http://robertoclemente.si.edu/english/index.htm (accessed December 2007).

SUMMARY: This website provides information on the life of Latino great, Roberto Clemente from the date of his birth, until the day of his death.

Latino Legends in Sports. "The Legends Archive." Latino Legends in Sports, (last revised 2005). http://www.latinosportslegends.com/archives.htm (accessed December 2007)

SUMMARY: This website consists of statistical and personal information about the lives of the various Latino baseball players of the past.

LatinoBaseball.com. "The History of Latinos in the Major League." R. Paniagua Inc. http://latinobaseball.com/mlb-hcountry.html (accessed October 2007).

SUMMARY: This website provided an overview of the history of Latinos in baseball from the beginnings to present day.

Martinez, Ibsen. "Latin Baseball: A fronteir Story." The Library of Economics and Liberty, (last revised Janurary 9, 2006). http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2006/Martinezbaseball.html (accessed December, 2006).

SUMMARY: This website focuses on a detailed re-telling of the beginnings of Latino interest and development of baseball.

SammySosa.info. "Sammy Sosa's Biography." (last revised 2006). http://www.sammysosa.info/biography/ (accessed December, 2007).

SUMMARY: This website was used to obtain information about Sammy Sosa’s childhood. For example, his hometown, and the fact that his father died when he was seven years old. It also talked more in detail about the homerun race with Mark McGuire such as dates and specific numbers.

Schaffer, Michael D. "Vivid documentary explores history of latin baseball players." Philadelphia Inquirer (2005).

SUMMARY: This article takes a look at difficulties faced by Latino baseball players as they begin their careers in baseball in the United States. Specifically, it looked at various players from the Philadelphia Phillies.

Wendel, Tim, and Bob Costas. The new face of baseball: The one hundred year rise and triumph of latinos in america's favorite sport. Rayo, 2004.

SUMMARY: This book looks at baseball in Cuba in the 1800s and it traces the effect of the popularity in America to Mexico and the Caribbean. It also, talks about the color lines and the racism faced by Latinos in Major League Baseball. Less well known Latino baseball players are also given recognition in this book.

Wikipedia. "Felipe Alou." (last revised November 7, 2007). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Alou (accessed December 2007).

SUMMARY: This website had information about the dates that he won the National League manager of the year award, and the year that he led the Expos to the best record in the league during the strike.

Wikipedia. "Jose Canseco." (last revised November 20, 2007). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Canseco (accessed December, 2007).

SUMMARY: This website had a great deal of information about Jose Canseco. Most of the information used from this site involved Jose’s childhood: where he grew up, number of siblings, etc. This site also had useful information about his book, Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant ‘Roids, Smash Hits & How Baseball Got Big, that created national awareness of the steroid problem in Major League Baseball.

Wikipedia. "Orlando Cepeda." (last revised November 19, 2007). http://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Orlando_Cepeda (accessed December 2007).

SUMMARY: This web article supplied information about the career and accomplishments of Orlando Cepeda.

Young, Ronald. "For Everyone Else, There’s Visa…." MLN Sports Zone, (last revised 2005). http://www.minorleaguenews.com/features/articles2005/02/20.html (accessed December, 2007).

SUMMARY: This article looked at some effects of the visa quota on specific teams: the Chicago Cubs and the St. Louis Cardinals.