Bibliography
Chea, Socheat, “The Evolving Definition of an Aggravated Felony” 1999, Socheat Chea P.C., http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jun/1/126967.html (accessed November 25, 2007).
This article discusses how the definition of aggravated felony changed after the 1996 laws: the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. The author is an immigration lawyer and listed exact clauses that impacted the immigrant community. Also discussed were some cases and stories concerning the laws.
Cummings, Scott, and Daniel J. Monti. Gangs: The Origins and Impact of Contemporary Youth Gangs in the United States. Albany: State University of New York P, 1993. 1-193.
One important characteristic of this book is the negative impact of gang culture and the associated stereotypes. At the same time, it questions some of these stereotypes in respect to ethnically-based groups. There are also anecdotes from individual gang members, giving this source first person credibility.
Danner, Mark. "The Truth of El Mozote." The New Yorker, December 6, 1993, http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people/Danner/1993/truthelmoz01.html (accessed December 3, 2007).
A respected author with Berkley University, Danner gives a day by day account of El Mozote and other massacres during the war. There are many firsthand accounts that emphasize the emotional impact these killings had on the everyday citizen.
Forche, Carolyn. El Salvador. Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative, New York/London, 1983. 64-66.
The majority of this book consists of the many different images of war. It is possible to see the fear in the eyes of the people of El Salvador. Alongside the often violent photographs, there are quotes from soldiers and civilians. This helped to show how the war attacked the rights of individuals.
Franco, Celinda. "The MS-13 and 18th Street Gangs: Emerging Transnational Gang Threats?," CRS 34233. November 2, 2007.
This is a congressional research service report on the threat of MS-13 and 18th Street gangs. The paper discusses the types of gangs and considers where these two gangs lie on the spectrum of street gangs and organized syndicates. Finally, it lists some legislative issues concerning gang sentencing and policy.
Johnson, Mary Helen. "National Policies and the Rise of Transnational Gangs," Migration Policy Institue, April 2006. http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?ID=394 (accessed December 9, 2007).
This article walks through the progression from passing of IIRIRA in 1996 to the increased deportations, and the rise of transnational gangs. It mostly consists of analysis with no personal testimonies. The end of the article also discusses U.S. government action to counter this rise.
Kirsch, David. "Death Squads in El Salvador: A pattern of complexity," Covert Action Quarterly, Summer (1990). 1-4, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/deathsquads_ElSal.html (accessed December 8, 2007).
This page is a part of a larger site that analyzes many different aspects of politics and how the U.S. is involved. It has several first-hand accounts of soldiers who were tried for war crimes and testified about their methods of torture. This was interesting to get a different perspective of the war from those who oppressed the people.
Murray, Kevin. El Salvador: Peace on Trial. United Kingdom and Ireland: Oxfam UK and Ireland, 1997.
Coupled with striking images of El Salvador's people, this book illustrates the chronology of the war from 1980-1992. It also explores the social and political background of many Salvadoreans, and includes a description of relief funds given to the country during the war. Included is a look at the different public policies of the U.S. concerning El Salvador, and how those affected immigration.
Ribando, Clare. "Gangs in Central America," CRS 34112. August 2, 2007. www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34112.pdf (accessed November 30, 2007).
This is a congressional research service report on the current state of gangs in Central America. The report is mad up of focused statistics and breaks down some of the causes of the gang problem, including US deportation. Country by country breakdowns are also available.
Robert J. Lopez, Rich Connell and Chris Kraul, “Gang Uses Deportation to Its Advantage to Flourish in U.S.” The Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2005. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-me-gang30oct30,1,4836173.story?coll=la-util-nationworld-world (accessed November 27).
This article focuses more on the reentry of MS-13 deportees to El Salvador. The authors interview gang members who have gone through this cycle several times. In particular, they look at the MS-13 branch in San Salvador, the Marineros, and the Washington D.C. branch: the Sailors who are made up of former Marineros.
Rohter, Larry. “In U.S. Deportation Policy, a Pandora's Box” New York Times, August 10, 1997. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/ fullpage.html?res=9A07E4D6133CF933A2575BC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3 (accessed November 29).
This article follows the deported gang members back to El Salvador and finds out what impact the US deportations has had on the country. The sources are mainly interviews with former and current gang members. The author focuses on the gang culture that the deportees brought to El Salvador.
Shelden, Randall G., Sharon K. Tracy, and William B. Brown. Youth Gangs in American Society. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Company, 1997. 66-177.
This book explores different aspects of gang violence. It takes an in-depth look at not only the types of violence gangs create, but the reasons why violence occurs as a result of gang membership. Included is a look at how gender, ethinicity, community ties, poverty, location, and the legal system play a role in gang culture today.These authors give a credible account, each specializes in the study of criminology and youth gangs.
Spergel, I.A. 1964. Racketville, Slumtown and Haulberg.Chicago:University of Chicago Press. 1984. “Violent gangs in Chicago: In search of Social Policy.” Social Service Review. 58:199-225.
This book examines the validity of gang membership by examining the relationship between various methods of classifying gang membership and delinquent involvement. It discusses how individuals reporting membership in organized gangs were far more likely to report that their gangs possess the characteristics typically associated with traditional street gangs. Spergel is very commonly cited in many gang related books as his research has shed important aspects of the topic.
Vigil, James Diego. A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Cultures in the Mega-City. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. 131-145.
The book is a cross study of Los Angeles gangs, which identifies the social and economic factors that lead to gang membership and describes the connections across four ethnic groups—Chicano, African American, Vietnamese, and Salvadorian. Vigil begins at the community level, studying how destabilizing forces have negatively impacted the normal structures of parenting, schooling, and policing, hence compelling many youths to grow up on the streets. Vigil’s work has been commonly cited by many scholars, policy makers, and law enforcement officials trying to solve the gang problem.
El Salvador, history of. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-40913.
This was an excellent online source that helped to show the agricultural and social aspects of El Salvador. It was also useful in determining basic facts about the history and groups of people who were in control during the war.
"Mara Salvatrucha MS-13." Know Gangs. 8 Dec. 2007 http://www.knowgangs.com/gang_resources/profiles/ms13/ (accessed November 25, 2007).
This website is used for training purposes for police officers. It goes into detail about several different gangs in the United States describing their history, expertise, and organization. It gave vital information about how the government profiles the MS-13.