LSA STYLE SHEET FOR PUBLICATIONS OF THE LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1988 1. The manuscript. (a) Use heavy-weight paper of good quality; a 20-pound stock is best. Avoid paper that is not perfectly adapted for taking notations in ink; above all avoid Eaton's `Corrasable Bond' and similar brands with a surface glazed for easy erasing. Xerox copies are acceptable; but do not submit mimeographed or dittoed copies. If you use a word processor, tear off the perforated edge strips and detach the papers from one another before you submit your manuscript. (b) Use paper of standard size, 8 1/2 by 11 inches. If that size is not available, include a dozen extra sheets of the size you are using, for editorial purposes. (c) All copy must be typewritten or printed, on one side of the sheet only, double-spaced throughout. The requirement of double spacing applies to everything in the manuscript; there must not be two lines anywhere with less than a double space between. Note that `double space' means that there is a FULL space between lines. Be warned that, on many typewriters, the second setting of the line space lever results in `space-and-a-half,' not double space. (d) If proportional spacing is used, type must be no smaller than 12 point. If regular spacing is used, type must be no smaller than 12 pitch (characters per inch). (e) Leave wide margins on all four sides, not less than 1 1/2 inches at the left, the right, the top, and the bottom. (f) Never type special matter on the same sheet with ordinary text. Special matter here denotes extended quotations and other passages to be set in smaller type, tables, charts, and diagrams, but not simple examples, rules, or formulae. Each piece of special matter must be typed (with double spacing) on a separate sheet or series of sheets. If the ordinary text preceding a piece of special matter ends with part of the sheet unfilled, leave it blank. (g) Number the pages of the copy in the upper right corner. Include all sheets of the manuscript in a single pagination. (h) Submit MSS of articles in three copies, of review in two copies. Articles will not be returned unless postage is provided by contributors. Keep a duplicate copy for yourself. (When galley proof is sent to you, the original manuscript will not be included.) (i) The LSA urges contributors to LANGUAGE to be sensitive to the social implications of language choice, and to seek wording free of discriminatory overtones -- e.g. by using plural pronouns, instead of a generic singular, wherever possible. 2. Corrections. (a) Make all the corrections of the copy as neatly and unobtrusively as possible. Avoid delete signs and other marks properly used only in correcting proof. Do not deface the copy by guide lines, rings around insertions, or instructions to the printer. Leave these to the Editor's discretion. (b) An error discovered while typing is better corrected by x-ing out than by erasing. An error discovered later should be corrected with a fine pen (not a ball-point). (c) To delete a single letter, x it out or draw a short vertical stroke through it. To delete a longer sequence, x it out or draw a single horizontal line though it. (d) To insert a letter or longer sequence, write it between the lines above the point where it belongs. An addition of several words is best written in the margin, with a caret to show its place in the line. To not draw guide lines from the addition to the caret. (e) Never touch up a page of the manuscript with white paint, or use cellulose tape, or otherwise make it difficult for the Editor to insert pen-and-ink notations. (f) If a page becomes hard to read because of corrections and additions, retype it. Do not paste together parts of sheets to make new sheets of abnormal size; instead, use two or more sheets of normal size, even if none is filled. 3. Underscores. (a) A single straight underscore indicates italic type, a double underscore small capitals, a wavy underscore boldface. Contributors are asked to use these underscorings only for the following purposes and no others. (b) Use italics only for cited linguistic forms and for titles of books and journals. Do not use italics for emphasis, or to mark foreign words used as part of an English sentence: a-priori, ad hoc, inter alia, ipso facto, prima facie, fa\,con de parler, langue/parole, Sprachgef\"uhl, ursprachlich, etc. -- all without underscore. (c) Use small capitals, where it seems essential, to give prominence or emphasis to a word, phrase, or sentence in the text, or to mark a technical term at its first occurrence. (d) Use boldface for certain forms in Oscan and Umbrian, and when necessary to distinguish Gaulish and other forms originally written in the Greek alphabet. 4. Punctuation. (a) Use only single quotation marks -- never double except for quotes within quotes. This applies to all uses of quotation marks without exception. If the second of a pair of quotes stands at the same point as another mark of punctuation, the quote precedes unless the other mark is itself part of the quoted matter. The word means `cart', not `horse'. He writes, `This is false.' Does that mean `You heard me'? It means `Did you hear me?' (b) Never use quotes to enclose a word or phrase cited as a linguistic example; see \section 6. (c) Words containing prefixes are written solid, without hyphens, when no misreading will result: antimentalism, contradistinction, extrasystemic, prevocalic, semivowel, subdialect, superstock. The prefix is followed by a hyphen when the next element begins with a capital: non-Germanic, pre-Greek. (d) Ellipsis is indicated by three periods, close set, with a blank space before and after, like ... this. Do not add a fourth period even if the ellipsis precedes or follows the end of a sentence. (e) Use a comma after the expressions e.g. and i.e. only when a full sentence follows, and do not underscore them. (f) Use a comma before the conjunction that joins the last of a series of three or more coordinate items: A, B, and C; X, Y, or Z. 5. Footnotes. (a) Footnotes are numbered serially through the article or review, or through one chapter of a longer work. (b) The footnote reference number is a raised numeral following the word or passage to which it applies; it is not enclosed in parentheses, and is not followed by a parenthesis or a period. Reference numbers follow marks of punctuation. (c) All footnotes must be typed (with double spacing) on a sheet or series of sheets following the main text. They must never appear on the same sheet with the text. (d) Each footnote is typed as a separate paragraph, with the first line indented. It begins with its reference number, raised above the line of type but not enclosed in parentheses and not followed by a parenthesis or a period. 6. Cited forms. (a) A letter , word, phrase, or sentence cited as a linguistic example or subject of discussion appears in italics: the suffix _-s_, the word _like_, the construction _mich friert_. Do not use quotation marks for this purpose. (b) But cited forms may also appear in phonetic or phonemic transciption, enclosed in square brackets or in slant lines: the suffix [s], the work /layk/. Symbols between brackets or slants are never underscored. (c) Forms in a language not written with the Latin alphabet must be transliterated (or transcribed), unless there is a cogent reason for citing them in the original characters. This provision applies to Greek as to other languages. (d) Cited forms in a foreign language should be followed at their first occurrence by a gloss in single quotation marks. No comma separates the gloss from the cited form: Latin _ovis_ `sheep' is a noun. No comma follows the gloss unless it is required by the sentence as a whole: Latin _ovis_ `sheep', _equus_ `horse', and _canis_ `dog' are nouns. Note that the punctuation follows the quote. (e) Phonetic symbols and other special characters should be inserted in the copy with a fine pen (not a ball-point). Diacritics over and under letters should be drawn in the exact position they are meant to occupy. In leaving blank space for the later insertion of symbols by hand, it is better to overestimate the space required than to leave too little. 7. Abbreviations. (a) Abbreviations ending in the small letter have a following period; abbreviations ending in a capital have none. (b) Names of languages prefixed as adjectives to linguistic forms are often abbreviated: E or Eng., ME, OE, Ger., Fr., OFr., Gk. (not Gr.), Skt. (not Skr.), IE (not I-E), PIE. But names of languages used as nouns are not abbreviated: the meaning of OE _guma_, the meaning of _guma_ in Old English. (c) Titles of well-known journals are often abbreviated in bibliographical references: AA, IJAL, BSOAS. The regular abbreviation of LANGUAGE is Lg. (d) Abbreviate grammatical terms directly attached to linguistic forms: Latin inf. _port\=are_, 1sg. pres. ind. _porto_, 2 pl. _port\=atis_, 3sg. impf. _port\=abat_. But do not abbreviate such terms in other uses: the Latin imperfect in _b\=a_. (e) Surnames of authors and other persons are never abbreviated. (f) In syntactic formulas, `prime' notation (e.g. S', S'') should be used instead of `bar' notation (\=S, \=\=S), for the sake of greater typographic ease and legibility. An exception to the rule may be made, however, when citing titles such as Ray Jackendoff's _\=X syntax_. 8. Titles and headings. (a) Never underscore any part of a title, subtitle, or section heading. Leave the choice of type faces to the Editor. (b) Use normal capitalization: capitalize only the first words and such other words as the orthography of the language requires to begin with a capital letter. (c) Each article begins with the following items, typed on separate lines (with double spacing), and on a separate sheet: The title, not more than one typed line; the subtitle, if any; the author's name; and the name of his/her institution; or his/her city if s/he has no institutional connection -- all with normal capitalization and without underscore. The abstract (see \section 11) and the first paragraph of the article should begin on succeeding sheets. (d) Each review begins with a full citation of the work reviewed and the reviewer's by-line, typed (with double spacing) on a separate sheet. The citations includes the title of the work, with the subtitle after a colon; the edition, if it is not the first; the name of the author or editor, surname last; in parentheses, the title of the series or project of which this work is a part, with its seri\al number; the place, publisher, and year of publication; the pagination, roman and arabic, with indication of separately paged plates and maps; and the price. For the punctuation of these items, see reviews in recent numbers of LANGUAGE. (e) The by-line stands below the citation after a quadruple space; it contains the words `Reviewed by' followed by the reviewer's name and the name of his [sic -- typist] institution or city -- all in one line, without underscore. The first paragraph of the review should begin on the next sheet. (f) Section headings and subtitles in the body of the article or review are either continuous with the first line of a paragraph, with quadruple space before, or centered in the page, with quadruple space before and after. Headings that begin a paragraph end with a period; centered headings do not. 9. Bibliographic reference. Contributors are requested to observe the following rules: (a) Full citation of literature referred to should be given in a bibliography at the end of each article or review. Within the text, brief citation will be made, normally by giving the author's surname, the year of publication, and the page number(s) where relevant. Such brief citations should be given in the body of the text, not in footnotes, unless they refer specifically to a statement made in a footnote. (b) The full bibliography should be double-spaced, beginning on a separate page of type-script with the heading \sm{REFERENCES}. Arrange the entries alphabetically by surnames of authors; multiple works by one author should be listed chronologically, with suffixed letter a, b, c, etc. to distinguish several items in a single year. Each entry should contain the following elements: Author's surname, given name(s), coauthors if any (given names first), year of publication, and title of work. In the case of journal articles, give name of journal, volume number, and page numbers for the article as a whole. In the case of an article in a collection, give the title of the collection, the editor's name, and the page numbers of the article. For all monographs and books, state the edition, volume number or part number (if applicable), the series in which published (if any), the place of publication, and the publisher's name. All material will be in Roman type. Use punctuation as in the following examples: Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt. Brugmann, Karl. 1906. Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. 2nd edn., vol. 2, part 1. Strassburg: Tr\"ubner. Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic structures. (Janua linguarum, 4.) The Hague: Mouton. Dorian, Nancy C. 1984. Review of minority languages today, ed. by Einar Haugen et al. Lg. 60.165-9. Hockett, Charles F. 1964. The Proto Central Algonquian kinship system. Explorations in cultural anthropology, ed. by Ward Goodenough, 239-58. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hymes, Dell (ed.) 1971. Pidginization and creolization of languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zwicky, Arnold M. 1985. Clitics and particles. Lg. 61.283-305. (c) The brief citations given in the text should take such forms as `Bloomfield 1933' or `Hocket 1964:240-1'. Note that the page numbers given here are only for the passage to which reference is made, not for the whole paper. Use initials for authors' given names only when necessary to distinguish, e.g. N. Chomsky and C. Chomsky within a single article. If the author's name is part of the text, use this form: `Bloomfield (1933:264) introduced the term ...' (d) Where the names of authors or editors appear in the list of references, do not replace given names with initials, unless such abbreviations is the normal practice of the individual concerned: thus Miller, Roy Andrew (not Roy A. or R. A.), Hooper, Joan B. (not J.B. or J.)\; but Palmer, F. R. 10. Tables. (a) Plan each table so that it will fit into the printed page without crowding. Leave ample white space between columns, and double space all entries. Do not use vertical and horizontal rules unless the table would be unclear without them. (b) Column heads should be short, so as to stand clearly above the several columns. If you need longer headings, represent them by numbers or capital letters and explain these in the text preceding the table. (c) If two or more tables appear in one article, number them and refer to them by number. Do not speak of the `preceding' or `the following table'; the printer may not be able to preserve its original position. (d) Each table should have a legend below it, after quadruple space. The legend contains the table number and optionally a concise title, sometimes also (as a separate line) a brief explanation or comment. 11. Abstracts. Each manuscript submitted for publication should be accompanied by an informative abstract, summarizing the conceptual content of the article. It should have a maximum length of about 100 words, and be typed on a separate sheet of paper. 12. Book notes. These should be in the same format as longer reviews, except that (a) the author's name and institution appear at the end of the book note, and (b) footnotes and references are discouraged -- all essential information should appear in the main text.