________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Sun 03 Nov 1991. Lines: 37 Subject: Using LINGUIST's Database Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu ____________________________________________________________________ Some of you may not be aware that LINGUIST, through its Listserv, maintains a database of all postings to the list. This means that you can, if you wish, track down particular keywords and retrieve only the issues that contain them. For example, you may remember that an article was mentioned sometime in the last few months, but can't remember anything about it except the author's name, or one or two words in the title. Listserv can find the posting that contains that article, and send it to you. The process by which you do this is quite simple, and we are fortunate in having an excellent introduction to using the database, kindly provided to us by Jean Veronis. If you wish to retrieve this introduction from the Listserv, send the message: get database help linguist to the address Listserv@tamvm1.tamu.edu (if you are on the Internet) or Listserv@tamvm1 (if you are on Bitnet) Anthony & Helen ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-751. Mon 04 Nov 1991. Lines: 87 Subject: 2.751 Queries: PRO, Language and Law, Black English Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 04 Nov 91 16:40:03 CET From: Tibor Kiss Subject: Sentential PRO? 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 10:35:31 -0800 From: jkaplan@sciences.sdsu.edu Subject: Language and Law 3) Date: Mon, 04 Nov 91 13:53:03 EST From: Leslie Subject: Black English -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 04 Nov 91 16:40:03 CET From: Tibor Kiss Subject: Sentential PRO? Dear Linguists, when thinking about Government-Binding-Theory's well-known PRO I wondered how this element can cope with surpressed sentential subjects. Sentential subjects share certain properties with nominal subjects. In particular, both are not realized if the verb they are belonging to is non-finite. But here the usual explanations in support of PRO seem to fail: Sentential subjects neither need Case to be realized nor do they conflict with Principles A and B of the Binding Theory, because sentences are neither pronominal, nor anaphoric (in Chomsky's terms). It is also impossible to subsume unrealized sentential subjects under nominal PRO. This move would force us to identify noun-phrase indices with (non-existent) sentential indices in case of control. Still, sentential subjects do not surface if the verb is non-finite. Since I am still working on that matter, I would like to know whether there are any published (or unpublished) sources on this topic in the GB-literature. Was this problem ever addressed? Thanks in advance, Tibor Kiss (kiss at ds0lilog.bitnet) P.S.: I would recommend to direct any answers directly to me so that the Linguist list would be released at least from this burden. I will write a summary, then. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 10:35:31 -0800 From: jkaplan@sciences.sdsu.edu Subject: Language and Law Has anyone taught a class in Language and the Law recently? I'll be teaching one in Spring '92 and I would be very grateful if anyone who has taught such a class could send me syllabi, reading lists, or comments (what goes well, what doesn't). The course I'll be teaching is an MA level seminar, but higher and lower courses could be relevant. Send by e-mail to jkaplan@sciences.sdsu.edu or jeff@ucsvax.sdsu.edu, or, if you prefer, send hard copies to me at Linguistics Dept., San Diego State U., San Diego CA 92182. Thanks. Jeff Kaplan __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Mon, 04 Nov 91 13:53:03 EST From: Leslie Subject: Black English I have a student who is interested in studying the Black English usage of 'come' in sentences like 'Did he come hitting you again?' The only reference I know of is Spears 1982. Does anyone know of more recent work on how this verb operates as a semi-auxiliary and when it is used? Thanks, Leslie Barratt (EJLESBB@INDST.BITNET) __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-751. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-752. Mon 04 Nov 1991. Lines: 99 Subject: 2.752 Jobs: UT Austin, NEC Research Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thursday, 31 October 1991 8:22am CT From: SLATIN@UTXVM.BITNET Subject: Job at UT Austin 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 16:30:56 EST From: sandiway@research.nec.com (Sandiway@tamvm1.tamu.edu Fong) Subject: job announcement, NLP at NEC Research Institute, Princeton NJ -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thursday, 31 October 1991 8:22am CT From: SLATIN@UTXVM.BITNET Subject: Job at UT Austin The English Department's Budget Council has approved the following copy, to appear in the December issue of the MLA _Job List._ U of Texas at Austin E English Austin TX 78712 Possible tenure-track assistant professorship in English and Computers, in addition to positions already announced. Applicants should have strong background in instructional/research applications of computing in literary, rhetorical, or linguistic study. Minority candidates are especially encouraged. Ph.D. candidates must have degree by 8/20/92. Enclose self-addre. _postcard_ for acknowledgment. Address applications (letter, c.v., and dossier) to Recruitment Committee. Letter and c.v. must arrive by Nov. 29. AA/EO employer. [End of ad copy] The English Department's Computer Research Lab occupies three rooms in the basement of the Flawn Academic Center, which also houses the Undergraduate Library: an IBM-based classroom with 24 IBM PS/2 model 70's; a Mac-based classroom with 24 Mac IIsi's, and a development lab with additional IBM and Mac equipment, a Kurzweil scanner, a NeXTstation, and some multimedia development facilities. We teach a range of courses, from first-semester writing through graduate seminars in literature and rhetoric. John Slatin Director Computer Research Lab Department of English University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 slatin@utxvm.cc.utexas.edu (internet) eieb360@utxvm (bitnet) 512-471-9293 __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 16:30:56 EST From: sandiway@research.nec.com (Sandiway@tamvm1.tamu.edu Fong) Subject: job announcement, NLP at NEC Research Institute, Princeton NJ RESEARCH ASSOCIATE NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING The NEC Research Institute Inc., an institute conducting long-term basic research in the physical and computer sciences, currently has an opening for a full-time Research Associate in the area of Natural Language Processing. The Research Associate will be expected to develop software for a multi-language parsing system. It is anticipated that this will include the development of various extensions, interfaces to external systems and an interactive user interface. The Research Associate will also be expected to design and set up experiments and participate in current research. The successful candidate is expected to possess research experience in natural language processing and knowledge of contemporary linguistic theory. Naturally, the candidate should also have expertise in software development with regard to Unix, C and X-windows. Knowledge of Prolog and Lisp will be a plus. The candidate should have a BS or MS in computer science, cognitive science, linguistics or related area. The Institute offers a very competitive salary and benefits package. Qualified candidates should forward resumes to: Dr. Sandiway Fong, NEC Research Institute, Inc., 4 Independence Way, Princeton NJ 08540. Equal Opportunity Employer M/F/H/V [Qualified candidates may direct enquiries, *not* resumes, to sandiway@research.nj.nec.com] __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-752. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-753. Mon 04 Nov 1991. Lines: 131 Subject: 2.753 Pro-Drop and NP Order Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 3 Nov 1991 14:21 IST From: Anita Mittwoch Subject: `pro-drop', etc. in English 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 07:35 CST From: GUNDEL@vx.acs.umn.edu Subject: Re: 2.737 Pro-Drop, Come and Bring 3) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 1991 14:17 EST From: Cathy Ball Subject: English "pro-drop" 4) Date: Sun, 3 Nov 91 16:39:30 CST From: Nancy L. Dray Subject: Order of adjs in NPs -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 3 Nov 1991 14:21 IST From: Anita Mittwoch Subject: `pro-drop', etc. in English Jespersen called this phenomenon `prosiopesis'. In *The Philosophy of Grammar* (Norton edition 1965, p. 310) he writes: "the speaker begins to articulate, or thinks he begins to articulate, but produces no audible sound (either for want of expiration, or because he does not put his vocal chords in the right posi- tion) till one or two syllables after the beginning of what he intended to say" See also *A Modern English Grammar*, Vols. III and VII, both of which have several references in the index. I suspect that `pronoun zap' in German is essentially the same phenomenon, e.g. *Hab' ihn schon gesehen*, `I've already seen him'; *Hab'ich schon gesehen*, `I've already seen him/it/her/them'. These examples are from Huang `On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns' (attributed to Ross). Huang seems to regard tthem as exemplifying a syntactic phenomenon, rather than a phonological one. Anita Mittwoch, Hebrew University of Jerusalem __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 07:35 CST From: GUNDEL@vx.acs.umn.edu Subject: Re: 2.737 Pro-Drop, Come and Bring Re: English "pro-drop" I wonder if this isn't really "absolute sentence initial position drop" ; it just happens that subject pronouns frequently find themselves in this position. Examples like "Flows pretty natural" are unlike real cases of "pro-drop" in other languages in a number of ways. 1. They occur only in absolute sentence initial position, not in embedded sentences, for example. Cf. (1) Flows pretty natural (2) *John said that flows pretty natural 2. They occur only in casual speech, where one might expect the dropping of initial and final elements, both in syntax and phonology 3. Pronouns don't normally drop in questions , where they are preceded by an auxiliary, unless the auxiliary drops too. Cf. (3) You coming? (4) Coming? (5)*Are coming Akmajian , Demers and Harnish have a nice discussion of such cases in their textbook. I believe there is a Univ. of Michigan dissertation that deals with some of the English pro-drop cases, from the 70's or possibly earlier. Can't think of the author right now, but will try to dig it up. Jeanette Gundel, Univ. of Minnesota __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 1991 14:17 EST From: Cathy Ball Subject: English "pro-drop" To the list of references for English "pro-drop" may be added work from computational lx, e.g. Linebarger, Dahl, Hirschman and Passonneau 1988: "Sentence fragments regular structures", Proceedings of the 26th ACL. I also have a short MS, "Zero-subjects in three message corpora". __________________________________________________________________________ 4) Date: Sun, 3 Nov 91 16:39:30 CST From: Nancy L. Dray Subject: Order of adjs in NPs My previous posting in response to L. Valentine's request for literature on the ordering of adjectives in NPs assumed the question to pertain to the order of adjective and head noun--i.e., was the adjective preceding or following the noun. Now I think I may have misunderstood (oops!), and Valentine may actually have been asking about the ordering of MULTIPLE adjectives within a noun phrase. The Linda R. Waugh article that I cited focuses on differences between preposed and postposed modifiers in French; nevertheless, it contains much about the nature of modification and the analysis of word order that may be relevant to Valentine's inquiry. But in case I did indeed misinterpret Valentine's query (as I suspect I did), here are some additional references that more directly concern the ordering of multiple adjectives within a noun phrase. (I just happened to come across these two books in the library yesterday, so I don't know much about them beyond titles. I hope they prove useful.) Wulff Alonso, Enrique. 1979. La modification prenominal en ingles: modificadores prenominales multiples y sus correspondencias espanolas. (Madrid: Sociedad General Espanola de Libreria, S.A. Bache, Carl. 1978. The order of premodifying adjectives in present- day English. Odense University Press. (Apologies for omitted diacritics in the Spanish--I don't know how to insert accents in e-mail.) Good luck. NLD __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-753. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-754. Mon 04 Nov 1991. Lines: 95 Subject: 2.754 R-Linking Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sat, 2 Nov 91 23:03:54 EST From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: 2.748 R-Linking 2) Date: Sun, 3 Nov 91 14:46:59 MET From: Jacob Hoeksema Subject: Re: 2.738 R-linking, Invariance, Gemination -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sat, 2 Nov 91 23:03:54 EST From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: 2.748 R-Linking Rick Wojcik suggests that I was wrong in my critique of Stampe's arguments for "underlying" /r/ in linking-r dialects since according to Wojcik, Stampe does not raise the issue of automacity, which I refer to in my critique. OBVIOUSLY, Stampe does not raise this issue, because there is no issue. If r-linking were NOT automatic, there would be no difficultu fitting it into the framework of Natural Phonology. The point is rather that, unlike the classic examples of automatic processes it is difficult to believe that r-linking arises as a phonetically natural process, for reasons I have already stated: it is only found in languages (dialects) which have previously lost r. We do not find children in Chicago or LA who spontaneously use linking r and then "suppress" it, as befits a genuine "natural" process. My point was and is that Natural Phonology ceases to be a testable theory as soon as we start claiming that a process is "natural" the moment we discover that it is automatic, as in the case before us. The original, and interesting, claim of this theory was precisely that automatic processes are exactly those which can be INDEPENDENTLY shown to be natural (phonetically motivated, found in the speech of children who ultimately lose them, attested in many different languages and at different times, etc.). R-linking (and a number of other examples) have been cited for years as counterexamples to this universal. There has been no response, beyond the current proposal to emasculate the theory by saying that we can set up whatever underlying representations we want, so as to get the process in question to come out looking natural. But, even if the authors of the theory insist on doing this, it seems to me that it will remain an interesting question why these particular examples work the way they do. As I suggested in my last posting, the fact that we are dealing with external sandhi might have something to do with it. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Sun, 3 Nov 91 14:46:59 MET From: Jacob Hoeksema Subject: Re: 2.738 R-linking, Invariance, Gemination Re: R-linking >From a posting by Manaster-Ramer: > This is something that I > have pointed out since 1981 at least, arguing that it is precisely > those dialects which lost /r/ in this position that then insert it > (or, if you accept Stampe's analysis, generalize it to all underlying > post-central vowel environments). Likewise, it is precisely those > English dialects that lost final /l/ that then exhibit a linking-L > phenomenon. Likewise, as I have pointed out since 1981, Korean > lost initial /n/ before /i/ and /y/ (y means yod not a front rounded > vowel here). Subsequently, this /n/ gets reinserted even in cases > where it does not belong etymologically in sandhi environments. As > a result of which, one can hear Korean speakers rendering English > 'not yet' as /nannyet/. The /nn/ arises, apparently, because > of the reinserted /n/ and then the assimilation (by a regular and > well-known rule) of the final /t/ of 'not' to that /n/. One might add here n-linking in (Holland-) Dutch. In standard Dutch, /n/ is deleted word-finally after shwa, but inserted in hiatus, cf. e.g. Geef me et boek ==> geef men et boek. In dialects which do have have n-drop, this linking n does not show up (e.g. my own dialect of Groningen). __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-754. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-755. Tue 05 Nov 1991. Lines: 217 Subject: 2.755 Phonology: R-linking, Invariance Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 05:22:35 -1000 From: David Stampe Subject: 2.754 R-Linking 2) Date: Tue, 05 Nov 91 09:24:02 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.BITNET Subject: r-linking 3) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 09:22:56 -0800 From: Ellen Kaisse Subject: invariance 4) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 10:01:46 PST From: rwojcik@atc.boeing.com Subject: Re: 2.754 R-Linking -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 05:22:35 -1000 From: David Stampe Subject: 2.754 R-Linking Then cried the American poet where she lay supine: `My name is Purrel; I was caast before swine." -- Stevie Smith The analysis seems to need spelling out in more detail: So-called linking or intrusive r is not due to a process or rule at all, but due to the reanalysis of final lax V as /Vr/. This happens because the phonetic process that changes final and codal /Vr/ (where V happens to be lax) to [V] or [V:] or [V@] (details differ by dialect) removes any contrast between these V(:@) and Vr except word finally before a vowel-initial word, e.g. saw Alf vs ignore Alf. However, for various reasons, the constrast is anything but clear. Glottal stop [?] can be inserted before a vowel-initial word, esp. an accented one, and since such insertions precede deletions, then, as one respondent noted, r is often deleted especially before accented vowels: ign[Or] Alf -> ign[Or] ?Alf -> ign[O:] ?Alf, exactly like s[O:] ?Alf. If the ? is deleted, since deletions are simultaneous, r-deletion occurs anyway: ign[Or] ?Alf ==> ign[O:] Alf. If no contrast is observed between the lax vowels (V or V: or V@) and Vr, and if one can be predicted from the other by an exceptionless natural process like r-deletion, then in any phonological theory, there is no warrant for positing a lexical difference between them. Naturally Vr must be taken as basic, and the lax vowels as derivative. Only /Vr/, never (V or V: or V@) occur in lexical representations. So words like Cuba and saw are analyzed as /kyub@r/ and /sOr/. Only from a diachronic viewpoint does it seem that an r has been inserted, e.g. in saw it [sOrit]. Synchronically it simply isn't deleted before V. Respondents who argued that spellings like Eeyore or Marmie do not prove that the underlying representations have /r/ missed the point: traditional spellings like Cuba and saw are even less convincing that that they DON'T have /r/, if they are treated exactly like copper and soar. And what argument is there, except a complacent acceptance of standard pronunciation and spelling, for the assumption, against every objective principle of linguistic analysis, that r-insertion is synchronic? Why, beside the natural process Vr -> V(:) before non-V should there also be a superfluous and "crazy" rule V(:) -> Vr before V when Vr and V(:) don't even contrast in the dialects in question! To Alexis Manaster-Ramer's insistence that r-intrusion refutes "the original, and interesting, claim of [natural phonology, which] was precisely that automatic processes are exactly those which can be INDEPENDENTLY shown to be natural (phonetically motivated, found in the speech of children who ultimately lose them, attested in many different languages and at different times, etc.)", I can only reply that the equation of automatic alternations with natural processes is Alexis's own idea, and that his arguments against it seem entirely convincing. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Tue, 05 Nov 91 09:24:02 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.BITNET Subject: r-linking Let me try to take another run at the claim that David (and Patricia) are making. The claim is that there *is* no rule of r-linking. Instead there is a process of r-deletion that operates only in codas. This is a natural process not because it is automatic but because speakers of r-less dialects find it hard, if not impossible to make coda r's. When `linking r's' are heard they are not inserted, they are simply resyllabified to the onset of the next syllable. Etymologically incorrect linking r's are also underlying--words like `Cuba' and `tuber' are perfect rhymes in those dialects with `linking r-s'. In answer to Alexis let me point out what I believe to be additional evidence that r-deletion is a natural process: r-type approximants are extremely rare in the languages of the world--Maddieson's collection lists 11 alveolars and 15 retroflexes out of 317. In English (at least--someone perhaps could check for Mandarin--the only easily available language with the same sound) /r/ is the last or second-last acquired by most children, and absence often seems to be a stereotyped marker of a speech defect. Thus at least two additional tests for naturalness--rarity of a sound in general, and lateness in acquisition are met. It seems to me that, for those who have it, r-deletion meets the best test for a natural process--it's hard not to do it unless either 1) you are a linguist or 2) you make a way-back post-retroflex arrr (the way my RP-speaking uncle does when he's making fun of Amerrrricans). While I do not speak Dutch, I suspect that the coda n-deletion process in (I believe) unstressed syllables referred to by Jack Hoeksema may have the same status. Certainly loss of syllable- final n is widely attested in the languages of the world, and the situation may simply mirror that of English. Of course, the rarity and lateness of acquisition arguments don't apply here. There may well be automatic *rules* as well, but, for example a/an is a little suspicious--people are perfectly happy saying `a sofa and chairs' so it would be interesting to see how hard people find it to say `a apple'. Geoff Nathan Southern Illinois University at Carbondale GA3662@SIUCVMB __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 09:22:56 -0800 From: Ellen Kaisse Subject: invariance One of the nicer arguments for using the same phonological feature for segments that differ noticeably among languages is Pat Keating's discussion of the feature [voice]. It's in Language, in the mid- eighties, I believe. She argues that phonologically [+voiced] segments in different languages tend to induce and undergo the same phonological processes, even if they differ appreciably in Voicing Onset Time. Thus, the [+voice] segments of a language might induce lengthening in a preceding vowel, even if these segments overlap in VOT with theVoice segments of some other language. The very same VOT in that second language, being phonologically classified as [-voice], will not induce lengthening. -ellen kaisse university of washington (kaisse@u.washington.edu) __________________________________________________________________________ 4) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 10:01:46 PST From: rwojcik@atc.boeing.com Subject: Re: 2.754 R-Linking Alexis and I do have disagreements, but it sometimes takes a while to discover just what they are. I criticized him for claiming that Stampe's r-linking analysis had anything to do with automaticity. Alexis responded: > OBVIOUSLY, Stampe does not raise this issue, because there is no > issue. If r-linking were NOT automatic, there would be no difficultu > fitting it into the framework of Natural Phonology... Well then, the automaticity criterion is one Alexis imposed on Stampe's logic. Processes are indeed automatic, but there is no stipulation in the theory that Rules cannot be. In fact, Stampe has always put caveats on his statements about how Rules behave. Natural Phonology is a theory about Processes, not about Rules. The problem with David's position--that he doesn't have to say much about the nature of Rules--is that people judge his theory on the basis of how well they understand the dichotomy. And to understand the Rule/Process dichotomy, you need a well-grounded theory of morphonological Rules. The two go hand-in-hand, as I believe this little tempest on R-linking demonstrates. I agree with Alexis that R-linking has been used a counter-example to the naturalness of Processes: > My point was and is that Natural Phonology ceases to be a testable > theory as soon as we start claiming that a process is "natural" > the moment we discover that it is automatic... (I would use 'operation' rather than 'process' as a neutral term here.) And my point to Alexis was that *he* was the one raising this issue, not Stampe. I agree with him that others have tended to construe Natural Phonology in this way and that this has caused them to believe that a counterexample existed in these cases. > The original, and interesting, claim of this theory was > precisely that automatic processes are exactly those which can > be INDEPENDENTLY shown to be natural... > R-linking (and a number of other examples) have been cited for > years as counterexamples to this universal. There has been no > response, beyond the current proposal to emasculate the theory > by saying that we can set up whatever underlying representations > we want, so as to get the process in question to come out looking > natural... First of all, Stampe's derhoticization analysis constitutes an answer to the R-linking criticism. Alexis criticizes him for making no response for years and then blows up at him when he provides the analysis. Stampe showed how one would handle R-linking in his theory. The confusing thing about his explanation, in my mind, is what he means by "underlying". Here is my interpretation: the /r/ either exists in the lexicon or it is placed in the speech stream by an automatic morphonological operation. As I pointed out in my last note, it is possible to consider the /r/ "derived" in a morphonological sense. All Stampe is saying is that R-insertion, whether it exists or not, is not phonological. Derhoticization is phonological. -Rick Wojcik (rwojcik@atc.boeing.com) __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-755. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-756. Tue 05 Nov 1991. Lines: 84 Subject: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 04 Nov 91 14:31:00 PST From: Scheglof@soc.sscnet.ucla.edu Subject: Non-Proportional Symbol Font for Mac 2) Date: Mon, 04 Nov 91 16:45 EST From: "E_Dean.Detrich" <22743MGR@MSU.bitnet> Subject: IPA software 3) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 10:01:16 PST From: wooters@icsia.Berkeley.EDU (Chuck Wooters) Subject: business prectices around the world -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 04 Nov 91 14:31:00 PST From: Scheglof@soc.sscnet.ucla.edu Subject: Non-Proportional Symbol Font for Mac Can anyone direct me to a source for a non-proportional Symbol font for use on a Mac. Thanks in advance. Emanuel A. Schegloff Scheglof@Soc.SSCNET.UCLA.Edu __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Mon, 04 Nov 91 16:45 EST From: "E_Dean.Detrich" <22743MGR@MSU.bitnet> Subject: IPA software Colleagues, I have been five years now on my ms-dos machine and have not solved the problem of producing phonetic symbols as I would like them. I have been told that on the Apple system there is a product called "Mac the Linguist" which would permit me to do what I would like. Does any one know of software that could produce and adequate result on ms-dos? I am considering acquiring a machine for use at home and I would rather not have to change systems, but I will if I must. Many thanks, E. Dean Detrich 22743mgr@msu.bitnet __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 10:01:16 PST From: wooters@icsia.Berkeley.EDU (Chuck Wooters) Subject: business prectices around the world I'm looking for references to any published information, or anecdotal information, regarding business practices for cultures around the world. For example, I have heard that it is very offensive to chew gum while at work in Japan. There doesn't seem to be a lot of information about this sort of thing. I suppose that is because it is difficult to know what is different about your culture without examining other cultures for comparison. Any information you might have will be considered useful. Thanks in advance Chuck Wooters wooters@icsi.berkeley.edu __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-756. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-757. Wed 06 Nov 1991. Lines: 61 Subject: 2.757 Pro-Drop and NP-Order Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1991 15:42:45 GMT From: ADA612@csc1.anu.edu.au (AVERY D ANDREWS) Subject: RE: 2.753 Pro-drop and NP Order 2) Date: Tue, 05 Nov 91 05:49:18 MST From: HRCJST@BYUVM.bitnet Subject: Re: 2.753 Pro-drop and NP Order -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1991 15:42:45 GMT From: ADA612@csc1.anu.edu.au (AVERY D ANDREWS) Subject: RE: 2.753 Pro-drop and NP Order There's an article on subjectless sentences in English in a recent issue of Language and Memory, advocated an account in terms of metrical structure (apologies for the vague reference -- it's a long way back to the library where I noticed this) Avery Andrews (Avery.Andrews@anu.edu.au) __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Tue, 05 Nov 91 05:49:18 MST From: HRCJST@BYUVM.bitnet Subject: Re: 2.753 Pro-drop and NP Order Regarding order of multiple adjectives in English NPs, see a recent article: Robertson, John S. A semantic motivation for the word order of the English noun phrase and the English verb phrase, Semiotica 86-1/2 (1991), 57-84. The key parameter is the Jakobsonian dichotomy "immediate" vs. "mediated." Robertson says that this dichotomy is what underlies Greenberg's 28th universal: I f both the derivation and inflection follow the root, or if they both precede the root, the derivation is always between the root and the inflection." Derivation is immediate and affective, and hence changes the basic character of the root itself; inflection is mediational and signals the interpreter to view the root relationally. In "these five white houses", "white" has an immediate relationship the the head (it is partitive vis-a-vis the head) while "these" "is not proper to the houses at all." Robertson also draws on Peircian notions of icon and index. Jeff Turley __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-757. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-758. Wed 06 Nov 1991. Lines: 73 Subject: 2.758 Are Languages Finite Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sat, 02 Nov 91 22:13 EST From: John_E_JOSEPH@umail.umd.edu (jj36) Subject: Re: 2.747 Are languages infinite? 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 10:42:38 EST From: j.guy@trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) Subject: Are languages infinite -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sat, 02 Nov 91 22:13 EST From: John_E_JOSEPH@umail.umd.edu (jj36) Subject: Re: 2.747 Are languages infinite? At risk of belaboring the point: Kac introduces a new 'conceptual error' in his "crucial difference between (a) what a system of rules allows as a matter of principle and (b) what kinds of behaviors are possible... because of the limitations on humans and the physical universe..." The distinction is deceptive. Systems of rules and conventions presuppose the limitations described in (b); it would be absurd to have a rule of football barring players from turning invisible -- and through the absence of such rules the rule system 'contains' the natural limitations, in a negative way. What is more, the 'matters of natural law' (Kac's term) contained in (b) are perceived and defined in conventional terms: Kac errs in stating "That it's physically impossible for a team of human football players to score a million points in the confines of an hour of play is a fact, but it isn't because the rules of football either state or imply that this should be so" -- the error is that the impossibility depends wholly and utterly upon the convention of how a point is scored in football. If points were awarded for each millimeter of ground a team advances the ball, scores in the millions would suddenly become perfectly physically possible. Even the airplane and cat & mouse analogies are dependent upon the conventional definitions of 'mile' and 'hour'. We could come up with less problematic examples to illustrate Kac's point, but I think his own examples point up how truly interconnected are the kind of natural and conventional rules he is at pains to distinguish. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 10:42:38 EST From: j.guy@trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) Subject: Are languages infinite I used to think the same as Michael Kac, i.e.: "Having said that, I should go on to say that I don't in point of fact think that it's especially productive to debate whether languages are infinite." (His 1st Nov 91 posting) ... until I read the biography of W.Friedman (the decipherer of many a German and Japanese code during WWII) in the latest issue of "Cryptologia". What if whomever he depended on for funding had said: "Languages are infinite, so your approach cannot succeed." (Given Friedman's approach, and granted that languages are infinite, or even only very large, it seems indeed to be condemned to failure. But read the article: it is very well written and I couldn't put it down.) __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-758. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-759. Wed 06 Nov 1991. Lines: 112 Subject: 2.759 Like; The Four Tones of Chinese Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1991 20:17 EDT From: BELMORE@Vax2.Concordia.CA Subject: Introducing "direct quotes" with "like", "kinda", "be", etc. 2) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 10:53:40 EST From: Marjorie K M Chan Subject: Re: The four tones 3) Date: Tue, 05 Nov 91 15:48:40 EDT From: Larry Horn Subject: Re: 2.727 Queries -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1991 20:17 EDT From: BELMORE@Vax2.Concordia.CA Subject: Introducing "direct quotes" with "like", "kinda", "be", etc. Concerning Alice Freed's examples of "possible ways of introducing direct quotes", viz.,: He was like 'That's disgusting.' She was kinda 'well, I don't know if I should.' I'm sort of 'well, maybe I will.' They were all 'how could you eat that?' She was 'Leave me alone.' I tried out her examples on my graduate students in a seminar I am currently offering on varieties of English in which our basic text is Douglas Biber's excellent Variation across speech and writing. I would guess their average age to be about 30. They were unanimous in saying that the supposed direct quotes are not direct quotes. They function predicatively, according to them, i.e., they describe the subject, usually indicating the subject's attitude. In a different variety of English, an adjective or adjective phrase would replace the so-called "quote". They explained that the remarks would be accompanied by appropriate gestures and prosodic features and gave some convincing illustrations. When I asked if such "introducers" could occur in telephone conversations where, obviously, the gestures couldn't be seen, they said 'yes', but then the special prosodic features become all important . We then had quite a discussion about the part-of-speech classification of 'like', 'kinda', 'sort of', and 'be' in such contexts. Didn't resolve that issue but agreed with the analysts of the London-Lund corpus that a number of varieties of spoken English require new part-of-speech categories. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 10:53:40 EST From: Marjorie K M Chan Subject: Re: The four tones This is in response to John Cowan, whom I have not been able to e-mail directly re his inquiry on the four tones. The four tones refer to the historical tonal categories, Ping 'even', Shang 'ascending', Qu 'departing', and Ru 'entering'. The recognition that the Chinese language has four _sheng_ (translated into English as 'tones') is attributed to Shen Yue (A.D. 441-513). Each of the four words -- Ping, Shang, Qu, and Ru -- are members of the respective four tonal categories. In the biography of Shen Yue, the emperor asked a scholar what was meant by the 'four _sheng_', and the reply he received were the the four words: "tian zi sheng zhe" tian-zi sheng zhe (Son-of-Heaven saint, holy wise) Each character (given above in Pinyin romanization above) is a member of the four respective tonal categories: tian Ping tone zi Shang tone sheng Qu tone zhe Ru tone (historically ending in a stop, as in the modern Cantonese pronunciation of the word as [tsi:t]) Marjorie Chan (marjorie_chan@osu.edu) __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Tue, 05 Nov 91 15:48:40 EDT From: Larry Horn Subject: Re: 2.727 Queries Re John Cowan's query in 2.727 on the legend of the Chinese emperor and the four tones: According to the Liang Shu, the official history of the Liang Dynasty (p. 243 in the most current Zhong Hua version), the reigning Emperor asks Zhou She "What are the four tones?", to which Zhou She replies Tian-1/1 zi-2/3 shang-3/5 jieat-4/7 'heaven' 'son' 'august' 'wise' i.e. 'The Son of Heaven (= Emperor) is august and wise', where a/b represents the tone according to the schema of ancient/modern Chinese "But", the narrative continues, "the Emperor never would follow them", evidently signifying he didn't get the metalinguistic pun. This transpired in the early 6th century. I am indebted to Hugh Stimson (Professor of Chinese Linguistics here at Yale) for the reference. --Larry Horn __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-759. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-760. Wed 06 Nov 1991. Lines: 173 Subject: 2.760 Spellchecker for Turkish; Fonts Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 10:33:34 +0200 From: ko@TRBILUN.bitnet (Kemal Oflazer) Subject: Spelling Checker for Turkish 2) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 16:35:46 CST From: Eric Schiller Subject: Re: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture 3) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1991 19:52:02 EST From: FAC_LFOLEY@VAX2.ACS.JMU.EDU Subject: RE: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture 4) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 23:46:24 CST From: gliesche@lonestar.utsa.edu (Jules D. Gliesche) Subject: Re: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture 5) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 08:36:42 GMT From: me@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr (Michel Eytan LILoL) Subject: Re: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 10:33:34 +0200 From: ko@TRBILUN.bitnet (Kemal Oflazer) Subject: Spelling Checker for Turkish Hello, I thought the following information would be interesting to LINGUIST readers. Here at Bilkent University we have developed a spelling checker for Turkish (currently only running on Sun SparcStations). The word dictionary has about 22K entries. The checker uses multiple parsers for different classes of roots and uses substantial semantic information to deal will valid affix combinations and massive number of exceptions. We have a number of papers and a MS thesis written on the subject. A postscript copy of the thesis and the beta version of the executable are available for anonymous ftp from an internet site in US. If you are interested in the papers please send me some mail with your address and I will mail them. If there is interest I will post ftp instructions in a later message. Kemal Oflazer Bilkent University Computer Engineering Department Bilkent, ANKARA, 06533 TURKIYE e-mail: ko@trbilun.bitnet fax: (90) 4 - 266-4127 tel: (90) 4 - 266-4133 __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 16:35:46 CST From: Eric Schiller Subject: Re: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture Monospace symbol font. Easy to do. Get hold of Fontographer, open the Symbol font (built in to laserwriter or Adobe's better one). Pick a wide enough width. Select all characters. Set width to whatever you chose. Generate fonts. Done. But it will look ugly, as all monospaced fonts do? Why do you want to do this? Re: IPA free font. I have binhexed a free IPA font in Mac, PC, and NEXT formats, but have been unable to successfully upload the 300K file. I will try splitting them up and will then post them to the server. Please be patient, I have to do this in my non-existent spare time. I have mailed out copies to everyone who has sent me a floppy/SASE as of Nov.1. If you haven't received it by 11/9, or haven't requested it and want it, contact me: Eric Schiller Eric Schiller 5528 South Hyde Park Boulevard #403 Chicago IL 60637 Tel: 312-955-7368 Fax: 312-955-7403 schiller@sapir.uchicago.edu (Note : Fax temporarily out while Abaton updates software due 6/1/91!) I still haven't decided on which typeface to build the seriffed counterpart to SapirSans. Suggestions have included Times (NO WAY!), Garamond (hmm...), Galliard (!?). I have tried Hiroshige, my favorite, but it is a bit too fancy for large passages of text. Any other suggestions? __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 1991 19:52:02 EST From: FAC_LFOLEY@VAX2.ACS.JMU.EDU Subject: RE: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture A number of shareware programs permit one to produce custom fonts on MSDOS systems; however, beginning with version 1.02, PC-Write Lite supports customs fonts for both dot-matrix and lazer printers. It even includes software to do this for Cyrillic. Using that as a model, I have produced "quick & dirty" fonts for dot-matrix that I will be exhibiting at the LSA meeting in January. The fonts are for Old English and IPA, they appear on monitor and print as well, and the system allows screen help lines to show which keys have been redesigned--most of this a significant advance over previous IBM software. Best of all, the system is inexpensive in terms of software and hardware. Like most SHAREWARE--Hip, Hip, Hooray--PC- Write Lite is very reconfigurable so that a linguist can change or add fonts as needed. __________________________________________________________________________ 4) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 23:46:24 CST From: gliesche@lonestar.utsa.edu (Jules D. Gliesche) Subject: Re: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture Re: Emanuel Schlaglof's search for a non-proportional Mac font The best source I've found for non-proportional fonts for linguistics (i.e. IPA and special alphabets in either True Type or Postscript Type 1) is a place called Ecological Linguistics, Box 15156, Washington DC 20003. For $5 they'll send you a catologue of all their offerings and prices. I don't know if they also deal in MS-DOS compatible fonts, but they've got quite a collection for Macs (including Loa, Thai, Khmer and Burmese - as well as IPA) Jules Gliesche gliesche@lonestar.utsa.edu __________________________________________________________________________ 5) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 08:36:42 GMT From: me@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr (Michel Eytan LILoL) Subject: Re: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture a new query, emanating from E. Dean Dietrich, says: >I have been five years now on my ms-dos machine and have not solved the >problem of producing phonetic symbols as I would like them. May I remind the newcomers to the list that IPA fonts for MS-DOS are available by anonymous ftp from the aisun1.ai.uga.edu server (IP #128.192.12.9) in the folder ai.phonetic.fonts and that I have volunteered to send these files by e-mail (using the unix uuencode command that calls for the use of uudecode at arrival) to people who ask for them from me directly. This has been done for a score of people, but I have had no feedback saying if the transfer was successful; maybe the fellow netters are shy of asking a unix guru how to do this. I must add that there is one snag: some mailers refuse to accept files longer than 100 000 bytes -- the files that I can send are several hundred thousand bytes long. =================================================================== ^Michel Eytan ^Tel:+33 88 41 74 29 ^ ^(on SPARCstation1 under OpenWindows v.2) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Prof. Computer Science ^Sec:+33 88 41 74 26 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Labo. Informatique, Logiques, Langages ^Fax:+33 88 41 73 54 ^ ^Dept. Info., Univ. Strasbourg II ^Internet:me@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr^ ^22 rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg ^or:eytan@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr ^ ^France ^or:eytan@gr1.u-strasbg.fr ^ ================================================================= __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-760. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-761. Wed 06 Nov 1991. Lines: 108 Subject: 2.761 R-Linking Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 23:29:20 EST From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: R-Linking (For the Last Time) 2) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 17:05:22 PST From: Rick Wojcik Subject: Re: 2.755 Phonology: R-linking -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 23:29:20 EST From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: R-Linking (For the Last Time) What David Stampe and his followers keep refusing to address is the fundamental point which I raised some time ago: While r-deletion is a very common and natural process, found in the speech of children perhaps in every language, and certainly attested in many (adult) languages, the situation found in certain English dialects and which we have been arguing about is NOT. Thus, the "crazy" rule which inserts /r/ after central vowels makes sense, because we are NOT dealing with a natural proces s of the sort that spontaneously arises in all sorts of languages in every generation. IF we adopt Stampe's analysis and say that the /r/ is underlying and then deleted by the natural process alluded to above, then we lose sight of this fundamental distinction. And, after all, the important contribution that Natural Phonology made to linguistic theory was precisely the emphasis on the distinction between those phenomena which are widely attested and which pop up spontaneously in children's speech all over the world, and those which do not. So the issue is NOT whether r-deletion is a possible "natural process". The issue is whether the sort of situation traditionally described as linking /r/ (NO MATTER HOW IT IS ANALYZED) is itself something that is liable to appear in any language in any generation. Or whether on the other hand it is the sort of thing that only appears in languages that previously underwent r-deletion. Stampe's analysis either is empirically vacuous (as I have said I fear) or predicts that this phenomenon should be found where it is not. The traditional (rule inversion, linking r, what ever you may call it) analysis seems to fit in with a theory which would predict (correctly) that this phenomenon will be found just where it is: in dialects or languages which previously lost /r/ in the relevant positions. (In other words, you can only have rule inversion if there is something preexistent to invert). __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Tue, 5 Nov 91 17:05:22 PST From: Rick Wojcik Subject: Re: 2.755 Phonology: R-linking It is clear from David Stampe's last note that he doesn't like the idea of automatic /r/ insertion. However, I still do, and I know that David would not have a heart attack if it turned out that such Rule operations existed. His analysis would still stand. The assumption underlying Natural Phonology is that people try to articulate strings of phonemes when they prounounce words. They can either alter the string of phonemes or the articulation of a given string. Natural Phonology ties Rules and Processes directly to those two distinct choices, whereas more orthodox phonologies take no position on how linguistic systems affect behavior. Geoff Nathan says: > There may well be automatic *rules* as well, but, for example > a/an is a little suspicious--people are perfectly happy saying > `a sofa and chairs' so it would be interesting to see how hard > people find it to say `a apple'. Well, Geoff, you're a native speaker. What is the answer? I personally find it difficult to suppress (note the word 'suppress') a/an suppletion. But let's take French liaison. Do French speakers find it difficult to suspend liaison? Or Celtic mutations. I get the distinct impression that Breton speakers find it harder to produce the non-derived forms when a mutation is called for. Rule suspension does not lead to difficult *pronounceability*, but that doesn't necessarily make it easy. David has written that the alleged suspension of k->s in "electrickity" is easy because Rules are easy to suspend. But I would maintain, at least in this case, that no Rule really applies in speech. The k->s rule, in its function as a vocabulary augmentation operation, does not need to apply to 'electricity' in speech production or in speech processing. If you want to study the behavior of Rules, then you should look at the those whose function makes them very active in speech production. -Rick Wojcik (rwojcik@atc.boeing.com) __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-761. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-762. Wed 06 Nov 1991. Lines: 131 Subject: 2.762 Jobs Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 12:09 CST From: TB0NRN1@NIU.bitnet Subject: Two jobs at Northern Illinois Univ 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 15:08:52 GMT From: am@cstr.ed.ac.uk Subject: Reasearch Associate, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 3) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 11:22:15 EST From: justine@psusun01.psu.edu (Justine Cassell) Subject: Penn State Director of Linguistics program -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 12:09 CST From: TB0NRN1@NIU.bitnet Subject: Two jobs at Northern Illinois Univ Two jobs: (1) Assistant professor in linguistics, with emphasis on stylistics. Full-time tenure track beginning 16 Aug. 92. PhD required, research program essential, salary competitive. (2) Assistaqnt professor in linguistics, with emphasis on TESOL and applied linguistics. Full-time tenure track beginning 16 Aug. 92. PhD required, research program essential, salary competitive. Send letter of application, vita and complete credentials to J.J. Miller, Chair, Dept. of English, Northern Illinois Univ., DeKalb, IL 60115. Postmark by Nov. 15, 1991. AA/EO employer. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Mon, 4 Nov 91 15:08:52 GMT From: am@cstr.ed.ac.uk Subject: Reasearch Associate, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// LINGUISTICS / AI / DIALOGUE JOB - PLEASE CIRCULATE ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH We are looking to fill an unexpected vacancy for a RESEARCH ASSOCIATE on a project funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), beginning on 1 January 1992 or as soon as possible thereafter. The aim of the project, under the direction of Dr. D. R. Ladd and Dr. J. Delin (the latter now of the University of Sussex), is to extend our understanding of the influence of various pragmatic factors on intonation in dialogue. We will be working within the context of an existing dialogue-generation system developed in the Edinburgh AI Department (Carletta's "JAM" system), and of a phonological model of intonation developed by Ladd and Monaghan in connection with work at the Centre for Speech Technology Research in Edinburgh. We will attempt to model the effects of mutual knowledge and of the hierarchical structure of "dialogue games" on the choice of intonational tune, pitch range, and accent placement. We will be working closely with another project group in the Department, under the direction of S. D. Isard, whose goal is to provide more elaborate natural language output from the JAM system. The project is funded to the end of October 1993; a subsequent grant application is a possibility. Applicants should have an academic qualification (Ph.D. preferred but not required) in Linguistics or a closely related field. Experience in some area of discourse analysis or dialogue research and some familiarity with computational work in Linguistics are essential. Knowledge of LISP would be an advantage. Starting salary will be in the area of 11,000-13,000 pounds Sterling, depending on age and qualifications. Letters of application, giving the names and addresses (including electronic mail addresses if possible) of three referees, should be sent to Dr. D. Robert Ladd at Dept. of Linguistics University of Edinburgh Adam Ferguson Building Edinburgh EH8 9LL Scotland, UK or by electronic mail to bob@edling.ed.ac.uk (bitnet). In order to receive the fullest consideration applications should be received no later than 2 DECEMBER 1991. __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 11:22:15 EST From: justine@psusun01.psu.edu (Justine Cassell) Subject: Penn State Director of Linguistics program Penn State. Linguistics Program. DIRECTOR. Appointment at associate or full professor level; rank and salary commensurate with qualifications. Administrative experience preferred and a strong record of teaching, research, and publication. Seeking a theoretical linguist with specialization in syntax. Preference will be given to applicants interested in further strengthening links to the interdepartmental Cognitive Studies program based in Psychology, and/or furthering links with the language departments. Applications received by December 15, 1991, will be assured of consideration; however, applications will be considered until the position is filled. Send letter of application, vita, and the names and addresses of at least three references to: Search Committee, Linguistics Program, 425 Moore Building, Box N, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802-3104. Some preliminary interviews at LSA meeting, January, 1992, in Philadelphia. An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. Women and minorities are encouraged to apply. __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-762. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-763. Wed 06 Nov 1991. Lines: 52 Subject: 2.763 Query: Human Research Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 10:41:24 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.bitnet Subject: Human Research Committees -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 10:41:24 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.bitnet Subject: Human Research Committees I would like to open a new thread for discussion. Faculty and students here in Linguistics at SIU are being hassled (at least that's our perception of it) by the Human Subjects Committee. To what extent have people on this net been asked to clear their research through such a committee? What I have in mind is ordinary linguistic and ESL research-- such things as getting grammaticality judgments from an entire classroom of people, tape recording subjects speaking a variety of languages, asking ESL or FL composition classes to write on specific topics, or after seeing some video or other `treatment'. Specifically, does such work have to be cleared by a university-wide human subjects committee? What if the research is for a class term paper? What about for an MA thesis topic? Is there a radical difference made if tape recording is used, even if this only involves reading lists of words? We have just been threatened with being reported to the Feds if we don't clear *all* research, no matter how informal, non-invasive, anonymous... as long as it involves collecting data. Is this normal procedure and we are just behind the times, or are other linguists and ES/FL (or other XFL) researchers having to clear all classroom and office-based research with the University-wide committee. I would appreciate personal answers if you don't think this needs net-wide discussion, but I rather suspect it might need to be aired more widely. Thanks, Geoff Nathan for the Department of Linguistics, SIUC __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-763. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-764. Thu 07 Nov 1991. Lines: 84 Subject: 2.764 Queries: Doohickeys, Person, Singular They Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 10:53:22 -0500 From: gb661@csc.albany.edu (BROADWELL GEORGE AARON) Subject: doohickeys 2) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 21:57:45 EST Subject: the category 'person' From: Ellen Prince 3) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 22:53:40 EST From: Michael Newman Subject: Singular They -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 10:53:22 -0500 From: gb661@csc.albany.edu (BROADWELL GEORGE AARON) Subject: doohickeys Can anyone suggest a name for the class of words in English that is used in the situation where you can't remember the name for something? I mean the words like doohicky, thingamabob, thingummy, thingamajig ... I am provisionally calling them 'nonsense filler words', but I'd be interested to know if any one has discussed them. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 21:57:45 EST Subject: the category 'person' From: Ellen Prince could anyone recommend any work on the category 'person'? linguistic, crosslinguistic, acquisition, processing, anything. thanks. __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 22:53:40 EST From: Michael Newman Subject: Singular They warning long query! I am doing a dissertation on 'singular they', ie. THEY coreferent to a formally singular non-collective NP. I noticed in preparing a history of English class that in one version of the Canterbury tales (the Signet Classic by Donald How- ard) that although what is normally (mis)called 'generic he' predominates, there is one example of singular they in the prologue to the Pardoner's Tale (lines 57-59) And WHOSO (=whoever) findeth HIM out of swich blame/THEY wol coome up and offre in Goddes name/And I assoile(=absolve) HIM by th'auctoritee... Checking another cheapo paperback edition (A. C. Cawley's Everyman) the same verses have all 'generic' masculines. And this is the version found in the more authoritative editions apparently. Our Chaucer teacher assures me that in her edition that contains all textual variants, she only finds 'generic' mascu- lines inthse verses. So it would seem that someone made a mistake with one word No big deal right? Yet another of the paperbacks contains the following rendition of the se same lines: And WHO SO fyndeth HIM out of swich blame/ THEY will come up and offre in Goddes name and I assoille HEM (=them) by the auctoritee... (from K. Kee's Geoffrey Chaucer: a selection of his works.) My Chaucer expert friend assures me that she has no idea of where these 3plurals are coming from, and she gave me an address of someone who might know, but so far he hasn't responded. So I am appealing generally to see if anyone has an idea or who I might ask.Or if anyone knows of any examples of this older than those in the OED. Probably it would be best to respond directly to me rather than burdening the list with what is probably not of general interest. THANKS Michael Newman. __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-764. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-765. Thu 07 Nov 1991. Lines: 84 Subject: 2.765 Queries: Text-to-Speech, Grammar Checkers Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1991 17:19:53 MST From: li_am@lewis.umt.edu Subject: Inquiry: Text-to-speech conversion chips 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 12:29 GMT From: Arie.Verhagen@let.ruu.nl Subject: Grammar and style checkers -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 1991 17:19:53 MST From: li_am@lewis.umt.edu Subject: Inquiry: Text-to-speech conversion chips Information needed: George Kerscher, Dir. Research and Development Recording For The Blind P. O. Box 7068 Missoula, MT 59807 e-mail: cbfb_gwk@selway.umt.edu would like to hear about development of new chips for (high quality) text-to-speech conversion such as DSP and DEC multivoice synthesizers. Contact his office directly at either of the above addresses, or reply to me and I will relay. Thanks. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 12:29 GMT From: Arie.Verhagen@let.ruu.nl Subject: Grammar and style checkers A number of people in the Dept. of Dutch of the University of Utrecht would like to learn about computer programs performing grammar and/or style checking, specifically on personal computers. The idea is to learn about other people's experiences (with other languages) before we decide to start research aimed at the development of such a system for Dutch. We are interested in all kinds of information, for example: - What programs are available? Where? For what costs? On what kinds of machines? Etc. - What kind of output does a program generate? (E.g. short comments on particular topics, or large sized reports on any relevant feature (as STYLE on Unix-systems does)). - What kind of computational mechanisms are used? (E.g. pattern recognition or parsing on the basis of a complete grammar). - Do the programs come with documenation? - Has any research been published about how and when people use such programs and how they evaluate them? - Etc., etc. We would greatly appreciate all relevant information. We are willing to post the information, or to send it directly to your e-mail address (please indicate if you're interested). Please send messages to: verhagen@let.ruu.nl Thanks, --Arie Verhagen Arie Verhagen University of Utrecht, Dept. of Dutch Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht The Netherlands phone: (30) 394131 fax: (30) 333380 __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-765. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-766. Thu 07 Nov 1991. Lines: 130 Subject: 2.766 Jobs Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 15:06:36 PST From: kluender@cogsci.UCSD.EDU (Robert Kluender) Subject: Jobs at UC San Diego 2) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 15:57:26 PST From: BERNARD.MOHAN@mtsg.ubc.ca Subject: ESL: University of British Columbia -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 15:06:36 PST From: kluender@cogsci.UCSD.EDU (Robert Kluender) Subject: Jobs at UC San Diego As the jobs announcement sent out by our department recently had a somewhat misleading subject header, perhaps creating the impression that only one position (namely that of director of the Basic Language Program) was available, I thought that I would send out the following clarification. The Linguistics Department at UC San Diego is looking to fill *three* positions this year: 1) director of the Basic Language Program; 2) a theoretical linguist with a specialization in syntax and/or formal semantics; and 3) a specialist in functional and/or cognitive linguistics. The announcement for the latter two positions (which followed the announcement for the first position in the previous message) is appended in its entirety. ANNOUNCEMENT OF TWO TENURE-TRACK POSITIONS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The Department of Linguistics at the University of Califor- nia, San Diego has two tenure-track openings at the Assis- tant Professor level beginning September 1992. One position is for a theoretical linguist with a specialization in syn- tax and/or formal semantics, and the other for a specialist in functional and/or cognitive linguistics. For either position, desirable qualifications include a strong language background, a serious interest in morphology, and familiar- ity with multiple theoretical frameworks. A linguistics Ph.D. is required. The annual salary for an Assistant Pro- fessor is $35,900-$45,600. Send letter of application, curriculum vitae, names of 3 referees, and one representative publication, to: University of California, San Diego Search Committee Department of Linguistics, 0108 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0108 Application materials must be received no later than December 1, 1991. The University of California is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 15:57:26 PST From: BERNARD.MOHAN@mtsg.ubc.ca Subject: ESL: University of British Columbia The Department of Language Education at the University of British Columbia invites applications for a full-time, tenure-track academic appointment in Teaching English as a Second Language at the Assistant Professor level. The appointment will become effective July 01, 1992, and will be subject to final budgetary approval. The Faculty offers programs leading to Ph.D., Ed.D., M.A. and M.Ed. degrees, the Diploma in Education and the B.Ed. degree with teacher certification. The Department houses the areas of English Education (which includes TESL programs), Library Education, Reading Education, and Modern Language Education. Applicants should have a doctoral degree in an appropriate area, evidence of research competence, relevant teaching experience, and an established area of research and publications. In addition, they should have expertise in the following areas: adult language learning and literacy, research in second language acquisition or second language socialisation, research methodology, and applied linguistics. Salary to $45,000. Appointment may be considered at a higher rank for a woman with exceptional qualifications. The University of British Columbia encourages qualified women and minority applicants. In accordance with Canadian immigration requirements, priority will be given to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. The closing date for applications is December 31, 1991. Letters of application, curriculum vitae, the names, addresses and phone/FAX numbers of three referees, together with a statement of research interests, and one published article (if available) should be sent to: Dr. Victor Froese, Head, Department of Language Education, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z4. This advertisement appears in the October issues of "University Affairs" and "Canadian Association of University Teachers Bulletin". For further enquiries, contact: Dr. Bernard Mohan (E-mail USERMOHA@UBCMTSG) Work Phone 604-822-2353 or 604-822-5788^Z __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-766. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-767. Thu 07 Nov 1991. Lines: 272 Subject: 2.767 Human Research Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 16:08:23 MST From: Terry Langendoen Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research 2) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 17:39:43 CST From: nm1@Ra.MsState.Edu (Natalie Maynor) Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research 3) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 20:21 EST From: "Joyce Neu, Penn State University" Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research 4) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 19:44:18 -0600 From: "Michael Kac" Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research 5) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 11:06:41 -0500 From: gb661@csc.albany.edu (BROADWELL GEORGE AARON) Subject: review boards 6) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 22:40 CST From: ASHELDON@vx.acs.umn.edu Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research 7) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 16:14:19 +1100 From: sussex@lingua.cltr.uq.oz.au (Prof. Roly Sussex) Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 16:08:23 MST From: Terry Langendoen Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research On Wed, 6 Nov 1991 16:49:17 -0600 Geoff Nathan posted the following: >I would like to open a new thread for discussion. Faculty >and students here in Linguistics at SIU are being hassled >(at least that's our perception of it) by the Human >Subjects Committee. To what extent have people on this >net been asked to clear their research through such a committee? >What I have in mind is ordinary linguistic and ESL research-- >such things as getting grammaticality judgments from an >entire classroom of people, tape recording subjects speaking >a variety of languages, asking ESL or FL composition classes >to write on specific topics, or after seeing some video or >other `treatment'. Specifically, does such work have to >be cleared by a university-wide human subjects committee? >What if the research is for a class term paper? What about >for an MA thesis topic? Is there a radical difference made >if tape recording is used, even if this only involves reading >lists of words? We have just been threatened with being >reported to the Feds if we don't clear *all* research, no >matter how informal, non-invasive, anonymous... as long >as it involves collecting data. Is this normal procedure >and we are just behind the times, or are other linguists and >ES/FL (or other XFL) researchers having to clear all classroom >and office-based research with the University-wide committee. >I would appreciate personal answers if you don't think this >needs net-wide discussion, but I rather suspect it might need >to be aired more widely. >Thanks, > Geoff Nathan > for the Department of Linguistics, SIUC The Human Subjects Committee at the University of Arizona, routinely exempts the kind of research Geoff describes from university review. However, it does hold the Department responsible for insuring that its research involving human subjects does conform to federal law. For thesis and dissertation research, the Department Head certifies to the Graduate College that the research does not require review by the university Human Subjects Committee. In filing a federal grant application (e.g. an NSF grant), we check the box (which appears on a university cover sheet) labeled "Human Subjects", send a brief description of the research to the university committee, and then get back a signed form stating that the research is exempt from university review (citing a specific statute, which I don't have at hand at the moment), and that it is up to the department whether it requires the researcher to obtain a signed consent form from the subjects. So far, the department has never imposed this requirement. The issue of review of classroom "experiments" of the type Geoff described has, thankfully, never been raised here. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 17:39:43 CST From: nm1@Ra.MsState.Edu (Natalie Maynor) Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research > or are other linguists and > ES/FL (or other XFL) researchers having to clear all classroom > and office-based research with the University-wide committee. Yes. We have to clear *all* research that involves human beings with the Committee for Doing Research on Human Subjects. Several of my students have abandoned good paper ideas because of the hassle. Having gone through the process for my own research, I must say that I don't blame them for giving up. Natalie Maynor (nm1@ra.msstate.edu) English Department, Mississippi State University __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 20:21 EST From: "Joyce Neu, Penn State University" Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research In response to Geoff Nathan's request for information about human research controls: here at Penn State, we have an Office of Compliance in the Graduate School that screens all research studies. All of my MA and Ph.D. students must complete pages of forms before beginning their research and must have an informed consent form approved to present to potential subjects (each subject gets one to keep and returns a signed one to the researcher. The signed ones then get sent, in a specially sealed envelope, to be put on file in the Compliance Office. It protects you and the university from lawsuits.). I have done this many times now, and because all of my graduate level seminar students do empirical studies for my courses, they all must go through this process. In fact, I have even had to clear my undergraduate class projects through the Compliance office. The only data collection that doesn't have to be cleared is when you are doing observations of people anonymously (e.g., observing people walking down the street, observing anything that people would be doing whether or not you, as researcher, were there). This would _not_ include observing in a classroom situation since you would be required to receive the consent of the instructor. I am amazed that you do not have subjects sign informed consent forms for your research. I am a very strong believer in ethical research methods because I think that much research would be improved were researchers called upon to provide rationales and methodologies _before_ they start collecting the data. It also provides students (undergrads and grads) with a good model for how research should be done, but you can't ask them to do this if you don't. It's a pain at times, certainly, but I'm grateful for our picky Compliance Office and had thought that this was by now the rule in academia rather than the exception. Isn't it? Joyce Neu Center for ESL Penn State University jn0@psuvm.psu.edu jn0@psuvm.bitnet __________________________________________________________________________ 4) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 19:44:18 -0600 From: "Michael Kac" Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research I can't give a comprehensive answer to Geoff Nathan's query regarding clearing linguistic research with committees on the use of human subjects, but when I sought such clearance some years ago for some work that would have involved use of informants (never carried out, as it happens), the committee issued a blanket exemption of that kind of work from its scrutiny. I forget the precise details (this all happened over ten years ago) but the essence of the decision was that people who are simply providing you with information about their native language don't count as experimental subjects. Michael Kac __________________________________________________________________________ 5) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 11:06:41 -0500 From: gb661@csc.albany.edu (BROADWELL GEORGE AARON) Subject: review boards I have also encountered some difficulty with the Human Subjects Board, who wanted me to have speakers sign consent forms before working with me. I refused to comply, on the grounds that this would be detrimental to my research. I was working with Zapotec speakers in rural Mexico who were already a bit suspicious of outsiders, and the idea of asking them to sign some document in a foreign language was ridiculous. I also considered translating a consent form into Spanish, but even then their ability to read and understand the sort of bureaucratic ass-covering that the university wanted was limited. So far I've gotten away with this, but I am afraid that eventually they'll catch up with me. I'd welcome any ideas on how to deal with this situation. ********************************************************* Aaron Broadwell, Dept. of Linguistics, University at Albany -- SUNY, Albany, NY 12222 gb661@leah.albany.edu --------------------------------------------------------- "Good resolutions are useless attempts to interfere with scientific laws." -- Oscar Wilde ********************************************************** __________________________________________________________________________ 6) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 22:40 CST From: ASHELDON@vx.acs.umn.edu Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research The University of Minnesota human subject research policy, as of a while ago, had an exemption for research that was done by students for class papers. They also have a category of research, such as getting grammaticality judgments and such, which can get an expedited approval, i.e. the whole human Subjects Research Committee doesn't have to meet to approve it, but a representative of the Committee can review it and get back to the author in a matter of a few days, usually approving this sort of research. That takes some of the sting out of it. Amy Sheldon __________________________________________________________________________ 7) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 16:14:19 +1100 From: sussex@lingua.cltr.uq.oz.au (Prof. Roly Sussex) Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research Geoff Nathan enquires about human experimentation and research permissions. In Australia there is wide variation in institutions, but in general, if you can certify that a) there is no risk above that in everyday life b) the anonymity of the informants is preserved c) the informants are volunteers then no permission is required by at least some institutions. Classes of students acting as informants for each other, or projects collecting data on student performance in essay writing (etc.) will usually meet these exemption requirements. It is often necessary to negotiate exemptions with institutions. The problem is when that institution has to reassure federal and other bodies about research projects. But any institution's Research Committee should have both a set of guidelines, and a set of well defined exemptions, to protect researchers and subjects from exploitation, either by each other or by onerous sets of regulations. Roly Sussex Director Centre for Language Teaching and Research University of Queensland Queensland 4072 Australia __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-767. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-768. Sun 10 Nov 1991. Lines: 222 Subject: 2.768 Human Subject Research, I Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 21:47 PST From: Vicki Fromkin Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research 2) Date: 6 November 91, 23:40:23 EST From: R12040.at.UQAM@tamvm1.tamu.edu Subject: Human Subjects Research 3) Date: 7 Nov 91 12:40:35 MET-1DST From: STOWE@let.rug.nl Subject: re: Message 2,763 4) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 10:31 EST From: "Barbara.Abbott" Subject: 2.763 Query: Human Research 5) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 11:39:13 EST From: Michel Jackson Subject: Human Subjects Research (LONG) -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 06 Nov 91 21:47 PST From: Vicki Fromkin Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research At ucla all research involving human subjects -- whether tape recordings, experiments, grammaticality judgments, etc etc etc -- is supposed to be done only after approval of the Human Subjects Protection Committee. We submit forms and protocols and statements to be read to and/or by subjects and under certain circumstances signed by subjects. Usually this only pertains to research that comes under a grant proposal, which proposal must go through the HSRC before being submitted to granting agency. But, other research also comes under these regulations. For example, students in the huge Psych 10 (intro) courses serve as subjects for many psych experiments. If you wish to recruit subjects from this pool you must submit approval forms to HSRC and to Psych Dept Human Subjects Committee. I agree that this often seems like and probably is silly re certain studies but in the long run I personally feel it is better to err re time and effort wasted than in doing anything which could possibly be unethical. It is probably the case that the procedures have been overly complex recently due to the various 'science fraud' cases and those involving subjects being uninformed or misinformed. Also probably true that institutions are driven less by ethical aims than by need to protect themselves against litigation. But I would rather see this extreme than the lack of concern symbolic of the past. ____________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: 6 November 91, 23:40:23 EST From: R12040.at.UQAM@tamvm1.tamu.edu Subject: Human Subjects Research This will be one of many similar responses: all human subjects research these days must go through a human subjects committee approval procedure, no matter how benign or banal. I thought everyone knew that, but evidently not. At least you don't need approval for political correctness, yet. __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: 7 Nov 91 12:40:35 MET-1DST From: STOWE@let.rug.nl Subject: re: Message 2,763 As a psycholinguist, I have also had some problems with Human Subjects Committees. It seems to me that the problem is this: Certain sorts of research do not need clearance. These are data collection in which (1) the subjects are informed that they are participating in an experiment or that the material collected may be used as part of a research publication, (2) no personal data is collected, (3) no records are kept of the participants' identities, and (4) the procedure is neither emotionally or physically stressful or invasive.Under these circumstances, no privacy is violated and no clearance is necessary. The problem is that some researchers do collect data not within these bounds, and universities are extremely wary of being sued. A second problem is the matter of an informed consent procedure. The university at which I used to reside insisted that I had to use a standard form which stated that the iundersigned that the undersigned had been informed of any risks that might result from the experimental situation. I was asking prople to read sentences on a computer screen, for goodness sake! There weremn't any dangers that I could inform them of. Thus if some nut case decided that I had damaged them, they could also simply decide that I had failed to warn them of the dangers. Unless there is some actual risk, why sign such a statement? Presumably here, the university was again afraid of liability, but the procedure does not appear to me to actually avoid problems. I don't actually mind the presence of Human Subjects Committees, but I do object to having blanket policies that tie up non-invasive, non- privacy threatening research. Especially since the waiting period for clearance stretches in accordance with the number of researchers required to submit applications. Laurie A. Stowe __________________________________________________________________________ 4) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 10:31 EST From: "Barbara.Abbott" Subject: 2.763 Query: Human Research AT Michigan State there is a committee that has to approve research involving human subjects. MA thesis and PhD dissertation research that involves human subjects does have to be approved at least -- I'm not sure about more informal class projects (I don't know how they'd check on that). __________________________________________________________________________ 5) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 11:39:13 EST From: Michel Jackson Subject: Human Subjects Research (LONG) > I would like to open a new thread for discussion. Faculty > and students here in Linguistics at SIU are being hassled > (at least that's our perception of it) by the Human > Subjects Committee. To what extent have people on this > net been asked to clear their research through such a committee? > What I have in mind is ordinary linguistic and ESL research-- > [specific examples and much else deleted] I suspect that what is happening is that the same standards that are applied to other fields have been extended to you. In my experience, toeing the line in phonetics would mean: - getting informed consent for every recording (i.e. a signed form telling the subject what the purpose of the recording is, telling them that no harm can come from it, and guaranteeing their anonymity, etc.), palatograph, laryngographic recording, etc. - getting approval for any procedure performed _for research purposes_. This is a tricky area. "Normal classroom activities" are perhaps exempt from human subjects regulation EXCEPT when it is for research. The reason, as i understand it, is that classroom activities carry a benefit for those involved (i.e., it contributes to student education). Research activities do not necessarily carry a benefit to anyone but the researcher. An example from an allied field: in Speech & Hearing here at Ohio State, "real-ear" acoustic measurements with a probe microphone inserted in the ear canal (only slightly invasive - less invasive than having a pediatrician shove an otoscope into your ear) are routine clinical procedures. Done nearly daily, certainly dozens of times monthly, no risk to clients with or without hearing losses, etc. HOWEVER, a "real-ear" acoustic measurement as part of a dissertation, research project, etc., REQUIRES SEPARATE APPROVAL FROM THE BIOMEDICAL HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH COMMITTEE. Which was indeed forthcoming reasonably rapidly. The same principle applies to questionnaires, interviews, and just about anything else i can think of. Is this policy reasonable? Personally, i feel rather ambivalent. To the extent that "we linguists" claim to be scientists, it seems obvious that we should adhere to the same ethical standards as other scientists. (Granted that there have been ethically awful miscarriages in the past: consider, say, lobotomies. The point of HSR regulations is to attempt to prevent recurrences of the same). To the extent that our research poses no risk to the subjects, we should be able to demonstrate that fact, and approval should be routine (as in my experience, it is). But the questions still have to be asked. On the other hand, it does seem silly to have to get an informed consent just to have someone sit in a sound booth to make a recording. Unless that person were one of the last few speakers of a language, & wound up feeling as though i or someone else had made a reputation and accrued fame and fortune as a result of exploiting their knowledge of the disappearing language ... such a situation is to my knowledge completely hypothetical, but it is an example of the kind of situation that "informed consent" requirements are meant to prevent. Practically, there are several options available to you. Some institutions have 'blanket approvals' for procedures which are routine within a department or other administrative unit. Our department's 'blanket' includes descriptions of standard psychoacoustic and speech pereption paradigms (play recorded or synthesized beeps or syllable to listeners who make same/different or identification judgements); electrophysioogical research (surface electrodes (nothing breaks the skin) on the neck (auditory brainstem), scalp (motor planning), or lips (motor activity); "real-ear" measurements; and a few other things. Such blanket approvals are of varying validity (e.g., grant-funded research has to be approved seperately here & does not fall under the blanket. But apparently departmental activities such as student research (MA thesis, qualifying papers, etc.) with no external funding does not require separate approval). If you don't have external funding, don't care, and don't ever expect to get any, i suppose you could go ahead and do what you want anyway. i don't recommend this AT ALL, but i do know some people who have coasted along this way happily for years. The least palatable option is to go ahead & get piecemeal approval for every project that comes up. You might ask what people in Psych or Sociology or perhaps Anthro do; they are facing the same problems. __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-768. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-769. Sun 10 Nov 1991. Lines: 206 Subject: 2.769 Human Subject Research, II Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 1991 17:10:35 +1100 From: sussex@lingua.cltr.uq.oz.au (Prof. Roly Sussex) Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 09:03 EST From: Fan mail from some flounder? Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research 3) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 08:03:04 EST From: "Bruce E. Nevin" Subject: Re: human subjects 4) Date: 08 Nov 91 10:30:39 EST Subject: Human subjects From: JASKE@bat.bates.edu 5) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 11:32:23 EST Subject: 2.767 Human Research From: Stavros Macrakis -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 1991 17:10:35 +1100 From: sussex@lingua.cltr.uq.oz.au (Prof. Roly Sussex) Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research Geoff Nathan's request prompted me to get more precise information on the human experimentation issue. The document you need is, I think, US Code of Federal Regulations 45 CFR 46, "Protection of Human Subjects". These, I understand, include categories of exemptions for social sciences and humanities work. For instance, in my institution they are discussing, on the model of the CFR, exemptions for 1. research in educational settings involving normal educational practices with adults and/or children as subjects 2. Research involving the use of educational tests with no persomal identifiers with adults and/or children as subjects 3. Research involving survey or interview procedures using adults (NOT children) as subjects 4. Research involving the observation of public behaviour 5. Research involving the collection or study of data, (...) that are in the public domain 6. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are an accepted part of treatment and are recognized as a current practice by the appropriate professional body. Institutions differ, since they have internal rules, as well as an obligation to state and federal legal requirements, and to funding bodies and institutions like the NSF. In the past a lot of trouble has arisen from treating social science and humanities research on a biomedical model (the area where a lot of the regulations have been developed for monitoring ethical issues in human-related research). Sensible institutions, on the model of the US exemptions, are trying to make research a little less onerous at the administrative end. CAVEAT: I haven't seen 45 CFR 46, and am reporting it at second hand; so check it yourselves before quoting! General rule: when in doubt, refer all cases to the appropriate body. It will take time, but the legal implications of not doing so can be daunting. There is also a need for a precedent in the kind of research which linguists do, and it will take a number of cases going through the processes for there to be a workable precedent that we can invoke for new research projects. Roly Sussex Director Centre for Language Teaching and Research University of Queensland Queensland 4072 Australia __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 09:03 EST From: Fan mail from some flounder? Subject: Re: 2.763 Query: Human Research We have to clear all research through our Human Subjects Committee, including informant work and classroom research. I don't know about research for term papers, but almost anything else has to go through the process. The less invasive it is, of course, the easier (and more automatic) the approval, but it's for the protection of the people involved. For example, I videotape my ASL consultants, and I get several levels of consent from them: permission to use their data in my written papers, permission to show their tapes to students and other researchers, and permission to thank them by name if they wish. If there is a chance that someone will recognize them (which is of course easier with video than with audio), they must have the option to have as much confidentiality as they request. A paper-and- pencil test is less invasive, but even using preexisting data must be approved by our Human Subjects committee here; I assume the policy is\ similar at other institutions, since it is federally mandated. If you recall (I do), this was an outgrowth of abuses perpretrated by people like Timothy Leary, who gave LSD to undergraduates without telling them. Granted, it 's a far cry from asking for grammatical judgments, but it is imperative to protect subjects' rights. Susan Fischer __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 08:03:04 EST From: "Bruce E. Nevin" Subject: Re: human subjects This is clearly a pervasive issue of the sort that this forum will I think prove excellent at disclosing for collective action. I suggest we arrange for an appropriate organ of the LSA intermediate for linguists with the government about this. (a) State the original concerns and intent of the legislation (experimental drugs, invasive therapies, mind-warping procedures), (b) contrast what linguists do (tape recordings, grammaticality judgements, reading tricky lists that induce slips of the tongue, mind-warping things like that) (c) state general caracteristics of research that should be exempted, in the sublanguage of American jurisprudence (legalese), so as to encompass linguistic research without need to name linguists as a "special interest group," and (d) ask that exemption be provided for research that meets these requirements. All pretty standard bureaucratic "if fill out form A, otherwise fill out forms B-Z" stuff. I should be surprised of other professional organizations did not also have an interest in this, and the presentation would be strengthened by involving them, though the process would be lengthened. There is a lot of interest in simplifying bureaucratic procedures. The Document Design Center (in D.C.) is a good resource--they've been advocates for plain English in goverment forms and documents for a good number of years, and they know the ropes and the supportive players. Bruce Nevin bn@bbn.com __________________________________________________________________________ 4) Date: 08 Nov 91 10:30:39 EST Subject: Human subjects From: JASKE@bat.bates.edu I recently applied for an exemption from the Committee for Protection of Human Subjects at UC Berkeley for work on my dissertation, and got it. This was for work on my dissertation in which i will be interviewing people and collecting live data. I never heard about having to deal with this issue at any level other than for thesis and dissertation work. This applies to UCSC, UCSD and UCB where I have done linguistics work. Jon Aske __________________________________________________________________________ 5) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 11:32:23 EST Subject: 2.767 Human Research From: Stavros Macrakis In 2.767, Joyce Neu, Penn State University says: I am amazed that you do not have subjects sign informed consent forms for your research. I am a very strong believer in ethical research methods because I think that much research would be improved were researchers called upon to provide rationales.... It also provides students ... with a good model for how research should be done... The consent forms may well be legally or administratively required, but could someone please make explicit what is or could be unethical about asking for grammaticality judgements without them? To broaden the question: What is the potential harm to the subject, and who should be protecting them? I can imagine scenarios of offense (e.g. asking about taboo words or eliciting responses perceived by the subjects themselves as `substandard'), but are reviews needed to prevent this? After all, no board reviews a linguist's op-ed calling for (say) ``the eradication of substandard English spoken by inferior races''. This would surely (and justifiably) cause much more offense and even damage (not that I know any linguists who would propose such a thing). Is this another manifestation of a lawyer-driven society, where an institution is forced to take responsibility for an individual researcher (on the deep pockets theory)? -s __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-769. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-770. Sun 10 Nov 1991. Lines: 195 Subject: 2.770 Queries Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 17:16:02 -0500 From: berducci@linc.cis.upenn.edu (Dominic Berducci) Subject: Re: 2.765 Queries: Text-to-Speech, Grammar Checkers 2) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 20:45:29 EST Subject: person query From: Ellen Prince 3) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 07:54:55 MST From: "don l. f. nilsen" Subject: Archetypes, Prototypes, Stereotypes, and Master Tropes 4) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 12:56:12 PST From: fjn@milton.u.washington.edu Subject: 3 queries 5) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 10:27:31 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.bitnet Subject: Clicks 6) Date: 08 Nov 91 21:24 GMT Subject: Seek Multi-Lingual text files From: D1634@applelink.apple.com (Circle Noetic Svc, A Nizhnikov,PAS) 7) Date: Sat, 09 Nov 91 09:29:42 +0100 Subject: Query on order of inflection vs. derivation From: "John Nerbonne" -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 17:16:02 -0500 From: berducci@linc.cis.upenn.edu (Dominic Berducci) Subject: Re: 2.765 Queries: Text-to-Speech, Grammar Checkers Does anyone have any information on 'Directives'? I am familiar with the work of ERvin-Tripp but am wondering if there is any more recent material. I am attempting to categorize and operationalize Vygotsky's concept of 'other-regulation'. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 20:45:29 EST Subject: person query From: Ellen Prince first, thanks to those who have already sent me references on person. second, let me clarify and also narrow down what i meant. i'm looking for references to work on the grammatical category 'person', as in 1st person, 2nd person..., not as in 'female person', 'jewish person'... and not as in 'sense of person'... more specifically, i'd be interested in work on acquisition of the category--how children acquire it, processing, and also crosslinguistic stuff--does every language have it? are there significant differences in different lgs in what is marked and how it is marked? thanks again. __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 07:54:55 MST From: "don l. f. nilsen" Subject: Archetypes, Prototypes, Stereotypes, and Master Tropes Hi: Is anyone out there doing research on Archetypes, Prototypes, Stereotypes, or Master Tropes (Metaphor, Irony, Metonymy, or Synesthesia)? If so, please give me a buzz! =-) ;-> 8*) {^_^} Don L. F. Nilsen , (602) 965-7592 Executive Secretary International Society for Humor Studies English Department Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-0302 __________________________________________________________________________ 4) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 12:56:12 PST From: fjn@milton.u.washington.edu Subject: 3 queries Could some of you out there please help an admitted nonspecialist to find out the answers to the following three questions?: (1) WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE CHANGE. What is the current thinking about the effect of having a written language (and, in particular, a high literacy rate) on the pace of language change. I'd appreciate literature citations (for this and for the following two queries). (2) AMERICAN DIALECTS. I've heard it said that, despite conventional wisdom, American regional dialects are not dying out. Indeed, there is evidence that they might be reviving and differentiating further. Is this true? Where can I read about this, if so? (3) ESPERANTO, ETC. Is there a recent study of the fate of Esperanto and other 'artificial' international language? I assume that the number of speakers is decreasing, but I would be interested in seeing statistics. Many thanks for your help, --fritz newmeyer ------- __________________________________________________________________________ 5) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 10:27:31 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.bitnet Subject: Clicks Does anyone know of references to clicks (velaric ingressive sounds) in languages outside of Africa? What about their presence in language play? Not in isolated position, but rather integrated within words exactly as in (say) Xhosa or !Kung. Any suggestions would be appreciated. Geoff Nathan GA3662@SIUCVMB __________________________________________________________________________ 6) Date: 08 Nov 91 21:24 GMT Subject: Seek Multi-Lingual text files From: D1634@applelink.apple.com (Circle Noetic Svc, A Nizhnikov,PAS) I am writing with a request for information. We are a software company that develops multi-lingual products - Circle Noetic Services, founded by Sasha and Margaret Nizhnikov - programmer and linguist respectively. We are in need of ascii text files in any languages you have available (Our products are available in 20 languages). If you could offer us some names of people who have text available for research and testing purposes, we would be delighted. We would also be willing to pay for the text if asked. Please feel free to contact us with any help you can offer. We can be reached at AppleLink D1634 or you can phone us at 603/672-6151 in New Hampshire. Thanks, Gillian Smith __________________________________________________________________________ 7) Date: Sat, 09 Nov 91 09:29:42 +0100 Subject: Query on order of inflection vs. derivation From: "John Nerbonne" Someone on the list quoted Greenberg's 28th universal recently: "If both the derivation and inflection follow the root, or if they both precede the root, the derivation is always between the root and the inflection." What do slavicists make of this vis-a-vis the "reflexive" suffix s'/s'a in Russian? This clearly occurs outside of the inflectional agreement affixes (mojus', moeshs'a, etc.), but it has most of the properties of derivational affixes: -allows semantic irregularity -productivity << 100% (allowing that inflection, too, has "gaps") -subject to further derivation (nominalization) I'm aware that all of these properties can be argued to be present in affixes which most would regard as inflectional, e.g., the plural, but arguments attacking the distinction aren't what interest me. My question is rather, assuming the plausibility of an inflection/derivation distinction, can one make sense of the Russian s'/s'a as anything but a counterexample to Greenberg's 28th? John Nerbonne nerbonne@dfki.uni-sb.de __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-770. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-771. Sun 10 Nov 1991. Lines: 219 Subject: 2.771 Response: Thanks; Doohickey Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 1991 11:17:51 PST From: wooters@icsia.Berkeley.EDU (Chuck Wooters) Subject: Re: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture 2) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 11:48:58 EST From: cowan@uunet.UU.NET (John Cowan) Subject: The 4 tones: thanks! 3) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 15:58:12 EST Subject: 2.764 Queries: Doohickeys, Person, Singular They From: ingria@BBN.COM 4) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 01:21:33 -0500 From: lojbab@grebyn.com (Logical Language Group) Subject: doohicky 5) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 16:44:27 -0800 From: sglapointe@ucdavis.edu Subject: Re: 2.732 Linguistics Department closing at Minnesota 6) Date: Sat, 9 Nov 91 17:16:10 MET From: Jacob Hoeksema Subject: Re: 2.764 Queries: Doohickeys, Person, Singular They -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 1991 11:17:51 PST From: wooters@icsia.Berkeley.EDU (Chuck Wooters) Subject: Re: 2.756 Queries: Fonts, Culture > Subject: business prectices around the world > I'm looking for references to any published information, or anecdotal > information, regarding business practices for cultures around > the world. For example, I have heard that it is very offensive to chew > gum while at work in Japan. > Thanks in advance > Chuck Wooters > wooters@icsi.berkeley.edu Thanks to all of you who have responded to my posting. I received the following interesting reply from Michael Kac: ["Michael Kac" (Business practices) Nov 5, 17:14] > In response to your LINGUIST posting, something that might be of help > even though it's not from a scholarly source. (It DOES come from a > published source, namely an article in the New York Times, but I can't > remember when -- you might be able to track it down, though.) > > The article appeared in the wake of the troubles last year in New York > in which a Koren grocer accused a black customer of shoplifting, leading > to demonstrations, a boycott of his store etc. I recall the article dealing > with, among other things, a complaint from customers at this store that > the owner was rude to them because, among other things, he didn't smile; > and it was explained that in Korean culture you don't smile at strangers > because it's considered insincere. > > Hope this is of some use to you. > > Michael Kac I assume that these kinds of misunderstandings will occur in many cultures. What kind of advice would you give to a foreigner who will be traveling to your country in order to avoid such problems? Thanks. Chuck Wooters wooters@icsi.berkeley.edu __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 11:48:58 EST From: cowan@uunet.UU.NET (John Cowan) Subject: The 4 tones: thanks! To Tom Lai, Marjorie Chan, Larry Horn, and whoever else may have responded but couldn't reach me, much thanks. Due to address munging moving from UUCP to Internet to Bitnet, my address apparently appears incorrectly on Linguist List's message directory. The correct domain-style address is and always appears in my signature. cowan@snark.thyrsus.com ...!uunet!cbmvax!snark!cowan e'osai ko sarji la lojban __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 15:58:12 EST Subject: 2.764 Queries: Doohickeys, Person, Singular They From: ingria@BBN.COM > Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 10:53:22 -0500 > From: gb661@csc.albany.edu (BROADWELL GEORGE AARON) > Subject: doohickeys > Can anyone suggest a name for the class of words in English that is used > in the situation where you can't remember the name for something? > I mean the words like doohicky, thingamabob, thingummy, thingamajig ... > I am provisionally calling them 'nonsense filler words', but I'd be > interested to know if any one has discussed them. Well, I don't know if there has been any discussion of them or if there is a standard name, but how about ``lethenyms''? That would capture the fact that they're used both for items whose name you've forgotten, and also for things whose name you never knew, like the thingamabob that's on the end of shoelaces... -30- Bob __________________________________________________________________________ 4) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 01:21:33 -0500 From: lojbab@grebyn.com (Logical Language Group) Subject: doohicky >From: gb661@csc.albany.edu (BROADWELL GEORGE AARON) >Subject: doohickeys > >Can anyone suggest a name for the class of words in English that is used >in the situation where you can't remember the name for something? > >I mean the words like doohicky, thingamabob, thingummy, thingamajig ... > >I am provisionally calling them 'nonsense filler words', but I'd be >interested to know if any one has discussed them. Not in regards to English, we haven't. But in designing Lojban (an artificial language), we considered these a category of free (unbound) predicate anaphora: content words of no specific meaning that gain such meaning through contextual back-reference to common knowledge. We allow such words to be treated as assignable variables, as well as to serve the vague, undefined anaphoric prupose they seem to serve in English. They have their own grameme, BRODA, named after the first word of the set. Thus, in talking about the English equivalents, we sometimes talk about 'BRODA words'. I'm happy to offer the term, though it of course won't mean much to those not familiar with Lojban. %^) I note that I and many other people I know use these words anaphorically, as well as when we "can't remember the word", generally to repeat a reference for something whose name is too complex to spit out repeatedly. In English, I suspect they arise from a somewhat different reason as well - they give a noun-like feel in a place where a noun is grammaticially acceptable, but a pronoun is not. As many of them are etymologically derived from 'thing', there would appear to be some need to express more texture or complexity than 'thing' connotes and I think this follows from the circumstance of the previous paragraph. This doohicky is complicated. This thing is complicated. *This it is complicated. lojbab = Bob LeChevalier, President, The Logical Language Group, Inc. 2904 Beau Lane, Fairfax VA 22031-1303 USA 703-385-0273 lojbab@grebyn.com __________________________________________________________________________ 5) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 16:44:27 -0800 From: sglapointe@ucdavis.edu Subject: Re: 2.732 Linguistics Department closing at Minnesota > Date: Thu, 31 Oct 1991 15:10:00 -0600 > From: The Linguist List > Subject: 2.732 Linguistics Department closing at Minnesota > To: Larry Horn Larry, My goodness! What a tale of grief! You mean there are upper midwest states that let administrators get away with that sort of monetary hanky-panky?!? This news is almost as shocking as that about Magic Johnson. Thanks for sharing it with me, and I hope that your situation works out for you. Steve ---* __________________________________________________________________________ 6) Date: Sat, 9 Nov 91 17:16:10 MET From: Jacob Hoeksema Subject: Re: 2.764 Queries: Doohickeys, Person, Singular They Re: Doohickeys Check out Richard D. Janda, Watchamacallit words, in CLS Book of Squibs (1977). __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-771. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-772. Mon 11 Nov 1991. Lines: 339 Subject: 2.772 Conferences Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 11:51:18 -0500 From: walker@flash.bellcore.com (Don Walker) Subject: 3rd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing 2) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 11:53:33 -0500 From: walker@flash.bellcore.com (Don Walker) Subject: Workshop on Fully-Implemented Natural Language Understanding Systems 3) Date: Fri, 08 Nov 91 21:48:53 IST From: David Gil Subject: IATL Workshop -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 11:51:18 -0500 From: walker@flash.bellcore.com (Don Walker) Subject: 3rd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing ANLP-92 3RD CONFERENCE ON APPLIED NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING Trento, Italy, 1-3 April 1992 sponsored by the Association for Computational Linguistics The conference is also supported by the European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI), the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AI*IA), and Istituto Trentino di Cultura, Trento. PURPOSE: The focus of this conference is on the application of natural language processing techniques to real world problems. It will include invited and contributed papers, tutorials, an industrial exhibition, and demonstrations. A special video session is also being organised. The organizers want the conference to be as international as possible, and to feature the best applied natural language work presently available in the world. This conference follows on from ones held in Santa Monica, California in 1983 and in Austin, Texas in 1988. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM: The program will be sent out early in December (and will include the application form and the hotel reservation form). There were about one hundred papers submitted from four continents. The scientific program will include original papers solicited in all areas of applied natural language processing, including: dialog systems; integrated speech and natural language systems; machine translation; explanation and generation; database interface systems; tool development; text and message processing; grammar and style checking; corpus development; knowledge acquisition; lexicons; language teaching aids; evaluation; adaptive systems; multilanguage systems; multimedia systems; help systems; and other applications. Papers will also discuss applications, evaluations, limitations, and general tools and techniques. The program committee is co-chaired by Oliviero Stock (IRST) and Madeleine Bates (BBN Systems & Technologies) and also includes: Robert Amsler (MITRE) Kathy McKeown (Columbia U) Giacomo Ferrari (U Pisa) Sergei Nirenburg (Carnegie Mellon U) Eduard Hovy (USC/ISI) Makoto Nagao (Kyoto U) Paul Jacobs (General Electric) Remko Scha (U Amsterdam) Martin Kay (Xerox PARC) Karen Sparck Jones (U Cambridge) Mark Liberman (U Pennsylvania) Henry Thompson (U Edinburgh) Paul Martin (IBM) Wolfgang Wahlster (DFKI) INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION: The industrial exhibition will feature products in the usual one-booth-per-company format. For further information contact: Gianpietro Carlevaro phone: +39-461-814444 I.R.S.T. fax: +39-461-810851 I-38050 Povo (Trento) ITALY email: carleva@irst.it To ensure that your requirements are met, you are advised to apply early. Prices for stands are as follows: Stand type 1: 9 sqm - Lit. 1800000 + VAT 19% (approx. US$1400) Stand type 2: 14 sqm - Lit. 2400000 + VAT 19% (approx. US$1900) DEMONSTRATIONS: One area of the exhibition will be equipped with SUNs, MACs, and possibly other hardware, and will be available for informal demonstrations of various applied NL systems. A prize will be given for the best non-commercial demonstration. Anyone wishing to present a demo should send a one-page description of the demo and a specification of the system requirements by 1 December 1991 to: Carlo Strapparava phone: +39-461-814444 I.R.S.T. fax: +39-461-810851 38050 I-38050 Povo (Trento) ITALY email: strappa@irst.it TUTORIALS: The meeting will be preceded by one day of tutorials on 31 March 1992 by noted contributors to the field. The program is being currently defined and will be mailed with the general conference program. Responsible for tutorials: Jon Slack phone: +39-461-814444 I.R.S.T. fax: +39-461-810851 38050 I-38050 Povo (Trento) ITALY email: slack@irst.it FEES: The early registration fee (before February 29, 1992) for the conference is Lit. 400.000 (approx. US$300). Early student registration is Lit. 130.000 (approx. US$100). After 29 February 1992 the regular registration fee will be Lit. 500.000 (approx. US$400), and student registration will be Lit. 200.000 (approx. US$150). The application form and the hotel reservation form will be sent out with the program early in December. WORKSHOPS: The conference will also be preceded by two conference special workshops, to be held on March 30th. The call for papers for the two workshops follows. Workshops will admit only a limited number of participants (about 30 people each) and will cost an additional fee of Lit. 50.000 (approx. US$40). Please note that workshop participation is restricted to those registered to the conference. Requests for information and applications for the workshops should be directed to the workshop organizers. GENERAL INFORMATION: Local arrangements are being handled by: Tullio Grazioli and Oliviero Stock phone: +39-461-814444 I.R.S.T. fax: +39-461-810851 I-38050 Povo (Trento) ITALY email: interne@irst.it For information on the ACL, contact: Donald E. Walker (ACL) phone: +1-201-8294312 Bellcore MRE 2A379 fax: +1-201-8295981 445 South Street Box 1910 email: walker@flash.bellcore.com Morristown, NJ 07960 USA __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 11:53:33 -0500 From: walker@flash.bellcore.com (Don Walker) Subject: Workshop on Fully-Implemented Natural Language Understanding Systems ANLP-92 Workshop CALL FOR PARTICIPATION Trento, Italy, 30 March 1992 FULLY-IMPLEMENTED NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS jointly organized by Kai von Luck (IBM Deutschland), Claus-Rainer Rollinger (Universitaet Osnabrueck) and Hans-Joachim Novak (IBM Deutschland) A large set of theories have been proposed in recent years, covering one or more aspects of NL understanding systems. Little effort has been spent on integrating these theories into one system. Experiments involving the integration of different theories, e.g. unification-based analysis, DRT-based semantics, logic-based reasoning, analogical reasoning, and two-level morphology, have delivered interesting results. One of the major outcomes in this respect is that the game of ``my component/theory is not responsible for that task/explanation/problem'' cannot be played any more; instead a much broader view has to be taken as the deficits of the theories become apparent. The integration of several theories explicates their requirements and necessitates their revision. In this workshop we hope to bring together researchers of different disciplines within AI natural language understanding systems, e.g. text understanding systems, dialog systems, knowledge-based machine translation systems, etc. to discuss the integration problems emphasizing a holistic view of natural language understanding. The major result of this workshop is expected to be the exchange and discussion of known deficits of today's theories that cover only certain aspects or phases of the NL understanding process as well as objectively collecting the requirements for these theories. This effort seems to be promising, as can be observed by the existence of various experiments underway like, for instance, the text understanding system LILOG of IBM Germany, as well as by recent trends as different areas of AI move away from research on only intrinsic problems of a particular theory towards a more holistic view of NL understanding. NL systems will only have a future if our joint efforts are directed towards formulating theories that can be integrated to a full view of NL understanding. Researchers of all areas of natural language understanding systems are invited to actively participate. Contributions should not cover a particular theory/explanation but rather RESULTS from integrating different theories into one single system. Reports which cover limitations of specific theories with respect to integration and/or concrete demands for the further development within theories are especially welcome. Participation in the workshop will be by invitation only, based on the extended abstracts of the applicants. For reasons of efficiency the number of participants is limited to a maximum of 30 people. Agreement of the participants assumed, a compilation of the workshop and the discussions should be published in 1992 in order to make the experiences of the participants available to a broad public. Send 3 to 5 page extended abstracts by surface mail (e-mail copies are encouraged as well, but a hardcopy is required) no later than 20 January 1992, to the address below: Hans-Joachim Novak IBM Deutschland GmbH WT IWBS, 7000-75 Postfach 80 08 80 D-W-7000 Stuttgart 80, GERMANY e-mail: novak%ds0lilog.bitnet Notification of acceptance will be mailed by the end of January 1992. __________________________________________________________________________ 3) Date: Fri, 08 Nov 91 21:48:53 IST From: David Gil Subject: IATL Workshop THE ISRAEL ASSOCIATION FOR THEORETICAL LINGUISTICS is pleased to announce a workshop on LANGUAGE AND COGNITION to take place on 30-31 December 1991, at Haifa University, Haifa, Israel. Program: 30 December 1991 Charles Rosenberg (Hebrew University) "Connectionist Network Models of Language and Cognition: Open Issues" Gabriella Hermon (University of Delaware) "Parameter Setting and Binding Theory" Daniel Radzinsky (Tovna Ltd., Jerusalem) "Constraints on Number-Name Formation: Mathematics or Linguistics?" Mark Leikin (University of Haifa) "Semantic System of Locative Prepositions" Asa Kasher, Rachel Giora, David Graves (Tel Aviv University), Eran Zeidel (UCLA) "Cognitive Neuropragmatics: A New Battery for a Modularity Hypothesis" Wendy Sandler (University of Haifa) "Sign Language and Modularity" David Gil (University of Haifa) "Tonal Structure and Tonal Interpretation" 31 December 1991 Parasession on LANGUAGE AND DEAFNESS Anne Mills (University of Amsterdam) "Acquisition of Sign Language as a Native Language: Sign Language of the Netherlands" Esther Dromi and Dalia Ringwald-Frimerman (Tel Aviv University) "A Lexical Training Study in a Simultaneous Communication Environment" Paul Miller (University of Haifa) "The Impact of Language Competence on the Processing of Different Codes by Deaf and Hearing Children" Bencie Woll (University of Bristol) "Cross-Linguistic Communication Among Deaf People and Its Contribution to Understanding Universal Grammar" Amatzia Weisel (Tel Aviv University) "The Relation between Verbal and Non-Verbal Social Behavior" Wendy Sandler (University of Haifa) "Toward a Representation of Phonologically Significant Elements in American Sign Language" Anat Stavans (Bar Ilan University) and Michal Frid (Tel Aviv University) "Linear and Simultaneous Organization: The Case of the Plural in Israeli Sign Language" ******************************** Preliminary Announcement: The Israel Association for Theoretical Linguistics Annual Conference will take place on 9-10 June 1992 (and not as previously announced), at Bar Ilan University, near Tel Aviv. Abstracts are due by 20 March. A call for abstracts will be issued next month. ******************************** For further information about the workshop or conference, contact David Gil Secretary/Treasurer, IATL Department of English Haifa University Haifa, 31999, Israel rhle813@haifauvm.bitnet __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-772. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-773. Mon 11 Nov 1991. Lines: 129 Subject: 2.773 Conferences, Part 2 Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 11:52:31 -0500 From: walker@flash.bellcore.com (Don Walker) Subject: Workshop on Natural Language Dialogue Systems 2) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 16:39:18 +0100 From: klenner@supreme.coling.uni-freiburg.de (Manfred Klenner) Subject: Stellenausschreibung Computerlinguistik -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 11:52:31 -0500 From: walker@flash.bellcore.com (Don Walker) Subject: Workshop on Natural Language Dialogue Systems ANLP-92 Workshop CALL FOR PARTICIPATION Trento, Italy, 30 March 1992 EMPIRICAL MODELS AND METHODOLOGY FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE DIALOGUE SYSTEMS jointly organized by Lars Ahrenberg Nils Dahlback Arne Jonsson Department of Computer and Information Science Linkoping University There is an increasing recognition of the need to put theories and systems within the field of Natural Language Processing on a firm empirical ground (cf. the views of the panel on Language Engineering: The Real Bottleneck of Natural Language Processing at COLING-88). Researchers on various aspects of discourse, especially, take pains to base, or at least illustrate, their theoretical developments with some kind of corpus data. There is quite often a problem, however, in determining what data are relevant for a specific domain or application and in deciding what conclusions the data warrant. In this workshop we want to focus on data used for the design of natural language interfaces and other dialogue systems accepting natural language input. In this area we know of three basic sources for the corpora used: (i) interactions with computers using existing NLIs, (ii) interactions with computers using simulated NLIs (Wizard of Oz-studies), and (iii) human-human dialogues collected and/or analyzed with the purpose of developing computational theories of discourse. Several studies of this kind have been published in recent years. However, the use of these different kinds of corpus data raises a number of issues in need of clarification, theoretical as well as methodological: e.g. what are the advantages and disadvantages of corpora collected with these different methods; what is the generalizability of the results obtained; what methodological pitfallss have been found, what means to avoid them, and so on. Behind many of these questions lies the issue of the extent to which natural language as used in human-computer interaction is to be seen as a distinct sublanguage, and to what extent there are aspects common to all kinds of dialogue. The workshop will adress both the methodological and the theoretical issues raised above, but with the focus on the methodological ones. Its aim is to give active researchers in the field an opportunity to exchange experiences of and opinions on different practical/methodological topics such as those mentioned above, and others. If possible, demonstrations of software for the collection and analysis of these kind of data will be demonstrated. Those interested in making a presentation should submit an abstract of 500-1000 words. The abstract should include a description of the participant's current research in the area and point to longer papers on the subject (if available). Those interested only in participating should submit a statement of their research interests together with a list of related publications. Submissions, by e-mail or surface mail, should arrive no later than 20 January 1991 to the address below. Nils Dahlback Department of Computer and Information Science Linkoping University S-581 83 Linkoping, SWEDEN email: nda@ida.liu.se Notification of acceptance will be mailed by the end of January 1992. __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 16:39:18 +0100 From: klenner@supreme.coling.uni-freiburg.de (Manfred Klenner) Subject: Stellenausschreibung Computerlinguistik ALBERT-LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAET FREIBURG I. BRSG. In der Arbeitsgruppe Linguistische Informatik / Computerlinguistik sind zwei Stellen fuer wissenschaftliche Hilfskraefte mit Hochschulabschluss (jew. 80 Std.) umgehend zu besetzen. Die Bezahlung entspricht in beiden Faellen einer BAT II/2-Stelle. Gesucht werden ComputerlinguistInnen oder InformatikerInnen, letztere mit einem Schwerpunkt im Bereich Natuerlichsprachliche Systeme oder Kuenstliche Intelligenz. Von den zukuenftigen MitarbeiterInnen wird erwartet, dass sie die Forschungsaktivitaeten der Arbeitsgruppe in den Bereichen objektorientiertes Parsing, Textverstehen, sprachorientiertes Lernen oder CSCW/Hypermedia mit grossem Engagement unterstuetzen. Die Arbeitsgruppe ist mit einer attraktiven Rechnerinfrastruktur (SparcStations-Cluster) ausgeruestet. Schriftliche Bewerbungen sind bis zum 21. Nov. 1991 zu richten an: Prof. Dr. Udo Hahn, Universitaet Freiburg, Arbeitsgruppe Linguistische Informatik/Computerlinguistik, Friedrichstr. 50, W-7800 Freiburg i. Brsg. (telefonische Anfragen unter 0761-203-4899, e-mail: hahn@supreme.coling.uni-freiburg.de). __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-773. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-774. Mon 11 Nov 1991. Lines: 79 Subject: 2.774 Jobs Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 07:06:14 EST From: John.M.Lawler@um.cc.umich.edu Subject: Applied Sociolinguistics job at University of Michigan 2) Date: Fri, 08 Nov 91 08:16:13 EST From: Geoffrey Russom Subject: Database Development -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 07:06:14 EST From: John.M.Lawler@um.cc.umich.edu Subject: Applied Sociolinguistics job at University of Michigan The Linguistics Program, Univ. of Michigan, has a tenure-track opening in applied sociolinguistics, such as discourse or conversational analysis in institutional settings (medical, legal, etc.). Cross-cultural experience and strong methodological skills (ethnographic and/or quantitative) will be plusses. To complement our existing faculty strengths, we prefer applicants who specialize in spoken rather than written discourse, and we must discourage applicants with primary interests in quantitative dialectology. The doctorate may be in Linguistics or a neighboring field. The position is authorized at Asst. Professor level, but initial inquiries from senior scholars will be received with interest. Junior applicants should send a vita, detailed letter on teaching/research interests (present and potential), 3 references (indicate names and coordinates), indication of availability for LSA interviews, and a small writing sample. Applications received by Dec. 10 will be reviewed for possible LSA inter- views; other applications will be considered until the position is filled. Prof. Jeff Heath Acting Director, Linguistics Telephone (313) 764-0353 1076 Frieze Bldg Fax (313) 763-0369 Univ. of Michigan E-mail: Jeff.Heath@um.cc.umich.edu Ann Arbor MI 48109-1285 usergepq@umichum (Bitnet) __________________________________________________________________________ 2) Date: Fri, 08 Nov 91 08:16:13 EST From: Geoffrey Russom Subject: Database Development Houghton Mifflin Company has the following position open: Database Development Engineer Will convert print works into structured databases; apply editorially appropriate text markup conventions and codes; create database indexes; apply updates/corrigenda to electronic databases. Applicant must have excellent communication skills; ability to work autonomously, assign and oversee the work of support freelancers. Two to three years of editorial, proofreading or writing experience, working knowledge of a computer language such as 'C', experience with typography and SGML required. B.A./B.S. in Linguistics, Language or Computer Science or equivalent required. Please send resumes (by snail-mail only) to: Debra Earls Houghton Mifflin Company 1 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142 __________________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-774. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-775. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 112 Subject: 2.775 Queries: Fonts, MACS, Elberfelder Bibel, Math English Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 12:17:01 -0700 From: clifford@clipr.colorado.edu (Joe Clifford) Subject: Request for font info 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 16:27:19 GMT From: Judy Delin Subject: Teaching Linguistics with a Mac 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 00:24:22 MDT From: Vlasta Bennova Subject: Elberfelder Bibel 4) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 17:57:37 -0600 From: mfleck@herky.cs.uiowa.edu (Margaret Fleck) Subject: mathematical English -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 12:17:01 -0700 From: clifford@clipr.colorado.edu (Joe Clifford) Subject: Request for font info Some time ago there was a discussion of IPA fonts for the Macintosh on Linguist, which I didn't pay too much attention to. Since then a colleague has called me looking for information about such fonts. She is looking for a laser font, of better quality than the one available from Linguist's Software. Could someone who was a party to the discussion please email me a summary, or pointers to more info? Thanks in advance, Joe Clifford clifford@clipr.colorado.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 16:27:19 GMT From: Judy Delin Subject: Teaching Linguistics with a Mac I am looking for anyone who has experience of using Apple Macs for teaching linguistics. Are there any good packages you know of that for teaching any aspects of phonetics, phonology, terminology of various kinds, syntax...more or less anything? Any pointers would be greatly appreciated--if you have names of distributors, so much the better. Judy Delin -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 00:24:22 MDT From: Vlasta Bennova Subject: Elberfelder Bibel Sorry for bursting in here like this. I'm a student of languages at the UP university and I'll be very glad if you would kindly help me and provide me with the following information. I'd like to know anything about the so called 'ELBERFELDER BIBEL'; especially I'm interested in its interpreters, the time it came to existence, the sort of people it was predestinated to, the original sources from which it was translated, etc. Many thanks for any kind of information. Yours Vlasta Bennova. P.S. Please send your answers to volak@csearn. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 17:57:37 -0600 From: mfleck@herky.cs.uiowa.edu (Margaret Fleck) Subject: mathematical English Has anyone seen any descriptions of mathematical English from a linguistic perspective? That is -- descriptions of the differences between the normal and mathematical meanings of English words like "unique" or "if, then" (notice that mathematical "unique" doesn't translate all that succinctly into elementary formal logic: mathematical English is not just formal logic expanded into words), -- conventions for use of symbols, e.g. an explanation for what is wrong with "All integers are Z's", or why you just don't use "p" to name a set unless you are really desperate, or -- conventions for structuring proofs, introducing variables, and so forth. I'm trying to teach mathematics to undergraduate computer science majors. Some of them seem to understand the concepts well, but aren't capable of producing literate mathematical prose. The problem appears to be basically one of learning a new dialect.... Margaret Fleck -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-775. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-776. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 116 Subject: 2.776 Human Research Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sat, 09 Nov 91 14:16 EST From: Brian Given Subject: 2.767 Human Research & ethics 2) Date: Sat, 9 Nov 91 15:02:14 EST From: Robin J. Edmundson Subject: RE: 2.763 Query: Human Research 3) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 06:56:38 CST From: nm1@Ra.MsState.Edu (Natalie Maynor) Subject: Re: 2.767 Human Research -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sat, 09 Nov 91 14:16 EST From: Brian Given Subject: 2.767 Human Research & ethics I agree with Joyce. It hasn't been that long since research which could violate our informants' basic rights was pretty routing, especially in psychology...but we have all been guilty (I don't mean psych. at any particular university!). A member of an ethics committte once explained to me that some of the research projects which were submitted to them still involved injecting substances into the veins of naive subjects (!). As I understand the policy, all research here at Carleton U. which involves human beings as informants/subjects etc. MUST be cleared by the ethics committee. The committee does seem to understand that there are disciplinary differences in appropriate ethics. If I, as an anthropologist, decide to do participant-observation research at the Kumbh Mela in India, I could hardly be asked to get signed consent forms from several million participants! The ethics procedure is simple enough. It usually takes about two weeks although the committee was most helpful when I needed clearance for a grant. I trotted the proposal to all three members and had clearance within one day! NO complaints here. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Sat, 9 Nov 91 15:02:14 EST From: Robin J. Edmundson Subject: RE: 2.763 Query: Human Research Linguists at Indiana University have to go through the same procedure that all other research/ data gathering departments do. EVERY study involving human subject must be cleared through the Human Subjects Comm. We even have to fill out a form which asks if we will be using shock treatment, gathering dental plaque, or using aborted fetuses. no kidding. In my experience (7 years of grad school), as long as the objectives of the study are clearly stated, the subjects are protected from embarrasment and harm, it's no problem at all to get linguistics research cleared. It is a hassle sometimes, though. Last year I started a study on english apologies and wanted to give questionnaires to students in several L103 classes. The HSC wanted to know how such an activity fit into the curriculum, whether or not they would get extra credit and if it would be anonymous. My problem was that some of the instructors did give extra credit and some didn't. HSC wouldn't clear it because in order to give extra credit, the subjects could not remain anonymous. I finally resolved it by collecting the data in a lecture called 'Linguistics Research Techniques'. The instructors could give extra credit to whoever showed up and I just made sure to collect all of the forms before the students left class. For the past year, every time I talk to the HSC, I point out how silly the whole thing is for linguists. They ignor me. Robin J. Edmundson Indiana University, Bloomington -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 06:56:38 CST From: nm1@Ra.MsState.Edu (Natalie Maynor) Subject: Re: 2.767 Human Research > I am amazed that you do not have subjects sign informed consent > forms for your research. As one of the people who responded earlier, saying that we have to go through the committee to do any kind of research involving human beings in any way, I thought I should add something in view of Joyce's comment above. I have not had to get the written permission of every subject. Because I knew that not all of the informants I hoped to tape would be literate, I found out that it was ok to get their permission on tape. At the beginning of each interview, with tape recorder running, I explained what I was doing and asked the informant if he/she would mind being taped. (Before turning on the tape recorder, I had asked the same question, of course.) I also found out that it was ok to be slightly vague about the projects I was working on. I did not, for example, have to tell the informants that my main interest at the moment was collecting samples of the present tense of "be." I told them that I was collecting tapes of local speakers to compare attitudes and speech of older and younger people (true) and to see how things had changed in Oktibbeha County over the years (true -- speech is a "thing"). In other words, a wee bit of sneakiness is allowable under the law. And taped interviews are often used for multiple purposes. Someday I may use the same tapes for something other than counting verbs. Natalie Maynor (nm1@ra.msstate.edu) English Department, Mississippi State University -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-776. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-777. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 121 Subject: 2.777 A Phonological Query Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 08 Nov 91 22:13:02 IST From: David Gil Subject: Query: SE Asian Languages -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 08 Nov 91 22:13:02 IST From: David Gil Subject: Query: SE Asian Languages Following are two queries about mainland South-East Asian Languages: (1) A phonological query. From a casual inspection of grammar books written in Thailand, Vietnam, and China, and describing their respective native languages, I get the impression that indigenous grammatical traditions analyze the syllable into onset plus rhyme, but seem not to make any finer distinctions, eg. into segments. (a) Is this impression well founded? (If it is, can anybody direct me to relevant references?) (b) Whatever the answer to the previous question, is anybody familiar with any proposals within current phonological frameworks to distinguish between languages "with segments" (eg. English) and languages "with only onsets and rhymes" (eg. Thai)? The following anecdotal evidence may perhaps support such a typological distinction. Person in the street asks me what my name is; I answer "David"; person repeats my name. What do I hear the person say? In most languages, what I hear is reasonably close to the original, eg. /Defid/ in Egypt, /Debid/ in the Philippines, and so forth. However, in mainland South East Asia, what I hear is often totally unrecognizable by me as being phonetically related to "David"; perhaps the only constant feature is the number of syllables. Or another example: Egyptian: "Where are you from?"; me: "Israel"; Egyptian: "Australia?" -- reasonably close phonetically. But Thai: "Where are you from?"; me: "Israel"; Thai: "France?" -- miles away! Needless to say, we are both equally "to blame"; my interlocutor by fitting my utterance into his/her phonological categories, myself by fitting my interlocutor's utterance back into my own phonological categories. What these interactions seem to suggest, minimally, is that South East Asian phonologies are radically different from those of most other languages. (2) A phonological/historical/cultural query. As a frequent traveller to South and South East Asia, I am continually astounded and perplexed by massive differences in the relative ease or difficulty of communicating with the local populations. As a rule, as soon as you get off the beaten track, people don't speak a word of English, and you need 10-20 words in the local language in order to survive. Now my experience has been that after a week or two at a given place in, say, India or Indonesia, I have been able to communicate basic needs in the local language; conversely, even after weeks and months in Thailand, or among Chinese-speaking people in various countries, I still find it difficult and occasionally impossible to get a cup of tea from a stall that is offering nothing but tea. Other South East Asian languages such as Burmese, Lao, and Vietnamese, also seem difficult to communicate in, but somewhat less so than Thai and Chinese. Thus, the phenomenon appears to characterize the mainland South East Asian sprachbund plus China. In an informal poll of travellers and expatriates that I conducted, about half the people knew exactly what I was talking about and had similar experiences themselves, while the other half did not. So my query is: (a) Does anybody else on the LINGUIST network have similar experiences to report? (I'd be particularly interested in comments from Asians, with a possibly mirror-image perspective on these issues.) (b) Can anybody think of an explanation? Following are three rather speculative explanations, none totally convincing: (A) A phonological explanation. The peoples with whom communication is most difficult speak languages with radically different syllable structures; specifically--see the first query above--languages "without segments". Some counterevidence: in spite of their very close relationship and phonological structures, I have found it significantly easier to communicate in Lao than in Thai. (B) A historical explanation. The peoples with whom communication is most difficult are those that haven't been colonized, or those who have had the least contact with foreigners. Some counterevidence: (i) Bangkok: now teeming with tourists and business people, yet even in the tourist zone, communication is difficult. (ii) Malaysia. An illustrative anecdote: last year I was at a conference in Kuala Lumpur and had to take a taxi every morning to the university. Invariably, I was unable to communicate my destination to the Chinese taxi drivers and had to give up in despair; on the other hand, I had no problems whatsoever with the Indians and Malays. (iii) Indonesia: many of the more remote places never saw a Dutchman and hardly ever see any white men even now; yet with a smattering of Bahasa Indonesia there is little problem getting by. (C) A cultural explanation. The peoples with whom communication is most difficult wish to discourage foreigners from learning their languge and communicating with them. Their motivation for doing this is to "keep their culture to themselves" and protect it from western contamination. Or, as one expat put it to me, "xenophobia". Comments, short or long, solicited. David Gil Department of English University of Haifa Haifa, 31999, Israel rhle813@haifauvm.bitnet -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-777. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-778. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 193 Subject: 2.778 Artificial Languages Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 01:23:42 -0500 From: lojbab@grebyn.com (Logical Language Group) Subject: Esperanto and artificial languages 2) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 15:20:13 MST From: FD00000 Subject: 2.770 Queries 3) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 15:20:13 MST From: FD00000 Subject: 2.770 Queries -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 01:23:42 -0500 From: lojbab@grebyn.com (Logical Language Group) Subject: Esperanto and artificial languages In response to Fritz Newmeyer's query, I cannot provide statistics that are worth credence on Esperanto and artificial languages as a whole, but there is no doubt that the number of speakers is increasing, possibly quite rapidly. (Note that I am NOT an Esperantist.) The number of Esperanto speakers may range anywhere from 50000 to 10 million depending on what source you use, and what level of fluency constitutes 'speaking' the language. This includes a very small number of native/bilingual speakers raised by parents who had only Esperanto as a common language. The greatest growth in Esperanto is in China, where there are state-sponsored television courses in the language, and it can safely be said that millions have been exposed to the language there and have learned it to some unknown level. (I suspect that even more are learning English). The US official organization ELNA has only about a thousand members, but many US Esperantists are not members, and the organization is growing at a good rate (I think 10-20% per year). There apparently was a political squabble and the current organization is picking up the pieces from a disaccredited former official organization - but I don;t know much more than that. The Internet newsgroup soc.culture.esperanto has occasional statistics posted on the number of people subscribed to the newsgroup, and I think it was in the tens of thousands, but my memory is hazy. Historically, Esperanto had a peak around World War I, then ebbed under Stalinist and Nazi repression, and has started to come back as the Cold War ebbed. Among other artificial languages Ido and Interlingua have been probably the #2 and #3 languages. Both are indeed fading, Ido having no active publications to my knowledge. Interlingua peaked in the 50s and has ebbed but not died completely. It is strongest in Europe, where there are efforts to gain standing in the European common government (some committees apparently use Interlingua as an alternate language for minutes and the like). Sources on the subject include Andrew Lange, _The Artificial Language Movement_, and a very recent book, _Interlinguistics_ (I don't have the rest of the biblio handy, but I know it is in the U of Washington library because the person who told me about it read it there.), which attempts to establish a linguistics subfield relating to artificial langauges, concentrating primarily on Esperanto. The language project I am leading, The Lojban version of the Loglan language described in the June 1960 Scientific American, is also growing rapidly, especially considering that our effort is so new that we don't yet have a book on the language completed. We count only about a dozen able to converse in the language, but several hundred supporters who are studying the language intermittently while waiting for more formal materials. The Loglan/Lojban project, I should note, is NOT primarily aimed at starting an 'international language', although many supporters have this as a goal. Our purpose is linguistics research, including but not limited to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and there has been a fair amount of study of potential AI and machine translation applications as well. (I will be happy to supply information on Lojban to inquirers to signature address - either email or paper mail) lojbab Bob LeChevalier, President, The Logical Language Group, Inc. 2904 Beau Lane Fairfax VA 22031-1303 (703) 385-0273 lojbab@grebyn.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 15:20:13 MST From: FD00000 Subject: 2.770 Queries RE: Query about fate of Esperanto I don't believe there are any recent empirical studies on the current number of speakers of Esperanto. Such studies are very difficult to do, given that there are speakers in almost every country and that so many speakers are self-taught and thus never show up on any class roster. The fact that there has been substantial repression of Esperanto in many countries (especially in eastern Europe) doesn't encourage people to stand up and be counted either. To judge by the indications that are available (e.g. book sales, magazine subscriptions, membership in Esperanto organizations, etc.), it appears that the number of speakers is growing. In the U.S. in fact, it is very clear that the number of speakers has grown over the last few years. Membership in the national Esperanto organization has increased very dramatically, course enrolment is up, and sales of books and records in Esperanto have increased also. There are other countries where the number of speakers has clearly dropped, but on the whole the language seems to be growing. There are some other "artificial" languages which have speakers (e.g. Ido, Volapuk, Occidental, Interlingua), but they are quite small and don't seem to show any signs of growth, at least not that I'm aware of. Here are some references that might prove helpful: Janton, Pierre "Esperanto: Langue et Litterature" (or some similar title). Presses Universitaires de France. Schubert, Klaus. "Interlinguistics: Aspects of the science of planned languages" Mouton de Gruyter. 1989 Forster, Peter. "The Esperanto movement" Mouton. 1982. Pool, Jonathan. "The World Language Problem" Rationality and Society 3, 78-105. 1991 -Grant Goodall -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 15:20:13 MST From: FD00000 Subject: 2.770 Queries RE: Query about fate of Esperanto I don't believe there are any recent empirical studies on the current number of speakers of Esperanto. Such studies are very difficult to do, given that there are speakers in almost every country and that so many speakers are self-taught and thus never show up on any class roster. The fact that there has been substantial repression of Esperanto in many countries (especially in eastern Europe) doesn't encourage people to stand up and be counted either. To judge by the indications that are available (e.g. book sales, magazine subscriptions, membership in Esperanto organizations, etc.), it appears that the number of speakers is growing. In the U.S. in fact, it is very clear that the number of speakers has grown over the last few years. Membership in the national Esperanto organization has increased very dramatically, course enrolment is up, and sales of books and records in Esperanto have increased also. There are other countries where the number of speakers has clearly dropped, but on the whole the language seems to be growing. There are some other "artificial" languages which have speakers (e.g. Ido, Volapuk, Occidental, Interlingua), but they are quite small and don't seem to show any signs of growth, at least not that I'm aware of. Here are some references that might prove helpful: Janton, Pierre "Esperanto: Langue et Litterature" (or some similar title). Presses Universitaires de France. Schubert, Klaus. "Interlinguistics: Aspects of the science of planned languages" Mouton de Gruyter. 1989 Forster, Peter. "The Esperanto movement" Mouton. 1982. Pool, Jonathan. "The World Language Problem" Rationality and Society 3, 78-105. 1991 -Grant Goodall -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-778. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-779. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 114 Subject: 2.779 Grammar Checkers Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 10:37:39 EST From: Henry Kucera Subject: Re: 2.765 Queries: Text-to-Speech, Grammar Checkers 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 15:50 EST From: Herb Stahlke <00HFSTAHLKE@LEO.BSUVC.BSU.EDU> Subject: Grammar checkers 3) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 07:06 EST From: CHARLES LAUGHLIN Subject: GRAMMAR CHECKER -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 91 10:37:39 EST From: Henry Kucera Subject: Re: 2.765 Queries: Text-to-Speech, Grammar Checkers This is some information re query about grammar checkers. There are at least three such products available for personal computers (aside from one program that runs on Digital's VAX software). All three are sold both for the DOS and the Macintosh platforms. I have tested them all but since I am primarily a Mac person, I will reproduce here for you the ranking that they have received from MacUser, a leading magazine in the US. The highest ranking by a whole "grade" (4 and a half "mouse" rating) is for Correct Grammar (Lifetree Software, 33 New Montgomery St. San Francisco, CA 94105) Official cost is $99.- but I have seen it for less in the discount outlets. Next is Grammatik Mac, 3 and half mouse rating (Reference Sotware, 330 Townsend St., San Francisco, CA 94107.) Listed at $99.- but definitely greatly discounted lately. Last is RightWriter, 3 mouse ranking (QUE Software, 11711 N. College Ave., Carmel, IN 46032); I have seen it advertized for as little as $49.. All of them are for English (American Englihs primarily although Correct Grammar is said to have a British version; I haven't seen it). All highlight errors, supposedly both grammatical (syntactic) and "stylistic", and all make an attempt to suggest a correction, although it is sometimes vague ("rewrite this sentence"). One major difference is how many truly syntactic errors they can catch and correct (which requires a sophisticatd parser) and how much they focus on "style" (which is usually little more than a list of cliches and easy to implement). In my view, a product that is predominatly a "style" checker can be rather annoying since it tends to send inappropriate messages. All work with major word processors, although only Correct Grammar is reasonably integrated with most of them. Genrally, the MacUser's ranking reflects the degree of the parser's sophistication as well as the friendliness of the interface. I hesitate to give you my personal ranking because I was direclty involved in the development of a prototype that eventually became part of Correct Grammar and it would be unfair to criticize the other products. That's why I am giving you the MacUser ranking. I can assure you, however, of three experiences in response to your query: A grammar checker MUST include a good effort to suggest corrections. If it does not or is not specific enough, the average user (not a linguist) gets terribly frustrated. Second: Keep the "style" feature reasonable and allow some supposed "style sins" (e.g. passive voice) to be turned off by the user; overflagging here is VERY annoying. And third: A Grammar checker should have, as its first routine, a very good spelling checker. Only the highest ranked of the above three does. Hope this helps. One final bit of information: Microsoft has announced two weeks ago a new version of WORD for Windows which will include a more advanced version of the product underlying Correct Grammar. The Mac version is on the way, I am told. Please keep me posted about your progress. Regards, Henry Kucera -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 15:50 EST From: Herb Stahlke <00HFSTAHLKE@LEO.BSUVC.BSU.EDU> Subject: Grammar checkers A recent, i.e., sometime in the last month, issue of _PC Magazine_ had an extensive survey and product comparison of a number of PC and Mac grammar checkers. They included information on their testing protocols as well as on approaches to grammar checking. Herb Stahlke Ball State University -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 07:06 EST From: CHARLES LAUGHLIN Subject: GRAMMAR CHECKER RE: GRAMMAR CHECKER I just purchased an English grammar checker, but have yet to use it, so I can't evaluate it yet. But it is the KEY GRAMMAR CHECKER put out by Softkey Software Products, Inc., 21602 North Third Avenue, Phoenix, AR 85027, Ph: (416)602-5500, Fax: (416)602-0239. This one is for IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/1, PS/2 and compatibles. It requires a minimum of 512K, DOS 2.0 or higher. One advantage of this program is that it is kind of "no name" and cheap. Hope this helps. Charles Laughlin Charles Laughlin -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-779. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-780. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 97 Subject: 2.780 Clicks and R-Linking Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 08:02 PST From: Peter Ladefoged Subject: clicks 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 20:39:59 +0100 From: Lars Henrik Mathiesen Subject: R-Linking 3) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1991 16:14:02 EST From: Laurie Bauer Subject: a apple -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 08:02 PST From: Peter Ladefoged Subject: clicks On clicks The only use of clicks I know of outside Africa is reported by Ken Hale and David Nash in a 1987 Australian Linguistics Society Paper "Lardil and Damin phonotactics." Damin is a derivative of Lardil, much like a language game, It is learned by adults and is not a first language. The odd thing about clicks is the ease with which they are borrowed. They occur in at least three different language families in Africa: Khoisan (e.g. !Xo), Bantu (e.g. Zulu, Xhosa) and Cushitic (Dahalo, spoken in Kenya), as well as in Sandawe and Hadza (spoken in East Africa) which may be Khoisan - nobody really knows. (We'll have to wait for a UCLA thesis by Bonny Sands to get more answers). Peter Ladefoged (idu0pnl@uclamvs.bitnet) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 20:39:59 +0100 From: Lars Henrik Mathiesen Subject: R-Linking The last round of the discussion, as I understood it: Question: What is ``linking R''. Answer (Stampe/Natural Phonology): It's an underlying R that is deleted in most positions. Objection (Manaster-Ramer): That doesn't explain why it is found only in dialects/languages that has lost R's in those positions. Natural Phonology owes us that explanation. That's where I disagree. Given the interpretation as underlying R, ``linking R'' is different from other cases of R-deletion only in a diachronic sense: it appears in words that didn't have an R before. It is this diachronic emergence in some words of an R that is realized in only a few positions that must be explained --- specifically, why that R emerges only in languages where other words already have it. To me, the phenomenon in English seems to be a classical case of analogy: The distinction between underlying V(:) and Vr is mostly lost, and the underlying R spreads in the lexicon. And I can't see that Natural Phonology has to explain why analogical spread occurs only when there is something to spread in the first place. (I'm not saying that there is nothing to explain about analogical processes, just that it's not NP's job.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Thu, 07 Nov 1991 16:14:02 EST From: Laurie Bauer Subject: a apple Lass reports somewhere that things like 'a apple' are heard in South African English, and they are certainly heard in New Zealand. It is my impression that they are usually accompanied by a glottal stop: a ?apple, but I don't know if this is always the case. Similarly, we find the apple with the same form of _the_ as we find in 'the banana', i.e. schwa vowel for both. Laurie Bauer -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-780. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-781. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 247 Subject: 2.781 Conferences: Semiotics, Sociolinguistics Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 1991 11:26:56 EST From: AHARRIS - Alan Harris Subject: Call for papers/extended abstracts/proposals:SEMCOM/SCA 2) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 12:36:04 MET From: Marinel Gerritsen Subject: Sociolinguistic conference -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 1991 11:26:56 EST From: AHARRIS - Alan Harris Subject: Call for papers/extended abstracts/proposals:SEMCOM/SCA The new Commission on Semiotics and Communication of the Speech Communication Association (SEMCOM/SCA) invites papers, extended abstracts, and program proposals for the next national meeting of the SCA in Chicago, IL, October 29-November 2, 1992. All should relate to any area of Communication Studies that informs and is informed by semiotics in any of its manifestations. Papers should not exceed thirty pp.; extended abstracts are 3-5 pp. Papers and abstracts should include a detachable cover page with the author's name, affiliation, address, and phone number (e-mail is avail.). Program proposals should include a title, statement of purpose or rationale, names of particpants and affiliations, individual titles and brief abstracts, addresses, telephone nos. (e-mail if avail.) Send five (5) copies of paper, abstract, or proposal to Program Coordinator, Professor Jacqueline Martinez, Division of Liberal Arts, Babson College, Wellesley, MASS 02157 (Martinez@Babson.bitnet). Direct all other inquiries or submit addresses for our mailing list to Commission Convener, Professor Alan Harris, SPCH, CSUN, Northridge, CA 91330 (AHARRIS@VAX.CSUN.EDU). Submissions MUST be received by February 15, 1992. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 12:36:04 MET From: Marinel Gerritsen Subject: Sociolinguistic conference Research Committee for Sociolinguistics of the International Sociological Association International Conference on Sociolinguistics -------------------------------------------- General theme of the conference "The interface between Sociology and Linguistics" University of Nijmegen The Netherlands June 9th to 11th, 1992 First announcement Call for papers Introduction The 1992 Conference of the Research Committee for Sociolinguistic (RC25) of the International Sociological Association will be held in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, at the Aula/Congresgebouw of the University of Nijmegen from Tuesday June 9th to Thursday June 11th 1992. Papers on any sociolinguistic topic are welcome, but the conference organizers especially seek papers on the use of sociological methods in sociolinguistics. Recent sociolinguistic investigations have shown that co-operation between sociologists and linguists has been very fruitful. This collaboration, however, also presents problems. It often appears that linguists know too little of recent developments in sociology and that sociologists know too little about recent development in linguistics. This leads not only to old-fashioned sociology and old-fashioned linguistics in sociolinguistics, but also to neglect of sociological and linguistic problems. A central purpose of this conference is to arrive at a better understanding of these problems in order to solve them. Therefore, scholars form both sociology andlinguistics are explicitly invited to participate. General Information Call for papers Scholars who wish to present a paper on either the main topic of the conference or another sociolinguistic topic, should send a camera- ready half page abstract before 1 January 1992 to Marinel Gerritsen, Department of General Linguistics and Dialectology, University of Nijmegen,Erasmusplein 1, 6525 HT Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Abstracts will bereviewed in December 1991. The results of the selection will be announced before 1 February 1992. Location The conference will be held from Tuesday June 9th to Thursday 11th 1992 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NIJMEGEN (AULA/CONGRESGEBOUW). NIJMEGEN IS A beautiful old Dutch town situated in the eastern part of The Netherlands, 1 1/2 hour by train from both Amsterdam and Duesseldorf (Germany). Registration The registration fee includes lunches, coffee and tea during the whole conference. The fee depends on membership of the Research Committee on Sociolinguistics and the time of registration. Registration fees (lunches, coffee and tea included!) members non members Dfl. 155,- Dfl. 180,- after 1 March '92 Dfl. 195,- Dfl. 220,- after 1 April '92 Dfl. 235,- Dfl. 260,- During the conference Dfl. 275,- Dfl. 300,- Reduction of Dfl. 25, for students (please include copy of student card). In case of cancellation, the fee minus administrative chargers will be refunded, provided the request for a refund is made by letter before 15 May 1992. Accommodation Information about accommodation will be forwarded upon receipt of your registration fee. Rates for rooms in hotels vary from Dfl. 60,- to Dfl.130,- per room. A cheaper posibility is the beautiful camp site of Nijmegen which is situated near the university. Organization The organization of the conference is coordinated by: Marinel Gerritsen Department of General Linguistics and Dialectology University of Nijmegen Erasmusplein 1 6525 HT Nijmegen The Netherlands Tel. 31 80 612062 or 31 80 612056 Fax 31 80 615939 E-mail U218003@HNYKUN11.bitnet Congress Organization Mary Bluyssen Congress Organization University of Nijmegen Postbox 9111 6500 HN Nijmegen The Netherlands Local Scientific Committee Kees de Bot (University of Nijmegen) Cor van Bree (University of Leiden) Kas Deprez (University of Antwerpen) Cor Hoppenbrouwers (University of Groningen) Durk Gorter (Fryske Akademy) Tony Hak (Erasmus University) Paul ten Have (University of Amsterdam) Roeland van Hout (University of Brabant) Hanneke Houtkoop (University of Utrecht) Erica Huls (University of Brabant) Albert Verdoodt (University of Leuven) International Scientific Committee Joerg Bergmann (Jutus Liebig Universitaet) Dede Boden (Washington University) Allen D. Grimshaw (Indiana University) Rolf Kjolseth (University of Colorado at Boulder) Douglas Maynard (University of Wisconsin) Brain Torode (Trinity College) --------------------- Registration Form 1992 Conference of the Research Committee for Sociolinguistics (RC25) of the International Sociological Association, University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands. June 9th to 11th 1992. Mr/Ms* Professional title: Initials and name: Institution: Mailing address: City: State: Country: Office phone no: E-mail: Home phone no: I intend to submit a paper: yes/no* Provisional title of paper: I am a member of RC25 yes/no* I wish to become a member of RC25 yes/no* Regular (Dfl. 33,-) yes/no* Student (inlcude proof, Dfl. 12,-) yes/no* Registration fee to pay (see left) Dfl ...... Membership 1992 to pay Dfl ...... Total Dfl ...... O I enclose ....... cheque(s), to the amount of Dfl........ (no personal cheques, Eurocheques not exceeding Dfl. 300,- each). O I have paid Dfl ..... through ....... into National Giro Account no 854321 making the amount payable to Secretaris Senaat, University of Nijmegen and specifying "1992 conferences RC25". Please, ensure that the bank transfer is credited to us free of bank charges. Date ................ Signature .................................... * Please circle where applicable Mail to: 1992 Conference of the Research Committee for Sociolinguistcs (RC25) Congress Organization University of Nijmegen Mary Bluyssen Postbox 9111 6500 HN Nijmegen The Netherlands Fax 31 80 615939 E-mail U218003@HNYKUN11.bitnet -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-781. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-782. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 132 Subject: 2.782 FYI: Turkish Spelling Checker, IPA fonts Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 11:59:46 +0200 From: ko@TRBILUN.bitnet (Kemal Oflazer) Subject: Turkish Spelling Checker - ftp instructions 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 18:25:00 GMT From: me@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr (Michel Eytan LILoL) Subject: IPA fonts -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 11:59:46 +0200 From: ko@TRBILUN.bitnet (Kemal Oflazer) Subject: Turkish Spelling Checker - ftp instructions Greetings to All, There has been substantial interest in the Turkish Spelling Checker information. Below I give the necessary information for ftp access. ftp cs.umn.edu Name: anonymous Password: cd pub/cosar ls -l < you will see the following list of files > -rw-r--r-- 1 2272 8 1999 Oct 29 14:50 HP2_TURK.README -rw-r--r-- 1 2272 8 73635 Oct 26 22:04 HP2_TURK.tar.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 2272 8 63719 Oct 29 14:35 HP2_laserjet.tar.Z drwx--x--x 3 2272 8 512 Oct 29 19:26 gizli drwxr-xr-x 2 2272 8 512 Oct 26 22:52 mac -rw-r--r-- 1 2272 8 4241 Feb 6 1991 scthesis.README -rw-r--r-- 1 2272 8 703004 Aug 15 14:26 scthesis.ps.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 2272 8 212183 Aug 12 11:55 scthesis.tar.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 2272 8 4241 Feb 6 1991 tsc.README -rw-r--r-- 1 2272 8 646187 Feb 24 1991 tsc.tar.Z get scthesis.README get tsc.README type binary <---- don't forget this get scthesis.ps.Z get tsc.tar.Z quit The file scthesis.ps.Z is a postscript file of Ms. Solak's MS thesis on the subject which she did under my supervision at Bilkent University. Besides describing implementation details of the spelling checker itself, it contains substantial information on the Turkish language itself from a computational linguistics point of view presenting all kinds of exceptions to grammatical rules and how they should be handled. In order to print a copy of this file you should do the following on a Unix system. uncompress scthesis.ps.Z lpr -P scthesis.ps This thesis contains the contents of all the papers we have on the subject. The file tsc.tar.Z is a compressed tar file containing the SUN SparcStation executable for the Turkish Spelling Checker along with some additional files for using it from within GNU Emacs on Turkish Text written with LaTex. Note that for a number of reasons the sources are not available (yet). DO the following for this file: uncompress tsc.tar.Z tar -xvf tsc.tar the rest is in the README file. Cheers Kemal Oflazer Bilkent University Computer Engineering Department Bilkent, ANKARA, 06533 TURKIYE e-mail: ko@trbilun.bitnet fax: (90) 4 - 266-4127 tel: (90) 4 - 266-4133 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 91 18:25:00 GMT From: me@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr (Michel Eytan LILoL) Subject: IPA fonts here is a mail I got on Wed Nov 6 18:12:02 1991 >Dear Michel: I believe that the fonts you are distributing are an early version of the phonetics fonts I have been developing for some years. I have just completed a new version with complete Hercules+, EGA, and VGA support and support for the HP LJ III within Wordperfect. The bitmaps themselves are only slightly improved over the version I was distributing a year ago. I am mailing you a copy of this new version today which you may feel free to distribute. Please discontinue distribution of the old version. Tim Montler >montler@vaxb.acs.unt.edu At this date I did not get the fonts and my sys-op wants me to clear out stuff on my partition, so I cannot establish a server. This disallows me to send the old version of the fonts. Sorry folks. I remind yer guys that the original source for the fonts was the anonymous ftp server aisun1.ai.uga.edu (128.192.12.9) in folder ai.phonetic.fonts. If not familiar with ftp, ask your unix guru. ===================================================================== ^Michel Eytan ^Tel:+33 88 41 74 29 ^ ^(on SPARCstation1 under OpenWindows v.2) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Prof. Computer Science ^Sec:+33 88 41 74 26 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Labo. Informatique, Logiques, Langages ^Fax:+33 88 41 73 54 ^ ^Dept. Info., Univ. Strasbourg II ^e-mail:me@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr ^ ^22 rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg ^or:eytan@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr ^ ^France ^or:eytan@gr1.u-strasbg.fr ^ ===================================================================== -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-782. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-783. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 158 Subject: 2.783 Klingon and other Frivolities Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 12:59-0500 From: Allan C. Wechsler Subject: Klingon and other fictional languages 2) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 1991 10:31:31 +0200 From: akman@TRBILUN.bitnet Subject: Stallone's OSCAR and linguist Dr. Poole -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 12:59-0500 From: Allan C. Wechsler Subject: Klingon and other fictional languages The Klingon language as described by Marc Okrand is certainly a superior effort, unrivaled in my opinion since Tolkien. Most fictional languages founder on the linguistic ignorance of their designers, and wind up being transparent "codes" where made-up words are substituted for English ones. Language designers (in general) seem to confine their creative efforts to the lexicon, ignoring the other interesting levels of phonetics, phonology, and morphology "beneath" the lexicon; and simultaneously ignoring syntax, prosody, and discourse phenomena "above" it. A small group of writers, apparently realizing their limitations, simply "write in tongues" to produce utterances in their fictional languages, without any attempt to invent a real language. I think this is what C. J. Cherryh does, but she is clever enough to salt her alien utterances with proper names, distorted as if by loan-phonology, and decorated with inflectional affixes. (Most writers are disappointingly unspecific about orthography, so it's not always possible to determine what the phonetic intent was, if any. Certain letters have emotional content, and the author's artistic intent might interfere with linguistic integrity. For example, if I wanted to write an invented word, say, /ikte:8/ (where the 8 is a theta), I might choose to write "ictaithe" because I thought it looked snazzier than "iktee8" or whatever.) Tolkien is almost free of these flaws. His languages are clearly the work of a trained linguist, albeit one raised in the old philological tradition. His phonetic intent is transparent. His languages (Quenya, Sindarin, Khazad, and the "Black Speech") feel natural and unforced, with attention paid to all linguistic levels. Furthermore, Quenya and Sindarin are definitely European languages -- not from any actual phylum, but with an ineluctable European "feel". (The "Black Speech" "feels" like Turkish, and Khazad like Hebrew.) Okrand, on the other hand, aims at an alien impression. Klingon is a less polished work than, say, Sindarin, but it has "modern structural linguist" written all over it. One of Okrand's "in-jokes" is that Klingon is OVS, and the order is nearly obligatory since there is no syntactic case-marking. The phonetic descriptions are humorous, advocating a good deal of spitting and snarling. The phonology is less satisfying. There seem to be no live phonological processes in Klingon, although a couple of the segments have some free allophony. It's hard to generate a convincing feature analysis of the consonant repertoire without resorting to some rather unnatural execution rules. The syllable structure is CV(C), with almost all possible combinations occurring. There are a few exceptional syllables; for example, -rG (where G is gamma) is a permissible coda, and -y? and -w? have limited distribution -- the constraints are unclear. Presumably Okrand would make up answers if we asked him. The morphology is an exuberant Amerind-style template machine, with five classes of suffixes for nouns and nine for verbs. Except for one possible unattested loop (there are both NV formatives and VN formatives, and it's possible that one could use both in one word) the morphology is not agglutinative in the strict sense. It's a little disappointing that there is no morphonological interaction between the affixes. All of the affixes are single well-formed syllables, but the pronominal verb prefixes are confined to CV, that is, C2=0. The vast majority of noun and verb roots are monosyllabic, with a small number of disyllables. Most of the disyllables have transparent etymologies as compounds, but in one of the most naturalistic touches in the whole work, Okrand includes a handful of disyllabic roots for which one or both components resist analysis. I quote one paragraph to give you the flavor: "For example, /?ed3 do?/ [my transcription (3 = zh) -- see below] means `starship'. The syllable /?ed3/ also occurs in /?ed3 yo?/ `Starfleet'. There are, however, no known Klingon words /?ed3/, /do?/, or /yo?/ that have anything to do with Starfleet, starships, the Federation, or space vehicles of any kind. It is quite likely that /do?/ is an Old Klingon word for `space vessel' (the modern Klingon word is /dud3/) that is used nowhere except in the noun /?ed3 do?/. Of course, without further study, that remains pure conjecture." I have a pet peeve with Okrand, which is that his orthography is needlessly cumbersome. He describes it completely and adequately, but the actual design is silly. For example, he insists on capital instead of lowercase to remind us that the vowel is lax, even though tense [i] does not occur in Klingon. Perhaps Okrand intended the IPA small capital I, but the printers couldn't or wouldn't set it except in full size. And in the amusing "phrase-book", Klingon words are printed in a sans-serif font in which and are indistinguishable. Similarly, Okrand insists on instead of , apparently to remind us that the stop is retroflexed, although as before, dental [d] does not occur. Okrand uses the distracting trigraph for a lateral-release coronal affricate. Why not or even ? And so on. All in all, however, I'm pleasantly surprised that the Star Trek folks were willing to invest the energy to do this so carefully. Does anyone know the true story behind the alien language that gets subtitled in the barroom scene of the first "Star Wars" movie? Was there any design or is it just gibberish? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 1991 10:31:31 +0200 From: akman@TRBILUN.bitnet Subject: Stallone's OSCAR and linguist Dr. Poole I'm sure that this won't be news to many of the North-American readers of this group (and my apologies for that) but there you have it anyways. OSCAR, a recent (?) Sylvester Stallone movie which I enjoyed considerably, has a wonderful screen character, Dr. Thorton Poole, who is, we learn, a professional linguist. And I think he steals the show with his extraordinary (and mind you quite deep) linguistic insults to the people around Stallone. He also teaches Stallone "public speaking," etc. Stallone plays an underworld boss and the time is, I think, right after the Crash of '29. Unfortunately, Dr. Poole enters the story only at the second half of the movie but this guy is really amazing. If you haven't seen the movie, consider checking it out from your favorite video rental. With all good wishes, Varol Akman Bilkent University, Ankara -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-783. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-784. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 80 Subject: 2.784 Is Language Finite? Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 08:57:43 EST From: "Bruce E. Nevin" Subject: assume a spherical language 2) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 20:00:22 -0600 From: Michael Kac Subject: Is language infinite? -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 8 Nov 91 08:57:43 EST From: "Bruce E. Nevin" Subject: assume a spherical language An analogy that I hope will not be distasteful to anyone: Masters and Johnson state that the human birth canal is indefinitely extensible. This clearly does not mean that it is infinitely so. In an old joke, several scientists, who happen to be in different fields, are asked how fast a chicken can fly. Says the physicist, Assume a spherical chicken . . . This is the position of those who argue that language is infinite because of the formal properties of the metalanguage that they use to describe language. Eating behavior is infinite. It can be interrupted by any number of other behaviors, themselves interruptable, and then resumed. With suitable symbolization, this can be described by formal systems that generate infinite sets of symbol strings. The system describing "a meal" (presumably beginning with the symbol M on the left side of an arrow) can thus generate meals of infinite length. Eaters must have incorporated or must innately have such a system, since they produce behaviors of the predicted sorts. Ergo, eating is infinite. QED. Setting aside the fact that natural language contains its own metalanguage as a sublanguage, and that formal systems (mathematics, logic, and grammatical formalisms) depend on the background vernacular of shared natural language for their metalanguage . . . that's a clearly related issue, but discussion here would distend this topic beyond recognition, so that no one would get the point. For the humor-impaired, the meal cheekily described above is probably tongue flambe'. Bruce Nevin bn@bbn.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 20:00:22 -0600 From: Michael Kac Subject: Is language infinite? A recent response from John Joseph to my reply to Henry Kucera calls into question the distinction I assume between matters of convention and matters of natural law. I have drafted a reply and sent it to Joseph; since it's on the long side, I thought that rather than post it to LINGUIST as well I'd invite those interested to contact me directly at: kac@cs.umn.edu. Michael Kac -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-784. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-785. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 133 Subject: 2.785 Responses: Thanks, Doohickey, Modals, "like" Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 22:27 GMT From: Arie.Verhagen@let.ruu.nl Subject: Thanks 2) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 16:04:00 EDT From: LHORN@YALEVM.YCC.Yale.Edu Subject: Re: 2.771 Responses: Thanks; Doohickey 3) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 07:17 EST From: CHARLES LAUGHLIN Subject: Person 4) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 08:19 CST From: LIFY460@orange.cc.utexas.edu Subject: might could 5) Date: 6 Nov 91 11:13:00 EST From: "ALICE FREED" Subject: RE: 2.759 Like -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 22:27 GMT From: Arie.Verhagen@let.ruu.nl Subject: Thanks To everybody who replied to my request concerning grammar and style checkers: thank you very much for the information. Quite a bit was unknown to us. When we have compiled the information and added some more from other sources, I will post it. --Arie -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Mon, 11 Nov 91 16:04:00 EDT From: LHORN@YALEVM.YCC.Yale.Edu Subject: Re: 2.771 Responses: Thanks; Doohickey Towards doohickey population control (for Bob Ingria and anyone else interested): There IS a word for the whatchamacallit on the end of shoelaces: it's AGLET, a word that's been around--albeit perhaps on the margins--since the 16th century (derived from Fr. aiguillette). Unfortunately, "I broke the doohickey on the end of my shoelace" is doubtless more efficient as a contribution to most conversations than "I broke my aglet". Larry Horn -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 07:17 EST From: CHARLES LAUGHLIN Subject: Person RE: `PERSON' In reference to Ellen Prince's query about `person': my friend Andre Lepage just mentioned to me in another context that French anthropologists have been discussing, in a Durkheimian and Levi-Straussian way, the concept of `person.' It all goes back to Mauss' "A category of the human mind:The concept of person, the concept of `ego'" (first published in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 68, in 1938 - I believe its in English). If you can buttonhole a Francophone, check out "La notion de personne en Afrique noire" (Paris: CNRS, 1973). Sorry for de personne en Afrique noire." Charles Laughlin Charles Laughlin -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1991 08:19 CST From: LIFY460@orange.cc.utexas.edu Subject: might could A brand new piece of data, collected last night, for you double modal collectors: There's one large loan that I might not could totally clean up. The "could" here has very little stress, vowel is very reduced. Speaker is a 40-something educated but remarkable linguistically unaware (i.e., this is no tongue-in-cheek offering) speaker from east of Houston. ckk -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: 6 Nov 91 11:13:00 EST From: "ALICE FREED" Subject: RE: 2.759 Like In response to the posting concerning my examples of ways of introducing direct quotes (belmore@vax2.concordia.ca), I believe that not all of the examples are correctly attributable to me. In my posting about the use of _like_ I discussed only _like_ and _go_ as quote introducers. It is interesting that these approximately 30 year old graduate students all said that _like_ does not REALLY introduce direct quotes but instead indicates something about the speaker's (or subject's) attitude. While that may also be true, I assure you that the examples that I was referring to, used by speakers 22 years old and younger, ARE direct quotes! For example, in my data, there is a moment when a speaker says something that turns out to be mistaken and a minute later, laughing at herself, she says about herself, " And I was like,`----'!" where she quotes exactly the words that she has uttered the minute before. I have heard this used repeatedly. This is, as I said before, the form of choice for quoting among the students whose speech I have studying. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-785. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-786. Tue 12 Nov 1991. Lines: 91 Subject: 2.786 Queries: Inflection/Derivation, Sinhalese Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 19:05:58 -1000 From: David Stampe Subject: 2.770 Query on order of inflection vs. derivation 2) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 10:57:11 -0500 From: gb661@csc.albany.edu (BROADWELL GEORGE AARON) Subject: sinhalese -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 10 Nov 91 19:05:58 -1000 From: David Stampe Subject: 2.770 Query on order of inflection vs. derivation John Nerbonne asks whether the Russian reflexive suffix s'/s'a, which follows agreement suffixes, isn't an exception to Greenberg's 28th universal, viz that derivation comes between root and inflection. If it's a true reflexive (I'm not a Slavist), I'd question whether it is derivational. My favorite rule of thumb for whether a morphological process is derivational is whether it can be avoided by paraphrase. Reflexives proper usually aren't avoidable when Subject = Object. (Here's a query of my own. In languages with S and O marking on the verb, there is one paradigm for cases where S is not equal to O, and another for cases where S is equal to O ("reflexive"). But I've never found such a language with ANY way of expressing cases where S properly includes O, or vice versa, e.g. I saw us in the mirror. *ourselves We (including you) discussed you. *yourself Why is reflexive defined as complete rather than partial equality?) For another possible exception to Greenberg's universal, antecedent clauses in conditional sentences in many head-last languages are formed by nominalizing a fully inflected sentence, and then postposing a postposition meaning "if". E.g. in Sora, a Munda language (India), anin-ji dOng-nAm kong -l -e-n -ji-dEn, g@d-t -Am he -PL ACC -you shave-PA-3-NOM-PL-if, cut-NONPA-you = If they shave you, you'll get cut. The if-form, -dEn, is postposed to a plural, -ji, which is suffixed to a nominalizer, -n, which is applied to the (almost) fully inflected clause anin-ji dOng-nAm kong-l-E-n. (Normally the 3 PL suffix -ji, agreeing with the subject, would come next. Instead, it is added to the nominalized clause, which is at least less surprising since it is also the 3 PL suffix.) In any event, the nominalizer is certainly NOT between the verb root and all its inflection. However, since it is not the root that is being nominalized, but the verb and its clause, it seems to me that the nominalizer is (almost) exactly where it OUGHT to be. How else could you say this in Sora? I have to confess that I can't think of any understandable paraphrase. So is this all inflection? Or are the characteristics we try to line up under the headings of DERIVATION vs INFLECTION simply out of line here? Maybe we should erase the headings and start over. As I recall, Uma Subramaniam of OSU gave a paper at CLS about 1985 on related difficulties that Tamil presents for this "universal". -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 6 Nov 91 10:57:11 -0500 From: gb661@csc.albany.edu (BROADWELL GEORGE AARON) Subject: sinhalese In a recent piece on Sri Lanka, the author claims 'scholarly opinion is divided on whether Sinhalese is an Indo-European or a Dravidian language.' This sounds like outright nonsense to me -- I have never heard anyone suggest that Sinhalese is Dravidian. But I don't work in that part of the world. Could someone more familiar with these languages tell me whether there is really any difference of opinion on the Indo- European status of Sinhalese? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-786. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-787. Wed 13 Nov 1991. Lines: 268 Subject: 2.787 Computing Events at LSA Annual Meeting Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 09:51:32 EST From: John.M.Lawler@um.cc.umich.edu Subject: Computing Events at LSA Annual Meeting -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 09:51:32 EST From: John.M.Lawler@um.cc.umich.edu Subject: Computing Events at LSA Annual Meeting I am delighted to be able to announce details of two events sponsored by the LSA Information and Communication Technology Committee at the 1992 LSA meeting in Philadelphia. The first is a colloquium on "Computing and the Ordinary Working Linguist" that takes place on Thursday night, and is thus the leadoff event for the meeting. The second is a Linguistics Soft- ware Exhibit that takes place the next day. I append the abstract and schedule for the Colloquium, and the program for the Exhibit. Subscribers to LINGUIST will note that it is intimately involved in both of these events. Our Editors are participating in the Colloquium, speaking about (what else?) The LINGUIST List; and all the software in the exhibit was solicited through LINGUIST. I want to thank all of you (especially the editors, who deserve our thanks on plenty of other accounts as well) for helping make these events happen. We have needed things like this for a long time and perhaps now we will be able to get them more often. -John Lawler jlawler@um.cc.umich.edu University of Michigan userll3n@umichum.bitnet 1991 Chair, LSA Information and Communication Technology Committee ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ LSA Colloquium 7 - 10 PM, Thursday, January 9, 1992 * Computing and the Ordinary Working Linguist * Organizer: John Lawler, University of Michigan Chair, LSA Committee on Information and Communication Technology Few issues (with the possible exception of ethnic food) stir such broad and deep interest among linguists of all kinds as do discussions on the uses, value, and shortcomings of computers in the practice of linguistics. Unfortunately such discussions only rarely lead to useful dialogue because there is no good common venue for the shared experience of the practitioners. We intend this colloquium to provide such a venue, and hope this will become an annual event, if there is sufficient interest on the part of the membership. This colloquium grows out of last year's membership survey by the LSA's Committee on Information and Communication Technology. A number of issues surfaced repeatedly there to which we will attempt to speak. One of them -- the lack of knowledge about what software is available and the consequent daily re-inventions of the wheel -- is addressed in part by the Software Exhibit. In this colloquium, offered in conjunc- tion with, but separate from, the Exhibit, we will report on the results of the user survey, and then try to bring together in one event a series of reports on what's new, what's old, and what's now possible in a few of the many potential areas where computing has affected the practice of the linguistic profession. There are dozens of these, but since we have limited time, we have chosen the four below, both as varying considerably from the usual fare of computational linguistics, and as representing areas of interest to the broadest possible variety of linguists: o The LINGUIST list has become, in the space of less than one year, an indispensable adjunct to hundreds of LSA members, not to speak of linguists overseas, and its importance can only grow. It is a genuinely novel phenomenon which deserves to be made more widely known. o Phonetics and phonology are something almost every linguist has to cope with, regardless of research interest, in intro- ductory classes and elsewhere, because of their basic relev- ance to the field and their lack of treatment elsewhere. Any help computing can provide us in this is welcome. o Text studies of many kinds have become increasingly impor- tant in recent years, primarily depending on increases in usefulness of computational resources. But even for linguists who don't work primarily on large texts, the idea of being able to search the OED on-line, for instance, has a certain natural appeal. o Finally, a large number of linguists are occupied in field work; it has informed the history and nature of our discipline enor- mously. These linguists have special needs, and have devel- oped special computational resources to meet them which are interesting and useful for other linguists as well. Speakers will make 15-minute presentations with 5-10 minutes for discussion after each; discussants have 10 minutes each; the remainder of the time is available for public discussion. Speakers and their topics are: (0) John Lawler University of Michigan Survey report and prospects for the profession (1) Helen Dry Eastern Michigan University & Anthony Aristar Texas A&M University The LINGUIST list (2) Keith Denning Eastern Michigan University Phonetics and computing (3) Thomas Toon University of Michigan Large corpora and text encoding (4) Evan Antworth Summer Institute of Linguistics Computing in the field Discussants: Peter Ladefoged UCLA James Hoard Boeing Corporation, Seattle ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ LSA Software Exhibit 10 AM -- 7 PM, Friday, January 10, 1992 The Software Exhibit will take place in one large room, with machines (1 DOS, 2 Macs, various Unix) installed around it. The first hour is unscheduled; the presenters will be present to meet and discuss their programs individually, like a poster session. Between 11 am and 5:30 pm, two or more individual demonstrations will be going on at once at opposite ends of the room. The time between 5:30 and 7 PM, when the room will close, is likewise unscheduled. The schedule for demonstrations begins with Text Preparation software (fonts, example renumbering, bibliography), moves to Data Analysis programs (VARBRUL, concordance, and phonetics programs), segues to Educational soft- ware (Hypercard stacks and other tutorials), and ends with Natural Language Processing programs. Since much software is multi-purpose, the transitions between categories are fuzzy, and we have decided not to label the sessions as such, but to depend on our colleagues to draw their own boundaries as necessary. We wish to thank the Local Arrangements committee, and especially Mark Liberman, for strenuous efforts in making this exhibit possible. We also wish to thank IBM and Sun for making workstations available for demonstrations. SCHEDULE 10-11 Opening ("poster" session - informal demonstrations, wander around, meet one another, see what's going on, etc.) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11 DOS: Phonetics fonts Phonetics bitmap fonts and drivers Timothy Montler for WordPerfect and the HP Univ of North Texas Laserjet printer. ---------------------------- Mac: Palatino Phonetic font A Type 1 Postscript (and TrueType) Henry Rogers laser font following the 1989 IPA Univ of Toronto (available also for Windows w/ ATM). ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11:30 DOS: Old English and phonemic fonts for the PC-Write Lite Lawrence Foley, James Madison Univ word processor. ---------------------------- Mac: HyperBibliography A HyperCard bibliographic database, Christopher Culy formatter, and extractor. University of Iowa ---------------------------------------------------------------- 12 DOS: RENUMBER Example renumbering program Jonathon Mead, UCLA (Mac version demonstrated at 12:30) ---------------------------- Mac: SuperRenumber Example renumbering program Christopher Culy, University of Iowa ---------------------------------------------------------------- 12:30 DOS: NUM Example renumbering program David Denison, University of Manchester ---------------------------- Mac: RENUMBER Example renumbering program Jonathon Mead, UCLA (DOS version demonstrated at 12) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 DOS: GOLDVARB A joint presentation of the Mac and DOS versions Sharon Ash of the widely-used VARBRUL program for analysis Mac: IVARB of sociolinguistic data and formulation of Susan Pintzuk variable rules. ---------------------------- Mac: Conc SIL-developed concordance generator program Evan Antworth, SIL ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1:30 DOS: UPSID UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database Ian Maddieson, UCLA ---------------------------- Mac: Phonetic Symbol Guide HyperCard version of the 1986 book Allen, Pullum, & Ladusaw by Pullum & Ladusaw, with example Purdue Univ & UC Santa Cruz sounds installed ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Mac: Acoustics for Phoneticians Interactive HyperCard tutorial Peter Ladefoged, UCLA in basic concepts of acoustics. ---------------------------- Mac: Signalyze A review and demonstration of the Keith Denning commercial phonetic analysis program. Eastern Michigan University ---------------------------- Sun SPARC: EDW Speech waveform display and Bunnell & Mohamed editing program. University of Delaware (available also for DOS) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2:30 Mac: The LX problems Hypercard tutorial automating data problems William Labov for introductory linguistics students. ---------------------------- Mac: Sounds of the World's Languages Hypercard database and Ladefoged & Maddieson tutorial program. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Mac: Phthong Tutorial program for English phonemic notation. Henry Rogers, Univ of Toronto ---------------------------- Mac: A World of Words HyperCard stacks automating various John Lawler, Univ of Michigan topics in linguistics and etymology ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3:30 DOS: ProfCourse An automated tutorial course in Prolog Dik & Kahrel designed for linguists. Univ of Amsterdam ---------------------------- Mac: Semantics Tutorial Hypercard tutorial. Victor Raskin, Purdue Univ ---------------------------------------------------------------- 4 DOS: ProfGlot A multilingual language processor with Dik & Kahrel generation, parsing and translation of Dutch, Univ of Amsterdam English, German, French, Danish, Spanish. ---------------------------- Sun SPARC: ELU A unification-based linguistic development Dominique Estival environment for building NLP systems Univ de Geneve ---------------------------------------------------------------- 4:30 Mac: FrameBuilder A HyperCard expert system for building Donalee Attardo semantic frames for computational linguistics. Purdue Univ ---------------------------- IBM RS/6000: STUF A (theory-neutral) unification-based grammar Bosch & Seiffert formalism for developing and testing grammars. IBM Deutschland ---------------------------------------------------------------- 5 DOS: Morphogen Morphological analysis with rule compiler Joseph Pentheroudakis and analyzer for several languages. ECS Inc, Provo UT ---------------------------- Mac: AV Parser A unification-based parser for research Mark Johnson purposes, with full graphics interface. Brown Univ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5:30-7 Informal demonstrations, etc. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 PM Exhibit Room closes. Linguist List: Vol-2-787. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-788. Thu 14 Nov 1991. Lines: 244 Subject: 2.788 Are Segments Universal? Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 19:51:40 -0600 From: onghiok@ling.nthu.edu.tw (H.Samual Wang (035)715131-4398) Subject: "segmentless languages" 2) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 19:35:09 CST From: Eric Schiller Subject: Re: 2.777 A Phonological Query 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 13:32:31 EST From: j.guy@trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) Subject: David Gils' Query on Phonology 4) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 9:54 GMT From: Richard Ogden Subject: RE: 2.777 A Phonological Query 5) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 10:30:10 EST From: Jean-Francois Prunet Subject: Re: 2.777 A Phonological Query 6) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 13:05:24 EST From: Frank Anshen Subject: Re: 2.777 A Phonological Query -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 19:51:40 -0600 From: onghiok@ling.nthu.edu.tw (H.Samual Wang (035)715131-4398) Subject: "segmentless languages" In response to David Gil's query about "segmentless languages", I would like to share this research experience with you. I am a native speaker of Taiwanese (the Minnan dialect spoken on Taiwan). Recently I worked in a Taiwanese syllable structure project (which is part of a cross-linguistic syllable structure project by Bruce Derwing of the Univ of Alberta, Canada). I tried to have my subjects break the syllables into segments and recombine the segments, only to find that most of my subjects could not manipulate segmentation of syllables. (Although I worked with only three subjects, the frustration already convinced me that this is the case.) This incidence was mentioned in a paper presented at the XIIth international congress of phonetic sciences this past august in France (reference: Bruce L. Derwing, Sook Whan Cho and H. Samuel Wang, 1991, "A cross- linguistic experimental investigation of syllable structure: Some preliminary results.") At present I am thinking toward the direction that Taiwanese, and perhaps other Chinese dialects as well, is segmented differently from Western languages, or perhaps it is "segmentless" as suggested by David Gill. Traditionally the Chinese syllables are divided into onset and rhyme, not without reasons. My personal experience in learning English seems to speak for this. When I started to learn English (at grade 7), I had a hard time trying to fight off the idea that the "n" in "not" is different from the "n" in "can". The reason, I reckon, is that one is in the onset and the other is in the rhyme, thus the notion that the syllable is broken into onset and rhyme seems well-grounded. A cognitive explanation might be suggested for such under-segmentation: because the Chinese syllable structures are simple, and the number of possible syllables is rather limited (mostly under 500), compared to those of Western languages, the native speakers do not have to spend the effort to further segment them as the number is cognitively manipulable. Probably because of this under-segmentation that David found the Chinese people difficult to communicate with. H. Samuel Wang -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 19:35:09 CST From: Eric Schiller Subject: Re: 2.777 A Phonological Query I have no similar experiences to report with Cambodians speaking Khmer. In fact, the absorption of phonotactically inappropriate items into the Khmer spoken in Chicago (e.g. MacDonalds) seems to progress very smoothly. Alas, I no of no studies along these lines and am unlikely to have time to investigate personally. I will, however, try to be observant when I travel to Thailand in January for the Pan-Asiatic conference. I don't know any Thai, and unless I bump into some Khmer-speaking refugees will have to rely on Western languages to get around. Eric Schiller schiller@sapir.uchicago.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 13:32:31 EST From: j.guy@trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) Subject: David Gils' Query on Phonology Gil's query brings two old memories to my mind. The older one is Prof. Rygaloff's passing remark (when I was a student of his at the Langues Orientales) that Chinese did not lend itself gracefully to phonemic analysis. In those days I knew nothing of phonemics and his comments went way above my head (and fellow students'). If you do a phonemic analysis of Chinese, said Rygaloff, you end up with just two vowels, and you could perhaps even end up with one, pushing your analysis further. (The two vowels, I remember, were a and shwa). The second remembrance is from John Wellfield, then studying Japanese history at ANU. He had, of course, learnt Japanese. "It is strange", he used to say, "how easy Japanese is to pronounce, and yet the Chinese and especially the Vietnamese students in my class had no end of trouble. There was this poor Vietnamese who just couldn't say the simplest word: "sakana" (fish) would come out as something like [sakp na:]." There is an algorithm discovered 30 ago by a Soviet scientist, B.V. Sukhotin, which, given a text in any alphabetical writing system, very successfully separates its symbols into two classes, one of which happens to contains all vowels, the other all consonants. The closer to a phonemic representation the system is, the more accurate the classification. Even on such gems as traditional English spelling, Sukhotin's algorithm is remarkably successful. It yields perfect results on such languages as Hungarian, despite its large number of vowels, and on Georgian, despite its consonant clusters. I have tried on Chinese (Guoyu, pinyin transcription, tones omitted); the results were incredibly bad. There must be something very wrong indeed with pinyin, for Sukhotin's is an extremely robust algorithm, or rather, "strange" with Chinese phonology. In fact, I doubt that the dichotomy consonant/vowel is much relevant to Chinese phonology. On the other hand, I don't think the cultural explanation holds too well. The same is said of Japanese (speak Japanese to a Japanese and he won't understand you). I've had that experience, and I used to believe it until recently in Singapore airport: I was in bad need of a trolley and saw one just about to be relinquished by a group of Japanese; so I darted off and asked if I could have it. Without turning his back to look at me, one of them answered "yes" (doozo), then only turned, and I looked shocked out of his senses. I surmised that, had he seen me first, he would have assumed that whatever I would say would be in English or German or failing that some obscure European language that might just sound remotely like Japanese. The same happens with Australians. They think my accent is Dutch or German, sometimes Danish. But when they have been forewarned that I am French, or have guessed it from my name, they most often comment on how strong a French accent I have after so many years in Australia. Britons, strangely, usually mistake me for English. So, to me, the cultural explanation can explain everything, and therefore explains nothing. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 9:54 GMT From: Richard Ogden Subject: RE: 2.777 A Phonological Query Re David Gil's query about phonological analyses with segments/onset+ rime and S E Asian languages: part of this recapitualtes the old (and quite erroneous!) arguments which developed in the early 1930's in response to Firthian prosodic phonological analysis - namely that some languages were 'prosodic' and hence amenable to the kind of anlysis which Firth was proposing and others were 'segmental' and hence *not* amenable to the kind of analysis theat Firth was proposing. What the Firthian analysts showed was that any language was amenable to their kind of analysis. The kinds of claims Eugenie Henderson makes about Thai are also to be found in Jack Carnochan's treatments of Hausa, Keith Sprigg's analyses of Tibetan, Eileen Whitley's analyses of english and JOhn Kelly's analyses of a number of Bantu languages. All these analyses use notions of prosodic phonological categories having relevance for parts of structures, rather than treating phonological representations as unstructured or minimally bracketed strings. The issue is one of methodological approach to the anlysis of sound systems of languages rather than one of language typology. It makes no sense to talk about languages having inventories of segments; this simply reflects *one mode* of analysis for some specific purpose, eg in Pike's terms 'reducing languages to writing' -- not the 'Truth' about the language under analysis. Despite some of the claims to be found in psycholinguistic literature concerning the 'salience of segmental perception' none of the work which purports to demonstrate this actually succeeds in doing so. However, there is some very interesting work carried out on illiterate populations by Morais and colleagues which should raise serious questions in the mids of any linguist/phonologist who truly believe in the segment. ONe thing we find perturbing is the anecdotal 'evidence' which David Gil presents. Anecdotes may provide a starting point for work; in themselves they have no value whatever for linguistic analysis. John Local Richard Ogden jl1@uk.ac.york.vaxb, rao1@uk.ac.york.vaxb -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 10:30:10 EST From: Jean-Francois Prunet Subject: Re: 2.777 A Phonological Query David Gil asks for references about traditional analyses of the syllable in SE Asian languages, and studies arguing that some languages (e.g. IE languages) ha ve segments whereas others (e.g. Thai) have syllables. The following reference is a whole study devoted to showing that SE Asian langu ages do not have segments but only syllables. The author divides languages into microphonemic (e.g. IE) and macrophonemic (SE). It is a good case for this the sis, though it is perhaps not as empiricically minded as it could have been: Cao Xuan Hao (1985) *Phonologie et linearite (Reflexions critiques sur les pos tulats de la phonologie contemporaine)* SELAF (Societe d'etudes linguistiques e t anthropologiques de France), 323 p. The adress of SELAF is 5, rue de Marseille, 75010 Paris, France. The book reads very well and is well-informed about various phonological scho ols. I hope this helps. Jean-Francois Prunet R22534@UQAM.BITNET Universite du Quebec a Montreal -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 13:05:24 EST From: Frank Anshen Subject: Re: 2.777 A Phonological Query One obvious suggestion why it should be easier to pick up a bit of understandable Indonesian is that Bhasa Indonesia developed from a pidginized Malay used as a Lingua Franca, i.e., presumably modified in ways that make minimal acquisition easy. Frank Anshen -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-788. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-789. Thu 14 Nov 1991. Lines: 165 Subject: 2.789 Jobs Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1991 10:35:42 EST From: jblack@kean.ucs.mun.ca Subject: Memorial University of Newfoundland 2) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 15:39:16 EST From: Janine Scancarelli Subject: Job at William & Mary 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 18:53:23 +0100 From: ngge001@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de (D. Gerdemann) Subject: Job at Tuebingen 4) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 14:06:56 +1100 From: mdr412@coombs.anu.edu.au (Malcolm Ross) Subject: Job at Australian National University -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1991 10:35:42 EST From: jblack@kean.ucs.mun.ca Subject: Memorial University of Newfoundland Department of Linguistics Memorial University of Newfoundland The Linguistics department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, is seeking to make one and possibly two open rank tenure-track appointments in theoretical linguistics, effective 1 September 1992, subject to budgetary approval. Qualifications: Ph.D., a strong record of research publications and a demon-strated record of effective teaching. The department is particularly interested in applications from candidates with research interests and accomplishments in one or more of the following areas: phonology, syntax, semantics. Special considera-tion will be given to candidates whose research focus includes the aboriginal lan-guages of the Americas. Deadline for receipt of applications: 31 January 1992. In accordance with Canadian immigration regulations, this advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. Please submit a c.v., a letter of application and any supporting documents, and arrange to have three letters of reference sent by the deadline, to J. Black, Head, Department of Linguistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, ST. JOHN'S, NF, A1B 3X9, Canada. Department of Linguistics Memorial University of Newfoundland Applications are invited for one and possibly two 8 or 12 month term ap- pointments effective 1 September 1992, subject to budgetary approval. Qualifications: Ph.D. in Linguistics completed or nearing completion (specialization open) and a demonstrated record of effective teaching and re-search publications. Duties to include teaching a variety of linguistics courses at the undergraduate and possibly graduate level, research guidance and depart-mental responsibilities. Deadline for receipt of applications: 31 January, 1991. In accordance with Canadian immigration regulations, this advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. Please submit applications and supporting documents, and arrange to have 3 letters of recommendation for-warded by the deadline, to: J. Black, Head, Department of Linguistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 15:39:16 EST From: Janine Scancarelli Subject: Job at William & Mary The English Department of the College of William & Mary may have an opening for a one-year leave replacement in linguistics. Ph.D. required by June 1992. Application deadline 15 February. Send letter and vita only. Women and minorities encouraged to apply. AA/EOA. Address: John W. Conlee, Chair Department of English College of William & Mary Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 18:53:23 +0100 From: ngge001@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de (D. Gerdemann) Subject: Job at Tuebingen JOB ANNOUNCEMENT The Sonderforschungsbereich 340 Sprachtheoretische Grundlagen fuer die Computerlinguistik (Theoretical Foundations of Computational Linguistics) expects to have a position available (pending final budgetary approval) to work on the project "Constraints on Grammar for Efficient Generation." The principle investigators of the project are Prof. Dr. Erhard Hinrichs and Dr. Dale Gerdemann. The goal of the project is to investigate grammatical constructions which are problematic for current head-driven generation algorithms and to develop analyses for these constructions which will allow for efficient generation. The project will concentrate on problems from German syntax, particularly cases in which the head is empty or displaced as is the case in German main clauses with verb second. The project will be conducted at the Seminar fuer Natuerlich- Sprachliche Systeme, University of Tuebingen (Germany) and it will begin January 1992. Candidates with Ph.D. will be eligible for full time and those with M.A. may work half time until a Ph.D. is completed. The salary will be according to German BAT scale 2A. We are seeking candidates who would be able to work either on the syntax side of the project (using HPSG style grammars) or on the algorithm and inplementation side (using Prolog or possibly LISP). Please send cover letter, CV and names of two referees to hinrichs@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen and gerdemann@mailserv.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 14:06:56 +1100 From: mdr412@coombs.anu.edu.au (Malcolm Ross) Subject: Job at Australian National University THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RESEARCH SCHOOL OF PACIFIC STUDIES DIVISION OF SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS Research Fellow in Austronesian Linguistics CLOSING DATE: 6 DECEMBER 1991 REF: PA 20.20.2 Applications are sought for the position of Research Fellow in the field of Austronesian linguistics in the Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies. An exceptional candidate might be appointed at Senior Research Fellow level. The position is for a period of three years, with possible extension to five years, available from April 1, 1992. Applicants should have a PhD, publications and field experience in Oceanic linguistics and expertise in computer technology, especially for manipulating large linguistic databases. The appointee will contribute to the Department's program of research on the Austronesian language family, particularly the complication of a Proto Oceanic dictionary with cognate sets organised to advise other members of the Department on computer techniques in the handling of dictionaries, texts and compilations of comparative data and refereeing and editing of MSS submitted to _Pacific Linguistics_. _Further Particulars_: Please obtain these before applying from the School Secretary, Research School of Pacific Studies. Telephone: (06) 249 2678 or fax (06) 257 1893, Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-789. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-790. Thu 14 Nov 1991. Lines: 177 Subject: 2.790 Queries: Apples, Hiatus, Italian, Spanish, Do What, Names, Indonesian Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University, Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 09:47:32 EST From: Geoffrey Russom Subject: A Apple 2) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 23:09:10 EST From: Michael Newman Subject: query on Spanish 3) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 09:56:07 -0500 From: p5o@mace.cc.purdue.edu (Salvatore Attardo) Subject: Gender Assigment in Italian 4) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 23:43:15 -0600 From: louden@bongo.cc.utexas.edu (mark l louden) Subject: Do what? 5) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1991 10:33:37 -0500 (EST) From: J_LIMBER@UNHH.UNH.EDU Subject: any suggestions on displaying Chinese characters on Macintosh? 6) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1991 10:51:03 -0500 (EST) From: J_LIMBER@UNHH.UNH.EDU Subject: inquiry on the conventionality and syntax of names 7) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 13:23 MST From: WDEREUSE@ccit.arizona.edu Subject: Indonesian -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 09:47:32 EST From: Geoffrey Russom Subject: A Apple It seems to me that if the vowel in "a, the" is schwa, only a glottal stop could prevent hiatus in your cited phrases "a apple, the apple." Does anyone know of other possibilities (not necessarily restricted to those viable in English)? In general, what SORT of sound is introduced to prevent hiatus? One thinks of liquids, nasals, and glides first, but of course there's the glottal stop as perhaps the unmarked hiatus-preventer.... -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 23:09:10 EST From: Michael Newman Subject: query on Spanish In most Spanish dialects questions with explicit 2 person pronouns involve inversion (e.g. Que quieres tu?)--pardon diacritics and lack of initial inter rogatives). However in Antillian (i.e. Cuba, P.R. and Rep. Dom.) at least, you most frequently get the form Que tu quieres? Does anyone know of any studies on this phenomenon. either from a dialectological or a formally syntactic per- spective? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 09:56:07 -0500 From: p5o@mace.cc.purdue.edu (Salvatore Attardo) Subject: Gender Assigment in Italian I would appreciate pointers to published or unpublished works on gender assignment and paragraph structure in Italian. Contrastive analyses welcome. In order to avoid cluttering the list, I'd suggest e-mailing me. I will summarize and acknowledge. Salvatore Attardo p5o@mace.cc.purdue.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 23:43:15 -0600 From: louden@bongo.cc.utexas.edu (mark l louden) Subject: Do what? Greetings to all-- Seeing a recent posting update on 'might could' reminded me of another regional (?) expression that was recently pointed out to me by some of my students, namely the question 'Do what?' for std.'What?' Is there anyone who is familiar with this idiom and its distribution? Thanks! Mark Louden -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1991 10:33:37 -0500 (EST) From: J_LIMBER@UNHH.UNH.EDU Subject: any suggestions on displaying Chinese characters on Macintosh? Does anyone have experience/suggestions on presenting common Chinese characters on a Mac? I have a student planning a psycholinguistic reading experiment involving Chinese. We know about Macs and have Chinese informants but I'm wondering if there are existing character sets or anything like "stroke" fonts or any lore on legibility etc. Send any ideas to me and I'll be happy to relay them to others interested. Thanks! John Limber -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1991 10:51:03 -0500 (EST) From: J_LIMBER@UNHH.UNH.EDU Subject: inquiry on the conventionality and syntax of names I have two questions about names that some of you probably can answer. The first concerns the conventionality of surnames. Are there still language cultures where surnames are not for the most part conventional? (It would be foolish, for example, for anyone to infer from my name "Limber" that I am particularly agile or that Drs. Head, Brain and Pons interest in neurology had anything to do with their names.) I'd appreciate any examples. The second question is to what extent are names in languages more or less "syntactic"--that is participate or not in whatever formal structures other NPs do? Again, I'd appreciate any examples or references on this. Thanks in advance. John Limber -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 13:23 MST From: WDEREUSE@ccit.arizona.edu Subject: Indonesian This is a query concerning Frank Anshen's response to 2.777 A phonological Query. There he states that Bahasa Indonesia developed from a pidginized Malay used as a Lingua Franca,i.e., presumably modified in ways that make minimal acquisition easy. (endquote). I don't know much about Indonesian, but I am very interested in such cases of pidginization. Is it really true that Bahasa Indonesia developed from a pidginized Malay? I have the impression that B.I. is very close to Standard Malay, with a few phonological differences, but not much in the way of simplification. It seems to me that there was a conscious effort, in the elaboration of B.I., to keep it very close, though distinct from Malay. There have always been good speakers of Malay in what is now Indonesia, even though the majority would speak a pidginized variety, i.e. Bazaar Malay. So I guess there was always a feeling that B.I. should look like proper Malay, because no good speaker of Malay, or even bad speakers of Malay, would ever take something close to Bazaar Malay seriously. A similar case would be Afrikaans, said to have developed from a Dutch pidgin; clearly, this is an oversimplification, since modern Afrikaans has very few creole features, even though it is simpler than Dutch. Even though must have been Dutch pidgins around, and there still are nowadays varieties of Afrikaans that look very pidgin-like (there's a thesis by Dennis Makhudu, U. of Illinois-Urbana, I think), there must have been a conscious effort to prevent Afrikaans from becoming a full-fledged pidgin, later a creole. I presume these voorrekkers all carried their Dutch Bibles in their ox-wagons. I'd really appreciate an Indonesianist/Malayist's opinion on this. (Erratum: I mean voortrekkers) I don't mean to open a big debate about where Afrikaans came from; but I am really curious about similarities between that situations and the elaboration of the Indonesian language. I know for a fact that Afrikaans has borrowed a lot from Dutch over the years, with slight phonological adjustments. I suppose a similar thing has happened for Indonesian. Also, the desire to keep Indonesian separate from Malay, seems to be very similar to the efforts to keep Afrikaans separate from Dutch. Willem de Reuse Department of Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-790. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-791. Fri 15 Nov 1991. Lines: 117 Subject: 2.791 Sinhalese, Do what, Mac Chinese, Spanish Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 22:24:17 EST From: IANSMITH@VM1.YorkU.CA Subject: Re: Sinhalese 2) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 0:53:39 CST From: gliesche@lonestar.utsa.edu (Jules D. Gliesche) Subject: Do what, Chinese on a Mac 3) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 0:19:27 PST From: Alfredo Arnaiz Subject: Query on Spanish -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 22:24:17 EST From: IANSMITH@VM1.YorkU.CA Subject: Re: Sinhalese Broadwell George Aaron asks whether Sinhala is Indo-Aryan or Dravidian, having read that scholarly opinion is divided. Scholarly opinion is in fact unanimous that Sinhala is Indo-Aryan. It HAS undergone Dravidian influence, but the extent and mechanisms of such influence are sometimes difficult to pin down. Jim Gair (JWG@CORNELLA) would be the best one to address more detailed queries to. See also the following two papers of his: 1978. The verb in Sinhala, with some preliminary remarks on Dravidianization. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 5:2, 259-273. 1985 How Dravidianized was Sinhala phonology? in For Gordon M Fairbanks (Oceanic Linguistics special publication no. 20) ed. by Veneeta Acson & Richard Leed, 37-55. U of Hawaii Press For more on the position of Sinhala in I-A, see: Karunatillake, W.S. 1977 The position of Sinhala among the Indo-Aryan Languages Indian Journal of Linguistics 4:1-6. Ian Smith York University -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 0:53:39 CST From: gliesche@lonestar.utsa.edu (Jules D. Gliesche) Subject: Do what, Chinese on a Mac 2.790 Queries Re: Do What? Mark, I've heard and used "do what?" for "what?" all my life. I regret that I don't have any detailed data, but it's certainly used in central Florida (cracker) dialects, and I've heard it in other Southern states such as Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. I've heard it in Texas as well. Not much, but it's a start..... JG (PS - I'm a native Floridan - but grad school and jobs have taken me around the South.) Re: Chinese on a Mac John, This information is somewhat dated, but it might help (it's from the May '89 MacUser). They review three programs for Chinese word processing on the Mac: Kaihin Brushwriter from Pacific Rim Connections (415) 697-0911 Feima from Wu Corporation (203) 677-1528 Mishu from Xanatech (617) 492-7463 Mishu gets the highest rating, followed by Feima and then Kaihin Brushwriter. Being a Germanicist I'm not in a position to judge them, but you might want to either find the issue of MacUser in a library or give them a call. Hope this helps Jules D. Gliesche gliesche@lonestar.utsa.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 0:19:27 PST From: Alfredo Arnaiz Subject: Query on Spanish Check Heles Contreras paper in Probus and references cited there: Contreras, H. (1989) "Closed Domains", Probus 1.2 .,163-180. This is a GB paper that deals with the phenomenon you mention. Alfredo Arnaiz. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-791. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-792. Sat 16 Nov 1991. Lines: 438 Subject: 2.792 IPA Fonts for the Mac: Summary Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1991 11:39 EST From: "Dr. Word" Subject: Something I pulled off the net about IPA fonts -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 1991 11:39 EST From: "Dr. Word" Subject: Something I pulled off the net about IPA fonts Some of this is repetitive with what's been posted previously, but it seems pretty complete and does include some things I haven't seen posted here. Susan Fischer <<< RITVAX::CLUS_MISC1:[NOTES$LIBRARY]COMM_RESEARCH.NOTE;2 >>> -< Communication Research >- ============================================================================== Note 3.6 New technologies 6 of 6 RITVAX::EWCNCP "Bill Clymer" 404 lines 13-NOV-1991 09:43 -< IPA Fonts for Mac >- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Date: Tue, 29 Oct 91 23:14:10 -0500 From: Susan_Hay@brown.edu Subject: IPA fonts Two years ago I researched the availability of IPA fonts for the Macintosh, and I found lots of information on AppleLink. The following, although not up to date, should provide good pointers for more research. I suppose that this information should probably be archived as a report, due to length, but I'll leave that for the moderators to decide! --Susan Hay, Mac Consultant/Analyst, Brown University Susan_Hay@brown.edu AVAILABILITY OF IPA FONTS FOR THE MACINTOSH ==================================================== Ecological Linguistics Fonts Complex alphabets of Asia and Eastern Europe 512KE or larger Macintosh. To order, a user must return a license agreement and order form. These are contained in a catalog that has samples of typefaces and detailed information about other services. Services provided include: Alphabetical Sorting and Indexing, Automated Transliteration and Custom Modification of Applications for these purposes. Bilingual Dictionary Databases are in development. LaserFonts include: EuropeanTimes, VietnamTimes, MideastTimes, IndicTimes, GreekTimes (includes ancient and modern Greek and Balkan Roman alphabets), IPATimes, Cyrillic, Thai, Khmer, Arabic, Mideast Times, Cuneiform Times, Ugaritic Times, Amharic Times, Tamil Times, Malayalam times, Mongolian Times and others. Also, for Chess, the Pillsbury LaserFont for mixing chess diagrams, pla listings and multilingual text. Bit-map fonts include: European, Right-to-Left Scripts, Vertically written alphabets, Tibetan, North India, South India, Southeast Asia, Syllabaries, Japanese and Chinese Characters, Mayan Hieroglyphs, Egyptian Hieroglyphs and Sign Language Writing. $35 to $50 direct; bit-map base systems $45 direct; Apple Script-Manager systems for Arabic, Hebrew, Greek Turkish, Japanese, Korean and Chinese $45 to $80 direct; laser PostScript systems For catalog, license agreement and order forms send long SASE (85 cents) and $2 to: Ecological Linguistics; PO Box 15156; Washington, DC 20003; 202-546-5862 ==================================================== Foreign Fonts Edition 22 foreign fonts Any Macintosh; ImageWriter. Foreign Fonts Edition is a collection of 22 bit-map fonts. Most of the fonts have functional single-stroke accenting keys for use with special accents, diacriticals, aspiration signs and vowel symbols. Fonts include: Tanis, Arpad, Persepolis, Mycenae, Sparta, Delphi, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Riyadh, Yerevan, Vladivostok, Prague, Budapest, Dusseldorf, Limerick, Trizekh, Lunaria, IPA, Seoul, Bangkok, Luang Phrabang and Rivendell. $69.50 retail Devonian International Software Co.; PO Box 2351; Montclair, CA 91763; 714-621-0973 ==================================================== FOREIGN FONTS EDITION ISPN: 24987-285 VENDOR: DEVONIAN INT'L. SOFTWARE CO. (USA) P.O. BOX 2351 MONTCLAIR, CA 91763 (714)621-0973 Limited Warranty (REPLACEMENT IF PROBLEMS) , Updates Available ( 5.00), Backups Available. DESCRIPTION: A collection of 22 fonts that include numerical systems and alphabet of many foreign languages. These fonts range from ancient to modern, From Western to Eastern, and from national to International. The archaic includes: Tanis-Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Arpad-ancient Aramaic, a forerunner of modern Hebrew, Persepolis-old Persian cuneiform, and Mycenae-Minoan Cretan Linear B syllabary, thought to be a forerunner of early Greek writings. Two forms of Greek text fonts are included, each with accents and aspirations: Sparta-a bold, heavy faced Greek font, and Delphi-a lighter faced Greek font. Also, two different versions of Hebrew fonts are included: Tel Aviv-classic text font, and Haifa-modern cursive Hebrew font. An Arabic font Riyadh is included complete with variant forms based on letter position in a word. Yerevan font is designed to be a useful Armenian text. Vladivostok font offers a very complete version of the Cyrillic alphabet, including letters from obsolete Russian, as well as Byelorussian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian and other related languages. Prague (with emphasis on East European Slavic languages using a Latin alphabet: Polish, Czech, Slovene, Slovak) and Budapest (with its coverage of Hungarian, Turkish and Finnish) round out the Eastern European languages. Dusseldorf (a font for German text), Limerick (a font for Old Irish Gaelic) and Trizekh (for Esperanto and Devonian writings) allow one to compose in these variant forms of the Latin alphabet. Lunaria font was designed as a universal font to allow almost all types of accents known in Latin-based alphabets. IPA is based directly on the characters devised by the International Phonetics Association. The Asian continent is represented as well with fonts designed for several of these languages: Seoul(Korean), Bangkok (Thai), and Luang Phrabang (Laotian). As an added bonus, the disk contains Rivendell, a font for Tolkien Tengwar and Angertha runes. ==================================================== Foreign-Language Fonts ImageWriter and LaserWriter fonts for 150 languages Any Macintosh; ImageWriter or LaserWriter. Foreign-Language Fonts consist of: MacHebrew; MacGreek, Hebrew & Phonetics; MacGreek; SuperFrench German Spanish; LaserCyrillic; LaserTransliterator; LaserFrench German Spanish; LaserHebrew; MacChinese (Mandarin or Cantonese); LaserIPA Plus; MacThai; LaserThai; MacHindi Sanskrit; MacAkkadian; MacHieroglyphics; MacSemitic Coptic Devanagari; MacKorean; MacKana & Basic Japanese Kanji; MacPhonetics; MacArabic & Farsi 2.0; MacKanji 2.0; MacCyrillic; LaserGreek; TLG>MacGreek Converter & Text Editor; MacGreek New Testament; MacGreek Old Testament; MacHebrew Scriptures; MacHebrew Scriptures Converter; MacGeorgian; MacArmenian; MacPunjabi; MacTamil; MacCherokee; LaserKorean; LaserTibetan; MacGujarati; MacGaelic; and Laser Vietnamese. $49.95 to $149.95 retail Linguist's Software; PO Box 580; Edmonds, WA 98020; 206-775-1130 ==================================================== INTERNATIONAL FONTS ISPN: 95403-300 VENDOR: PAUL RAPOPORT (CANADA) 7 CRADOCK CT. ANCASTER, ONTARIO L9G 3Z5 (416)648-2181 Limited Warranty (30 DAY REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVE DISK OR SOFTWARE) , Updates Available ( 5.00). DESCRIPTION: Contains four ImageWriter I and II international fonts that include Roman, Greek, Cyrillic and Phonetic in 12 and 24 point size. International Roman handles the following languages, among others: English, Dutch, Frisian, Afrikaans, German, Danish, Norwegian(both Dano-Norwegian and New-Norwegian), Swedish, Icelandic, Faroese, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, Romanian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Albanian, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Maltese, Turkish, Basque, and Vietnamese. A partial list of languages which may be typed in Roman transliterations from their non-Roman scripts includes Greek, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Old Church Slavonic, Sanskrit, Persian, Hebrew, Arabic, Japanese, Chinese, Tamil, and Malayalam. International Greek handles ancient and modern and Greek. Any combination of breathings and accents may be placed anywhere, including above capitals. Makrons and the short-vowel marker are also available. International Cyrillic supports Russian (including pre-revolutionary), Byelorussian, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Kashmir, Kirghiz, Mongolian, Kurdish, and several others. International Phonetic, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet, is self-explanatory for anyone involved in phonology. There are many unusual characters and diacritical signs in this font. The fonts are available in 12 and 24 point size for any Macintosh with any word processor and the ImageWriter I or II. Three of the fonts use proportional spacing and the Phonetic is mono-spaced. ==================================================== LASER PERFECT PHONETIQUE (VER. 1.0) ISPN: 56537-300 VENDOR: NEOSCRIBE INTERNATIONAL, INC. (USA) P.O. BOX 410 CLINTON, NY 13323 (315)853-4427 Limited Warranty. DESCRIPTION: Provides a downloadable PostScript laser font, containing International Phonetic Association (IPA) symbols. ==================================================== Lasergenix LaserWriter fonts 512K or larger Macintosh; ImageWriter, LaserWriter or LaserWriter Plus. Lasergenix: Fractional is a collection of fonts designed for use when printing both types of fractions: horizontal (dash) and diagonal (slash). Each font is sans serif and is matched (can be used in the same style work). Lasergenix: Fontana is a sans serif boldface font designed for use in graphics and headline purposes, such as advertising, display, titles and other functions. It may be downloaded via a special utility that is included. Lasergenix: Riverside is a sans serif font available in three versions: standard, bold/extended and italic. This font has many uses for text purposes and may be downloaded via a special utility that is included. Lasergenix: Sverdlovsk is a serif font and is an extended version of Russian Cyrillic. Extended means the font includes letters that are used in other Cyrillic alphabet languages, as well as the characters derived from Cyrillic that were modified and used for languages in the Soviet Union. With thisfont, user may write in Russian, Old Russian, Serbian, Ukranian, Byelorussian, Macedonian and a number of Turkic and Asiastic languages using a modified Cyrillic alphabet. Lasergenix: IPA is a serif font designed to be blended with Times Roman and use with the character and symbol set of the International Phonetics Association. Lasergenix: Newport News is a serif text font designed for text and headlines with emphasis in advertising. It has superior numerals, common fractions,boxes, bullets and borders. $39.50 each retail; Lasergenix: Fractional, Fontana, Riverside, Sverdlovsk, IPA or Newport News Devonian International Software Co.; PO Box 2351; Montclair, CA 91763; 714-621-0973 ==================================================== LASERGENIX-IPA (VER. 1.0) ISPN: 24987-290 VENDOR: DEVONIAN INT'L. SOFTWARE CO. (USA) P.O. BOX 2351 MONTCLAIR, CA 91763 (714)621-0973 Limited Warranty. DESCRIPTION: Provides a downloadable PostScript compatible IPA Serif font. Contains the sixth in LASERgenix series of postscript fonts for use in high quality printing. This font was designed for use with International Phonetics Association (IPA) symbology, a downloading utility and BitMap font are included. ==================================================== LASERIPA (VER. 2.3) ISPN: 44825-055 VENDOR: LINGUIST'S SOFTWARE, INC. (USA) P.O. BOX 580 EDMONDS, WA 980200580 (206)775-1130 Limited Warranty, Updates Available ( 10.00). DESCRIPTION: Contains IPATimes and LaserIPAplus, two International Phonetic Alphabet PostScript fonts with corresponding bit map fonts. Contains all of the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols and all of the IPA diacritical marks with automatic, non-deleting backspacing for overstriking any symbol and any combination of overstrikes. Times is the a-z font, authorized by Adobe and LaserIPAplus is a non-serifed Helvetica style font. Comes with LaserWriter driver, LaserPrep software, user's manual and keyboard layout charts. Prints all sizes from 4-point to 127-point. Not copy protected. ==================================================== LaserPerfect Fonts Downloadable PostScript fonts and custom typography Any Macintosh; LaserWriter or other PostScript printer. LaserPerfect Fonts are downloadable PostScript fonts that include foreign fonts classic book typefaces and specialty character sets. Fonts include: Ambo (Bembo), Athina, Benares, Garajon, Hebrew, MacSlab, Norfolk, OCR-A, Phonetic, Digital, Antique, Neuland, Kangaroo, Tschichold, Fractions, Athletic, Railway (Gill Sans), Cyrillic, Oldstyle, Macangelo, Barcode, Beaton and Latvian. LaserPerfect Fonts also includes LaserStatus desk accessory, a downloading utility for the LaserWriter. All fonts are downloadable to the hard disk on Linotronic or Varityper typesetters. $79 to $149 retail NeoScribe International; PO Box 120478; East Haven, CT 06512; 203-467-9880 ==================================================== MAC THE LINGUIST 2-PHONETIC FONTS FOR THE MAC ISPN: 48961-100 VENDOR: MEGATHERIUM ENTERPRISES (USA) P.O. BOX 7000-417 REDONDO BEACH, CA 90277 (213)545-5913 Limited Warranty, Updates Available ( 20.00), Backups Available. DESCRIPTION: Set of fonts designed for use by linguists and others who make use of phonetic transcription systems. The new fonts Linguist G and Linguist NY are modeled on the Geneva and New York fonts and include 218 printing symbols (120 not found in any standard Macintosh fonts) in 9, 10, 12, 18, 20 and 24 points sizes. The new symbols include the most frequently used symbols from the I.P.A. and other transcription systems, along with orthographic symbols not contained in the original fonts. Fonts can be co-resident with Geneva and New York, so symbols from standard and MAC THE LINGUIST fonts can be mixed in documents. MAC THE LINGUIST can be used with MacWrite, MacPaint and other Macintosh applications and supports Italic, Superscript and other'style' enhancements. Documentation includes installation instruction, Key Cap charts (showing all keyboard locations, including 'dead key' symbols), Index (showing how to type each symbol, typical articulatory description, example of use, and ASCII code).Hints for learning and using fonts easily and effectively and information for using with Laserfonts. ==================================================== MacPhonetics Transliteration software, IPA, SIL and 80 languages Any Macintosh. MacPhonetics contains seven fonts in many sizes: the complete IPA in three styles (International Phonetic Alphabet, including all of its diacritical marks), SIL (Summer Institute of Linguistics symbol set), Semitica and Roman with 80 languages in one font. Overstrike keys with automatic non-deleting backspacing allow insertion of accents, umlauts and a wide variety of other diacritical marks. All of these can be joined with any letter, lower or uppercase. A mini space bar that advances the insertion point a single pixel facilitates fine tuning of diacritical marks The program provides high-quality printing of the transliteration symbols of Hebrew, Arabic, Coptic, Greek (SBL system, etc.) and most other languages, including the complete character sets of 80 other languages. $79.95 retail Linguist's Software; PO Box 580; Edmonds, WA 98020; 206-775-1130 ==================================================== MACPHONETICS (VER. 2.7) ISPN: 44825-515 VENDOR: LINGUIST'S SOFTWARE, INC. (USA) P.O. BOX 580 EDMONDS, WA 980200580 (206)775-1130 Limited Warranty (DEFECTIVE DISKS REPLACED AT NO CHARGE) , Updates Available ( 15.00), Backups Available ( 5.00), Part of an Integrated Package: MACGREEK, HEBREW AND PHONETICS (VER. 6.1) (44825-590). DESCRIPTION: International Phonetic Alphabet with diacritics, pronunciation symbols, accent and stress signs, SIL and MacTransliterator. Overstrike keys with automatic non-deleting backspacing allow fast insertion of accents, umlauts, and a wide variety of other diacritical marks such as 37 in IPA, 53 in SIL, 49 in Semitica and 50 in Roman-MacTransliterator. All of these can be joined with any letter, lower or upper case. A mini space bar, which advances the insertion point a single pixel, facilitates fine-tuning of diacritical marks. Has a vertical bar for continuous vertical columns, any number of lines in length. High quality printing. The IPA font is selected directly from the font menu of MacWrite (ISPN 12784-530) or MicroSoft Word (ISPN 53150-731) for automatic footnoting. Instantly transforms the keyboard to and from the IPA, SIL and Roman. Style variations include bold, italic, underline, outline, shadow, superscript and subscript. Provides 10, 12, 20, and 24 point font with high-quality printing of the transliteration symbols of Hebrew, Arabic, Coptic, Greek (SBL system), and most other languages. Includes the complete character sets of 75 languages which include Albanian, Anglo-Saxon, Basque, French, Catalonian, Croation, Czech (Bohemian), Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Esthonian, Finnish, German, Hawaiian, Hungarian, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Rumanian, Samoan, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog, Turkish, Welsh, and Wendish. The American Indian languages include Chippewa (Ojibway and Otchipwe), Choctaw, Cree, Dakota (Sioux), Eskimo, Hupa, Iroquoian, Kalispel, Kwakiutl, Muskokee (Creek), Navaho, Osage, Tsimshian, and Zuni. The African languages include Acholi, Afrikaans, Bantu (Zulu and Xosa), Bobangi, Buluba-Lulua, Chikaranga, Fulani-Adamawa, Ga, Kanuri, Kongo, Lu-Ganda, Masai, Mashona (Chiswina), Mole, Namaquah-Hottentot, Nyika, Shuna, Swahili, Tebele, Temne, Umbundu, Wolof, Yao, Yoruba, and Zulu-Kafir. SIL stands for Summer Institute of Linguistics. Not copy-protected. Linguist List: Vol-2-792. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-793. Sat 16 Nov 1991. Lines: 65 Subject: 2.793 FYI: IPA Wordperfect Fonts, "like" Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 18:19:06 GMT From: me@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr (Michel Eytan LILoL) Subject: IPA fonts for Wordperfect 2) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 18:22:36 -0600 From: "Michael Kac" Subject: Re: "like" -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 18:19:06 GMT From: me@suzuka.u-strasbg.fr (Michel Eytan LILoL) Subject: IPA fonts for Wordperfect this note is to announce that I have received two days ago a diskette from Tim Montler with the new version of his IPA fonts for WordPerfect that I have had the occasion to mention on the list as obtainable by ftp (and to send to several people by e-mail). I publicly renew my thanks on behalf of the linguist subscribers to Tim Montler for his efforts and his generosity (the fonts are free) -- although I do not use a PC myself. I intend to put these fonts at the disposal of the linguist list people. Basically, the easiest way would be to open an ftp account on my local net: this depends on the sys-op and I am not sure it can work out. Alternatively, I could 'uuencode' it and send it via e-mail to people who ask for it, but it entails some pottering about and keeping lists of requests. Please be patient, in a few days' time I will know what are the possibilities. By the way, I take this opportunity to tell publicly the many 'guys' who have sent messages: to ftp you have to learn some (very few) basic notions. Do not attempt it if you are totally unfamiliar with the elementary workings of the unix file system. If enough demands are aired I might write up a compact memo on the subject, but you had better ask YOUR unix guru. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 18:22:36 -0600 From: "Michael Kac" Subject: Re: 2.785 Responses: Thanks, Doohickey, Modals, "like" Since the discussion of direct quote introducers, especially things such as 'I'm like ...' we had a talk here at Minnesota by George Yule (LSU), who has been looking intensively at a lot of this stuff -- in- cluding switches from indirect to direct quotation in written as well as spoken English. Those interested might find it worthwhile to contact him; I don't think he has e-mail but his address is Department of Commu- nication Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Ask him to tell you about Vera Hayden, too. (Seriously!) Michael Kac -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-793. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-794. Sat 16 Nov 1991. Lines: 139 Subject: 2.794 Conventionality of Names Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 12:46:37 IST From: David Gil Subject: conventionality and syntax of names 2) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 08:45:45 EST From: Geoffrey Russom Subject: Re: 2.790 Queries 3) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 1991 09:10 EST From: Herb Stahlke <00HFSTAHLKE@LEO.BSUVC.BSU.EDU> Subject: Productivity of syntax in names -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 12:46:37 IST From: David Gil Subject: conventionality and syntax of names In response to Limber's second query, ragarding the syntax of names: One very obvious respect in which names characteristically (ie. cross-linguistically) fail to participate in "ordinary" syntactic processes is with respect to NP-internal constructions involving articles, determiners, quantifiers, and other similar creatures. The most salient example of this is the capacity of names to constitute a full NP in languages that otherwise require the presence of an article, eg. English "John sang" vs. "*boy sang". This seems to be a common cross-linguistic pattern. (The closest thing to a counterexample that I am familiar with is provided by Philippine languages where there is a separate series of articles for proper nouns, eg. Tagalog "Umawit si Juan" ("sang PERSONAL:TOPIC: ARTICLE John") vs. "Umawit ang bata" ("sang ORDINARY:TOPIC:ARTICLE child).) An interesting problem is posed by constructions involving a proper noun in construction with a quantifier, eg. English "There are three Johns in the room". What seems to be happening in such constructions is that the proper noun is undergoing a "type shift" from proper to common. However, other languages appear to be less tolerant of such constructions. For example, in Hebrew, the corresponding construction with a pluralized proper noun sounds awkward; most speakers prefer to either retain the basic non-pluralized form of the name (in spite of the preceding numeral) or else construct a paraphase such as "There are three persons in the room whose name is John". To the best of my knowledge there has been little discussion of this construction from a cross-linguistic perspective; I would be interested to hear from other LINGUIST participants how NPs such as "three Johns" are rendered into typologically diverse languages. David Gil Department of English University of Haifa Haifa, 31999, Israel rhle813@haifauvm.bitnet -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 08:45:45 EST From: Geoffrey Russom Subject: Re: 2.790 Queries The Icelanders still use patronymics (sometimes matronymics, so to speak) in which the "surname" has literal force. Thus my graduate school chum Hrabnhildr Bodhvarsdottir is Hrabnhildr daughter of Bodhvar, and he is somebody else's son. In Icelandic, you can't call somebody by their last name; shortening is only to the first name. -- Rick -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 1991 09:10 EST From: Herb Stahlke <00HFSTAHLKE@LEO.BSUVC.BSU.EDU> Subject: Productivity of syntax in names John Limber raises the question of productive syntax in names. Yoruba, as well as a number of other West African languages with which I am less familiar, has a highly productive naming syntax. Most names are, in fact, full sentences, with some possible classes of systematic exceptions, or at least of fossilized forms. There is also no Western-style surname that passes from generation in the family. In the data below, I'll use the following conventions: S = ash E = epsilon O = open o Tone marks and nasality follow the vowel: ' = high tone ` = low tone ~ = nasalization mid tone is not marked Typical among Yoruba names are the following: ade'wOle' = ade' "crown" wO` "enter" ile' "house" given when a chieftancy has recently been awarded to the family ba`ba'tu'~de' = ba`ba' "father" tu'~ "again" de' "arrive" given to a child born shortly after the death of the father or of an adult male relative o`gu'~SOla' = o`gu'~ "god of war" Se "do" Ola' "honor" given to a child born to a hunter or soldier iku'ma'`kpayi`' = iku' "death" ma'` "do not" kpa "kill" e`yi' "this one" given to a child born after a sibling has died in early childhood The examples could go on indefinitely, but you get the idea. An excellent source of data on this is _A Dictionary of Modern Yoruba_, by R. C. Abraham, London: University of London Press, 1958. Entries to begin with are oru'kO "name," ori'ki' "secret name," and a`bi'ku' (class of names including the last example above). Herb Stahlke Ball State University -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-794. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-795. Sat 16 Nov 1991. Lines: 234 Subject: 2.795 Segments Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 08:37 PST From: Vicki Fromkin Subject: Re: 2.788 Are Segments Universal? 2) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 09:08:00 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.bitnet Subject: Southeast Asian Languages and the Rhyme 3) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 16:05:47 -0600 From: Stephen P Spackman Subject: Re: 2.788 (Segments) - Perception of your own language 4) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 10:33:32 EST From: j.guy@trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) Subject: Are segments universal? 5) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 11:33:20 EST From: j.guy@trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) Subject: Are Segments Universal? -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 08:37 PST From: Vicki Fromkin Subject: Re: 2.788 Are Segments Universal? The question regarding the 'reality' of phonological segments can not be answered by piece meal evidence regarding the difficulties 3 speakers had in a task which does not necessarily reflect mental representations nor the ability to analyze a language with or without segments or ... this is an empirical question which requires converging evidence of all kinds, including historical change (in all languages), phonological 'rules' and processes, perceptual evidence, child lng acquisition, neurolingustic evidence from jargon aphasia, and other kinds of aphasic language breakdown etc etc. Since a child can learn any language to which it is exposed it would be rather strange if the phonological representa- tion of lexical items were dramatically different from one language to the next. It is an important issue but if one is a 'God's truth linguistic' rather than a hocus pocus linguist (such as Firth ((and that is not being critical of him and his followers but stating what he himself believed to be the nature of scientific theories))) it is important that anecdotal 'evidence' be evaluated for what it is. It may provide interesting clues to be followed up in a more substantive way. Incidentally, speech errors in Taiwanese, Mandarin, Thai, and other languages cited show segmental and feature errors similar to those in English, German, Russian etc. These errors however are now being looked at in light of recent theories of non-linear, autosegmental, and metrical phonology (and others). Again, let me reiterate that I believe that all aspects of phonology must be considered in our attempt to discover what phonological representation is. Although I use speech error and aphasia data I would not want to base any theoretical claims just on such data if there were other kinds of data which appear to contradict these. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 09:08:00 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.bitnet Subject: Southeast Asian Languages and the Rhyme In response to David Gil's question about the phonological structure of Southeast Asian languages, I reviewed a book a few years ago in Language which dealt, in part, with this issue. The reference is: Cao, Xuan Hao. 1985. Phonologie et Line'arite': Re'flections sur critiques sur les postulats de la phonologie contemporaine. Socie'te' d'e'tudes linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. 18. Nume'ro spe'cial. Paris. Cao's claim (among others) was that languages without inflectional morphology whose canonical syllable structure was CV(C) (like Vietnamese) would never force their speakers to `notice' individual segments (particularly consonants), and that consequently their phonologies would be radically different from languages with consonant clusters or with `removable' (i.e. morphologically separable) coda consonants. The claim seems rather reasonable to me, but psycholinguistic explorations of monolinguals would seem to be in order. Of course the fact that Vietnamese is written with an alphabet might be a confounding variable, since I strongly believe (and have published--CLS Parasession 1979) that orthographies can remake underlying forms and strongly affect storage of forms (actually these last two may be the same thing). Anyway, I recommend the book for some interesting insights. Geoff Nathan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 16:05:47 -0600 From: Stephen P Spackman Subject: Re: 2.788 (Segments) - Perception of your own language Conversely, as a native speaker of english, I was in my teens before I had any idea what the algorithm was for identifying syllables: I always used to get 20 or 30% too many, could rarely give a precise answer rather than a range, and often wanted to divide them in the middle of orthographic letters. I remember this because on moving to canada I was told to stop trying to use etymology in hyphenation and just put the hyphens between the syllables. The results were strange by usual standards. The idea of "syllable" is still a largely theoretical concept for me, I think. My naive intuition (or the theory I had developed by age 8, if you prefer) is that "puts" in isolation has two *equal* parts, pu? tss, and this changes when a following word shortens the s, as in "puts back", pu? tsbak. Either way there's a boundary - and what I thought was meant by a syllable boundary - in the middle of the orthographic t. -sps- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 10:33:32 EST From: j.guy@trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) Subject: Are segments universal? I've received three direct enquiries about Sukhotin's algorithm. Even though I have answered them individually, some references may still be of general interest. Sukhotin, B.V. 1962. Eksperimental'noe vydelenie klassov bukv s pomoshch'ju EVM. Problemy strukturnoj lingvistiki. 234: 198-206. 1966. Issledovanie jazyka deshifrovochnymi metodami. Russkii jazyk v shkole, No.6, pp.16ff. 1973. Issledovanie struktury prostogo predlozhenija s pomoshch'ju EVM. Problemy strukturnoj lingvistiki. pp.429-488. There's more, and in particular a 1974(?) paper entitled "Problemy mezhzvezdnoj svjazi" (yes!), but I never was able to get copies of those. For those who do not read Russian there is: Sukhotin, B.V. 1973. Methode de dechiffrage, outil de recherche en linguistique. T.A. Informations. 2:3-43. (translations from the Russian) Boy, Joachim 1977. Dechiffrierungsalgorithmen zur phonetischen Identifikation von Buchstaben. Bochum: N.Brockmeyer (Ph.D. thesis on Sukhotin's consonant/vowel algorithm) Guy, J.B.M. 1991. Vowel Identification: an Old (but Good) Algorithm. Cryptologia, vol. 15, no.3 (July). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 11:33:20 EST From: j.guy@trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) Subject: Are Segments Universal? H. Samuel Wang "When I started to learn English (at grade 7), I had a hard time trying to fight off the idea that the "n" in "not" is different from the "n" in "can"..." Now it all comes back to me! I remember Professor Rygaloff telling us that the "n" of, say, "shan1", was not the "n" of, say, "na2". I plumb forgot the term he used in French, but as far as I can remember, it boiled down to that syllable-initial n's were stops, syllable-final ones approximants (I might misquote him here). It all went above our heads of course, and we lived on happily ever after with our awful foreign accents. And: "I tried to have my subjects break the syllables into segments and recombine the segments, only to find that most of my subjects could not manipulate segmentation of syllables." I encountered the very same phenomenon with the northern dialect of Sakao, an Austronesian language of Espiritu Santo. An orthodox explanation for this was complex rules of regressive vowel harmony so that a speaker could not break down a word into its component syllables. A word typically contains only one stressed vowel (always the last vowel) and the phonetic realization of the preceding vowels is conditioned by that stressed vowel, and, to a lesser extent, by the rounding of the neighbouring consonants. So if you try to break down a word into syllables, you cut off, as it were, the chain that determines the realization of your unstressed vowels. Now that is a phenomenon very different from what I think happens in Chinese. Still, it's precisely the type of things which I had been indoctrinated to believe just did not happen (I was force-fed Pike's phonemics then in an SIL crash course in field methods. Had to unlearn it all). And again: "because the Chinese syllable structures are simple, and the number of possible syllables is rather limited (mostly under 500)[...] the native speakers do not have to spend the effort to further segment them as the number is cognitively manipulable." Yes, very probably so. Tretiakoff has shown that the difference between first and second-order character entropy is maximal in a phonemic transcription where each symbol has been correctly replaced by V when it denotes a vowel, by C when it denotes a consonant. In other words: that H1-H2 provides an objective function of the correctness of a particular phonological interpretation. Sukhotin had suggested earlier that Shannon's entropy might provide the best objective functions for his decipherment algorithms (the vowel/consonant one included). Now Tretiakoff was unaware of Sukhotin's work. My guess is that an algorithm to break down syllables into their components would produce a maximum for Chinese before it reached the "phoneme" level. (Now that was very awkwardly put, but since this line of research is rather unknown in linguistics, I can't think of widely-accepted labels to stick on those notions). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-795. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-796. Sat 16 Nov 1991. Lines: 201 Subject: 2.796 Queries: hiatus; Spanish; Italian; MAC; pidgins; pronouns Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 09:47:32 EST Subject: Re: 2.780 Clicks and R-Linking From: Geoffrey Russom 2) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 23:09:10 EST From: Michael Newman Subject: query on Spanish 3) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 09:56:07 -0500 From: p5o@mace.cc.purdue.edu (Salvatore Attardo) Subject: Italian gender assignment and paragraph structure 4) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 23:43:15 -0600 From: louden@bongo.cc.utexas.edu (mark l louden) Subject: Do what? 5) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1991 10:33:37 -0500 (EST) From: J_LIMBER@UNHH.UNH.EDU Subject: any suggestions on displaying Chinese characters on Macintosh? 6) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1991 10:51:03 -0500 (EST) From: J_LIMBER@UNHH.UNH.EDU Subject: inquiry on the conventionality and syntax of names 7) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 13:23 MST From: WDEREUSE@ccit.arizona.edu Subject: Re: 2.788 Are Segments Universal? 8) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 12:39:35 EST From: Geoffrey Russom Subject: Re: case and relative pronouns -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 09:47:32 EST Subject: Re: 2.780 Clicks and R-Linking From: Geoffrey Russom It seems to me that if the vowel in "a, the" is schwa, only a glottal stop could prevent hiatus in your cited phrases "a apple, the apple." Does anyone know of other possibilities (not necessarily restricted to those viable in English)? In general, what SORT of sound is introduced to prevent hiatus? One thinks of liquids, nasals, and glides first, but of course there's the glottal stop as perhaps the unmarked hiatus-preventer.... -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 23:09:10 EST From: Michael Newman Subject: query on Spanish In most Spanish dialects questions with explicit 2 person pronouns involve inversion (e.g. Que quieres tu?)--pardon diacritics and lack of initial inter rogatives). However in Antillian (i.e. Cuba, P.R. and Rep. Dom.) at least, you most frequently get the form Que tu quieres? Does anyone know of any studies on this phenomenon. either from a dialectological or a formally syntactic per- spective? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 09:56:07 -0500 From: p5o@mace.cc.purdue.edu (Salvatore Attardo) Subject: Italian gender assignment and paragraph structure I would appreciate pointers to published or unpublished works on gender assignment and paragraph structure in Italian. Contrastive analyses welcome. In order to avoid cluttering the list, I'd suggest e-mailing me. I will summarize and acknowledge. Salvatore Attardo p5o@mace.cc.purdue.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 23:43:15 -0600 From: louden@bongo.cc.utexas.edu (mark l louden) Subject: Do what? Greetings to all-- Seeing a recent posting update on 'might could' reminded me of another regional (?) expression that was recently pointed out to me by some of my students, namely the question 'Do what?' for std.'What?' Is there anyone who is familiar with this idiom and its distribution? Thanks! Mark Louden -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1991 10:33:37 -0500 (EST) From: J_LIMBER@UNHH.UNH.EDU Subject: any suggestions on displaying Chinese characters on Macintosh? Does anyone have experience/suggestions on presenting common Chinese characters on a Mac? I have a student planning a psycholinguistic reading experiment involving Chinese. We know about Macs and have Chinese informants but I'm wondering if there are existing character sets or anything like "stroke" fonts or any lore on legibility etc. Send any ideas to me and I'll be happy to relay them to others interested. Thanks! John Limber -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 1991 10:51:03 -0500 (EST) From: J_LIMBER@UNHH.UNH.EDU Subject: inquiry on the conventionality and syntax of names I have two questions about names that some of you probably can answer. The first concerns the conventionality of surnames. Are there still language cultures where surnames are not for the most part conventional? (It would be foolish, for example, for anyone to infer from my name "Limber" that I am particularly agile or that Drs. Head, Brain and Pons interest in neurology had anything to do with their names.) I'd appreciate any examples. The second question is to what extent are names in languages more or less "syntactic"--that is participate or not in whatever formal structures other NPs do? Again, I'd appreciate any examples or references on this. Thanks in advance. John Limber -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 13:23 MST From: WDEREUSE@ccit.arizona.edu Subject: Re: 2.788 Are Segments Universal? This is a query concerning Frank Anshen's response to 2.777 A phonological Query. There he states that Bahasa Indonesia developed from a pidginized Malay used as a Lingua Franca,i.e., presumably modified in ways that make minimal acquisition easy. (endquote). I don't know much about Indonesian, but I am very interested in such cases of pidginization. Is it really true that Bahasa Indonesia developed from a pidginized Malay? I have the impression that B.I. is very close to Standard Malay, with a few phonological differences, but not much in the way of simplification. It seems to me that there was a conscious effort, in the elaboration of B.I., to keep it very close, though distinct from Malay. There have always been good speakers of Malay in what is now Indonesia, even though the majority would speak a pidginized variety, i.e. Bazaar Malay. So I guess there was always a feeling that B.I. should look like proper Malay, because no good speaker of Malay, or even bad speakers of Malay, would ever take something close to Bazaar Malay seriously. A similar case would be Afrikaans, said to have developed from a Dutch pidgin; clearly, this is an oversimplification, since modern Afrikaans has very few creole features, even though it is simpler than Dutch. Even though must have been Dutch pidgins around, and there still are nowadays varieties of Afrikaans that look very pidgin-like (there's a thesis by Dennis Makhudu, U. of Illinois-Urbana, I think), there must have been a conscious effort to prevent Afrikaans from becoming a full-fledged pidgin, later a creole. I presume these voorrekkers all carried their Dutch Bibles in their ox-wagons. I'd really appreciate an Indonesianist/Malayist's opinion on this. (Erratum: I mean voortrekkers) I don't mean to open a big debate about where Afrikaans came from; but I am really curious about similarities between that situations and the elaboration of the Indonesian language. I know for a fact that Afrikaans has borrowed a lot from Dutch over the years, with slight phonological adjustments. I suppose a similar thing has happened for Indonesian. Also, the desire to keep Indonesian separate from Malay, seems to be very similar to the efforts to keep Afrikaans separate from Dutch. Willem de Reuse Department of Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 12:39:35 EST From: Geoffrey Russom Subject: Re: case and relative pronouns Old English personal pronouns can (according to received wisdom) also serve as relative pronouns. Sometimes they act like relative pronouns even when they have a case appropriate to the main clause rather than to the relative clause (e.g. they have zero stress, which is characteristic of clause-initial rather than clause-final position; I do not think enclisis is involved). Does anyone know of similar phenomena in other languages? -- Rick -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-796. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-797. Sat 16 Nov 1991. Lines: 102 Subject: 2.797 Human Research; Chaucer's Pronouns Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 20:43:57 PST From: ctlntt@violet.berkeley.edu Subject: Re: 2.776 Human Research 2) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 09:26:18 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.bitnet Subject: Human Subjects Research 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 22:36:51 EST From: michael newman Subject: chaucer's epicene pronominals -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 20:43:57 PST From: ctlntt@violet.berkeley.edu Subject: Re: 2.776 Human Research Well, if the paperwork appears too unsurmountable, we can always avoid it by interviewing only ideal native speakers who know their language perfectly and are not hampered by factors such as memory restrictions, inattentions, distraction, nonlinguistic knowledge and beliefs, and who are totally invulnerable to linguists' attempts to invade their privacy, pry into their competence, invade their innate capacity of language, extort their grammaticalness judgments, and thus bypass the whips and scorns of the ethics committee, the law's delay, the insolence of office, and seek refuge in the realm of pure theory, that undiscovered country from whose bourn no linguist returns, for thus conscience does make cowards of us all, and research projects of great pitch and tone are sicklied o'er with the pale cast of fear, and lose sight of reality -a consummation devoutly to be wished. -Yorick -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 14 Nov 91 09:26:18 CST From: GA3662@SIUCVMB.bitnet Subject: Human Subjects Research Thank you to the many people who responded both personally and on the net to my query about linguists and human subjects committees. I will be preparing a digest of all the responses I received (those I can repeat in public) shortly. I have discovered part of the problem lies in radical cultural differences between different sciences, and I will attempt to address that in my report. Geoff Nathan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 22:36:51 EST From: michael newman Subject: chaucer's epicene pronominals About two weeks ago I sent a query about the following usage I found in the Pardoner's Tale in Chaucer. coreferents are capitalized, variations separated by single slashes: WHOSO (=whoever) fyndeth HYM (=himself) out of swich blame/fame HE/THEY wol come up and offre in Goddes name and I assoille (=absolve) HYM/HEM (=them) by the auctoritee ... I said in my query that my colleague who teaches the Chaucer class told me that in her authoritative edition, which claims to show all the variants only gives the version with HE/HYM/HYM, but other--basically--cheap paperback editions show all the other possible combinations. No one on Linguist was able to answer the query but someone, I can't remember who, kindly forwarded it to ANSAX list. I also received a request to pass on the solution to my puzzle once it was received. Well here it is. Paul Schaffner of the Middle English Dictionary sent me a definitive list of variations found in the manuscripts. The variations in modern editions have nothing to do with modernizing on the parts of contemporary editors, except to the extent that these editors choose between MSs. In any case to present the findings in box score format, here they are: HIM/THEY/HEM:17 HIM/THEY/HIM:21 HIM/HE/HIM:4 (but this pattern is found in the Hengwrt MS 'often taken as the base, and probably the oldest) HEM/THEY/HEM:2 Forms without all the pro- nominals:8 So much for consistency. If this sort of usage continued up till the 18th cent- ury no wonder the grammarians of the time went crazy about it. These 15th cent. MSs are the first instances of so-called singular THEY that I know of. The oldest entry in the new OED is 16cent. It is interesting to me that unlike other early usages of 'singular-THEY' (Would someone suggest a better name there is noting singular about it really--it's only coindexed with a formally singular NP) in this one the antecedent is not notionally plural, but is rather neutral in number. Michael -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-797. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-798. Sat 16 Nov 1991. Lines: 153 Subject: 2.798 Inflection/Derivation; Finite Languages Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 19:02 MST From: WDEREUSE@ccit.arizona.edu Subject: Re: 2.770 Queries 2) Date: 13 Nov 91 12:31 From: Subject: Inflection/derivation 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 10:55:04 PST From: Rick Wojcik Subject: Re: Inflection/Derivation 4) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 23:47:40 EST From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Infinite Language -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 19:02 MST From: WDEREUSE@ccit.arizona.edu Subject: Re: 2.770 Queries To John Nerbonne about the order of inflection and derivation in words: I am not sure about Russian s'/s'a. Maybe it is an enclitic of some kind. The clearest counterevidence to derivation occurring closer to the stem and inflection at the edges seems to me to occur in some Native American languages, particularly in Athapaskan, e.g. Navajo, and in Siouan, e.g. Lakota. It might not be insignificant that both these language families are heavily prefixing. Even with a very unsophisticated theory of what the difference between inflection and derivation is, the counterexamples are quite striking. In the 1992 LSA meeting there will be several papers on Inflection inside Derivation, one by Philip LeSourd on Passamaquoddy, and one on Bengali by Shila Baksi; I assume this recent interest in the phenomenon has to do with one's precise theory of the distinction between derivation and inflection. I don't know the facts in these languages, but they might or might not be as crystal-clear as in Athapaskan or Siouan. Willem J. de Reuse Dept. of Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: 13 Nov 91 12:31 From: Subject: Inflection/derivation I think that John Nerbonne is right in suspecting that the Russian Reflexive suffix -s'/-sja is an exception to Greenberg's universal (derivation inside inflection). If it were a true reflexive, one might say it is inflectional after all (as David Stampe suggests). However, -sja is used as a reflexive only in typically reflexive situations like 'wash oneself, turn (oneself) around', etc. (Cf. on this topic Emma Geniusiene. 1987. Typology of Reflexives. Berlin: Mouton, and Suzanne Kemmer's forthcoming book The Middle Voice, Amsterdam: Benjamins) Russian -sja has often anticausative meaning, as in otkryt'-sja 'open (intr.)' (from otkryt' 'open (tr.)'), and quite commonly the meaning is lexically idiosyncratic. However, such an exception to Greenberg's universal is devastating only if one's explanation of the universal requires it to be an absolute universal. Bybee 1985 (Morphology. Amsterdam: Benjamins) proposes to account for this universal in diachronic terms: Derivation is inside inflection because it arises from the grammaticalization of elements that are closest to the host (there's more to this explanation, but I won't go into details here). The grammaticalization of a reflexive pronoun as a verbal category is something rather unusual (most of the time verbal derivational categories come from auxiliary verbs, apparently), so the result is also unusual. Incidentally, this is catured by Slavists by means of the term postfix (post-inflectional suffix), which is applied most prototypically to -sja. If the diachronic explanation is correct but the derivation-inside-inflection constraint is also synchronically valid, then one might expect speakers to do something about this unfavorable situation. Although I know nothing about such a development in Russian, there are some interesting facts from the genetically and (even more) typologically closely related Lithuanian. The Lithuanian postfix corresponding to Russian -sja is -si, e.g. kelia 'raises', kelia-si 'rises', kelia-me-s(i) 'we rise'. In some Lithuanian dialects the order of -si and subject agreement affixes has been reversed, so that we get kelia-si-me 'we rise'. See further Bybee 1985:40 on the reordering of derivational postfixes, and my article "The grammaticization of passive morphology" (Studies in Language 14 (1990):25-72, esp. p.42-46 and 52-53). Martin Haspelmath, Free University of Berlin -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Wed, 13 Nov 91 10:55:04 PST From: Rick Wojcik Subject: Re: Inflection/Derivation This is just to point out that the so-called reflexive s'a in Russian has both inflectional and derivational interpretations. I.M. Pulkina's A Short Russian Reference Grammar (3rd ed.) lists 6 classes: 1) true reflexive: odevat' "to dress" --> odevat's'a "to dress oneself" 2) reciprocal: vstretit' "to meet (tr.)" --> vstretit's'a "to meet (intr.)" 3) passive: stroit' "to build" --> stroit's'a "to be built" 4) new word: dobit' "to finish off" vs. dobit's'a "to achieve" 5) not used without s'a: *bojat' vs. bojat's'a "to fear" 6) impersonal: mne xoc^ets'a "I would like..." (lit. "to me is wanted...") One can dispute these classifications, but it is clear that s'a qualifies as a true derivational suffix in Russian in at least some of its uses. So it appears to contradict Greenberg's universal (although I don't think that it represents a counterexample in any theoretical sense, since Greenberg was not proposing any theoretical generalizations). -Rick Wojcik (rwojcik@atc.boeing.com) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Tue, 12 Nov 91 23:47:40 EST From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Infinite Language I wonder if it would help people who are puzzled by the issue of the size of natural language (like Bruce Nevin, in his latest posting) if we considered analogies to other areas of human knowledge and behavior. On the one hand, it seems to me that I know what makes a natural number in the decimal notation, no matter how long, even in practice there may all sorts of limits on the exercise of this knowledge. So, I would say that in theory I know an infinite set of natural numbers. On the other hand, there is a strict limit on the lengths of the words I know of an extinct Uto-Aztecan language variously called Giamina and Omomil, because there is just a brief list recorded by Kroeger and another one by Harrington, and there will never be any more. Now, it seems to me perfectly reasonable to inquire (although difficult to answer) whether my knowledge of various aspects of English is more like the first case or more like the second. Or something else entirely or something in between or ... And note that the answer may be different for different aspects of a language and perhaps for different speakers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-798. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-799. Mon 18 Nov 1991. Lines: 269 Subject: 2.799 Calls for Papers Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 22:44:33 -0500 From: Michael Gasser Subject: Cognitive Science Conference Call for Papers 2) Date: Sat, 16 Nov 91 23:21 PST From: sally jacoby 310-206-7934 Subject: ISSUES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS: Special thematic issue 3) Date: Sat, 16 Nov 91 11:50:43 EST From: kroch@change.ling.upenn.edu Subject: Call for Papers for LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 15 Nov 91 22:44:33 -0500 From: Michael Gasser Subject: Cognitive Science Conference Call for Papers CALL FOR PAPERS: The Fourteenth Annual Conference of The Cognitive Science Society July 29 -- August 1, 1992 Indiana University THE CONFERENCE: --------------- The Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers studying cognition in humans, animals or machines. The 1992 Conference will be held at Indiana University. Plenary speakers for the conference are: Elizabeth Bates John Holland Daniel Dennett Richard Shiffrin Martha Farah Michael Turvey Douglas Hofstadter The Conference will also feature evening entertainments: a welcoming reception (Wed), banquet (Thurs), poster reception (Fri), and concert (Sat). PAPER SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS: ------------------------------ Paper and poster submissions are encouraged in the areas of cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, cognitive anthropology, connectionist models, cognitive neuroscience, education, cognitive development, philosophical foundations, as well as any other area of relevance to cognitive science. Authors should submit five (5) copies of their papers in hard copy form to Cognitive Science 1992 Submissions Attn: Candace Shertzer Cognitive Science Program Psychology Building Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405 All accepted papers will appear in the Conference Proceedings. Presentation format (talk or poster) will be decided by a review panel, unless the author specifically requests consideration for only one format. Electronic and FAX submissions cannot be accepted. David Marr Memorial Prizes for Excellent Student Papers: -------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Sat, 16 Nov 91 23:21 PST From: sally jacoby 310-206-7934 Subject: ISSUES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS: Special thematic issue Please distribute this announcement to the Linguist List. Sally Jacoby, Editor ISSUES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS IHW1037@UCLAMVS ************************************************************************* ISSUES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS is pleased to announce that Volume 2, Number 2, appearing in December 1991, will be a special thematic issue devoted to *Socialization through Language & Interaction* guest edited by Elinor Ochs of UCLA. The papers focus on audio- and video-recorded situated interaction in different languages and settings and are variously informed by (inter alia) conversation analysis, activity theory, ethnography, systemic linguistics, functional grammar, and language socialization. The contents include: * "The Constitution of Expert-Novice in Scientific Discourse" by S. Jacoby & P. Gonzales * "Counselor and Student at Talk: A Case Study" by A.W. He & E. Keating * "Evidentiality and Politenss in Japanese" by A.S. Ohta * "Attention-Getting Strategies of Deaf Children at the Dinner Table" by R.L. McKee, K. Johnson, & N. Marbury * "Scientists' Orientation to an Experimental Apparatus in Their Interaction in a Chemistry Lab" by M. Egbert The thematic issue will be sent automatically to all subscribers and will be available as a single-issue purchase to graduate students, faculty, and independent researchers interested in the analysis of spoken discourse and situated interaction, at the following rates: Volume 2, Number 2 - single-issue prices*: Student (with proof) : $ 7.50 Individual $12.50 Institution $17.50 *Outside North America, please add overseas postage & handling: $2.50 (surface) or $7.00 (airmail) All orders must be prepaid. Checks, in US currency drawn on a US bank, should be made out to ISSUES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS. Send all orders and inquiries to: ISSUES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS Department of TESL & Applied Linguistics UCLA 3300 Rolfe Hall 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024-1531 USA IAL can also be contacted via electronic mail: (BITNET) IHW1037@UCLAMVS (INTERNET) IHW1037@mvs.oac.ucla.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Sat, 16 Nov 91 11:50:43 EST From: kroch@change.ling.upenn.edu Subject: Call for Papers for Language Variation and Change LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE is a new journal devoted to the description and understanding of language variability and change at the levels both of the individual speaker/hearer and of the speech community. The journal concentrates on the details of structure and process that have traditionally constituted the discipline of linguistics, as they are reflected in actual language production and processing, and as systematically analyzed using quantitative methods. The interaction between language and society falls within the focus of the journal insofar as it manifests itself in linguistic structure. Editors: David Sankoff, Universite de Montreal (sankoff@ere.umontreal.ca) William Labov, University of Pennsylvania (labov@central.cis.upenn.edu) Anthony Kroch, University of Pennsylvania (kroch@linc.cis.upenn.edu) CALL FOR PAPERS: The journal is now in a position to insure rapid publication, with a lead time of approximately six months. We welcome submissions of original reports that are based on data of language production, either oral or written, from both contemporary or historical sources. The quantitative data should be used to investigate linguistic problems with a clear relation to extant literature, and findings should be reported in a way that is fully replicable from the information provided. LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE is published largely in English, though articles in French can be accepted. All articles for submission should be sent in triplicate in LANGUAGE format to: David Sankoff, Language Variation and Change, Centre de recherches mathematiques, Universite de Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale "A", Montreal, Canada, H3C3J7. Subcriptions: LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE is published three times per year in April, August and December. Individual subscriptions are US $27 (Canada and the US), UK L15 (elsewhere). Or have your library order it (ISSN 0954-3945) at the rate of $50.00 (US) for Volume 2 (1990) and $52.00 (US) for Volume 3 (1991). Order by contacting Journals Marketing Department, Cambridge University Press, FREEPORT*, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge, CB2 1BR,England. Tel: (0223)325806. *No stamp needed if posted in the UK. In the US & Canada order by contacting Cambridge University Press, Journals Dept., 40 West 20th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 or through your subscription agent. SAMPLE COPY AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. SELECTED CONTENTS OF PAST NUMBERS: *** Volume 1 (1989): Jon AMASTAE. "The intersection of s-aspiration/deletion and spirantization in Honduran Spanish" Keith DENNING. "Convergence with divergence: A sound change in Vernacular Black English" Penelope ECKERT. "The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation" Anthony KROCH. "Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change" *** Volume 2 (1990): One-Soon HER. Historical development of ba and jiang in the Tang Dynasty Claude PARADIS and Denise DESHAIES. "Rules of stress assignment in Quebec French: Evidence from perceptual data" Rajend MESTHRIE and Timothy T. DUNNE. "Syntactic variation in language shift: The relative clause in South African Indian English" William LABOV. "The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change" David SANKOFF, Shana POPLACK, and Swathi VANNIARAJAN. "The case of the nonce loan in Tamil" Gillian SANKOFF. "The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in Tok Pisin and Sranan" *** Volume 3 (1991): Gregory GUY. "Explanation in variable phonology: an exponential model of morphological constraints" William LABOV. "Near-mergers and the suspension of phonemic contrast" John RICKFORD, Arnetha BALL, Renee BLAKE, Raina JACKSON and Nomi MARTIN. "Rappin on the copula coffin: theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African American vernacular English" Marta SCHERRE and Anthony NARO. "Marking in discourse: birds of a feather" Valerie YOUSSEF. "Variation as a feature of language acquisition in the Trinidad context" Pierrette THIBAULT. "Semantic overlaps of French modal expressions." *** From the forthcoming number on quantitative studies in historical syntax: Susan PINTZUK. "Variation and change in Old English word order. Beatrice SANTORINI. "Phrase structure change in the history of Yiddish." Ann TAYLOR. "The change from SOV to SVO in Ancient Greek." -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-799. ________________________________________________________________ Linguist List: Vol-2-800. Tue 19 Nov 1991. Lines: 184 Subject: 2.800 Conferences Moderators: Anthony Aristar: Texas A&M University Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan University Editorial Assistant: Brian Wallace: bwallace@emunix.emich.edu -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 18 Nov 91 14:49:51 EST From: Chris Barker Subject: Call for papers: Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory 2) Date: Sun, 17 Nov 91 22:33:46 EST From: Student Conference in Linguistics Subject: Site for SCIL V 3) Date: Mon, 18 Nov 91 09:09 PST From: Luc Moritz Subject: WCCFL XI: LAST CALL FOR PAPERS -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 18 Nov 91 14:49:51 EST From: Chris Barker Subject: Call for papers: Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS SALT II The second annual meeting of the conference on SEMANTICS AND LINGUISTIC THEORY will be held at OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY from 1 MAY TO 3 MAY 1992. Invited speakers include: JEROEN GROENENDIJK, University of Amsterdam LAURENCE R. HORN, Yale University ANGELIKA KRATZER, University of Massachusetts at Amherst WILLIAM A. LADUSAW, University of California, Santa Cruz ANNA SZABOLCSI, University of California, Los Angeles Submitted papers are welcome on any topic relevant to the semantic analysis of natural language within a formal linguistic theory. Anonymous abstracts one to three pages in length (less than 1200 words) MUST BE RECEIVED BY 15 JANUARY, and the conference program will be announced in mid-February. Submitted papers will receive 30 minutes for presentation and 10 minutes for discussion. The local organizing committee (Chris Barker, David Dowty, and Craige Roberts) gratefully acknowledges the sponsorship of the College of Humanities, the Department of Linguistics, and the Center for Cognitive Science, all at Ohio State University. Correspondence via e-mail is encouraged, including submission of abstracts. Please indicate whether you would like to receive further announcements through e-mail or through postal mail, whether you plan to submit an abstract, and whether you plan to attend the conference. E-mail should be sent to salt@ling.ohio-state.edu; postal mail should be sent to SALT / Center for Cognitive Science / 208 Ohio Stadium East / 1961 Tuttle Park Place / Columbus, OH 43210; phone: 614/292-3503; FAX: 614/292-0321. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Sun, 17 Nov 91 22:33:46 EST From: Student Conference in Linguistics Subject: Site for SCIL V Hello everyone, let us first take this opportunity to remind all students that the deadline for next year's SCIL conference is coming up in a month and a half and also to encourage you to send in abstracts. Below you'll find another call for papers. The other reason that we're posting this message is to see who might be interested in hosting SCIL V in 1993. After hosting the first three conferences, the folks at MIT thought it was time to take a break and to let someone else take over. So in 1992, it's OSU's turn. Ideally, we should have a different place hosting SCIL every year (with the proceedings centrally published through MIT). So, if there are students at departments in North America who would like to host SCIL in 1993, they should contact us sometime before the next business meeting at the conference in April. --Andreas Kathol (for the organizing committee) please post STUDENT CONFERENCE IN LINGUISTICS SCIL IV CALL FOR PAPERS The Student Linguistic Association at the Ohio State University is pleased to announce that it will host the fourth annual Student Conference in Linguistics, to be held April 4-5, 1992. Any student who will not have a Ph.D. by April 1992 is welcome to submit a paper in any area of linguistic study, written in any theoretical framework. All papers accepted will be published in the MIT Working Papers in Linguistics. Speakers will be allowed 30 minutes for presentation and 10 minutes for questions. To submit an abstract, send five copies of an anonymous one-page proposal by January 1, 1992 Abstracts should be accompanied by a single 3 x 5 card with: 1. title of the paper 2. the author's name 3. the author's affiliation 4. address and phone number 5. e-mail address Send inquiries or entries to: SCIL IV Department of Linguistics 204 Cunz Hall 1841 Millikin Rd. Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 USA Or send e-mail to: SCIL@ling.ohio-state.edu Accomodation for participants of the conference will be provided. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Mon, 18 Nov 91 09:09 PST From: Luc Moritz Subject: WCCFL XI: LAST CALL FOR PAPERS Thanks for posting the following message: The last minute to send your abstracts for WCCFL XI at UCLA is getting dangerously close. This is a final reminder of the call for papers: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * WCCFL XI/1992 AT UCLA * * * * CALL FOR PAPERS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * You are invited to submit abstracts for 20 minute papers to be presented at the Eleventh West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL XI) which will be held at UCLA, February 21-23, 1992. Papers representing all aspects of formal linguistics will be considered. Abstracts should be anonymous, no more than one page, single spaced, with all margins at least one inch wide, and typed in 12 point type or larger. An additional page with examples and references may be included. Submissions are limited to 1 individual and/or 1 collective abstract per person. Ten copies of the abstract along with a 3" by 5" card with paper title, name of author(s), affiliation, address, phone number and e-mail address should be sent to: WCCFL XI Abstract Committee UCLA Dept. of Linguistics 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024-1543 Deadline for receipt of abstracts is November 30, 1991. Late abstracts will only be reviewed if postmarked by november 25, 1991. No abstract arriving after December 6, 1991 will be reviewed. Conference schedule and further announcements to be issued later. Inquiries may be addressed via e-mail to : wccfl@cognet.ucla.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguist List: Vol-2-800.