________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-451. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 184 Subject: 5.451 Confs : Machine Translation conference Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 08:56:39 WET From: "J.HUTCHINS" Subject: Machine Translation conference -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 08:56:39 WET From: "J.HUTCHINS" Subject: Machine Translation conference International Conference MACHINE TRANSLATION TEN YEARS ON 12-14 November 1994 Organised by Cranfield University in conjunction with the Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society (BCS-NLTSG) CALL FOR PAPERS The Conference The first Cranfield International Conference on Machine Translation, jointly organised by the BCS-NLTSG and Cranfield, was held in 1984. In view of the success of that conference, we are marking its tenth anniversary at Cranfield by holding another, similarly jointly-sponsored, international conference on Machine Translation. The title for the Conference is: Machine Translation: Ten Years On Papers are invited which centre on what has been achieved in Machine Translation (MT) and Machine Assisted Translation (MAT) in the ten years on from 1984, and also what is expected to happen in R & D of MT and MAT in the next ten years. Sessions around this theme will range from the theoretical (eg. "human translation v machine translation" or "recent work on theory of translation and its message for MT") through the more practical aspects (eg. research work on the needs for standardisation and modularisation), to possible future applications of MT (eg. its use in the telephone or television). Among other topics on which papers are invited are: evaluation of MT systems, developments in speech-related MT, translation tools, and indeed any topic relevant to MT or MAT. Emphasis in the Conference will nevertheless also be given to the latest research in MT and MAT, illustrated where possible by computer demonstrations of working systems. It is expected that the Conference will help to give an impetus for further research and development in MT and MAT in the coming ten years. We think everyone agreed how successful and enjoyable the '84 Cranfield Conference was. We are expecting the '94 Cranfield Conference to be even better. Invited Speakers Speakers who have already accepted invitations include: John Hutchins, University of East Anglia, UK Professor Frank Knowles, University of Aston, Birmingham, UK Veronica Lawson, Translation Consultant, London, UK Alternative Programme An alternative programme can be arranged for persons accompanying delegates. Among places which can be visited are: Milton Keynes, The Open University, Cambridge, Oxford, Blenheim Palace, Bletchley Park Museum and Stratford-upon-Avon. Fees are expected to be: Conference (covering attendance at sessions and exhibition, and receipt of proceedings): Approximately 300 GBP Residential accommodation (meals and accommodation for duration of Conference, ie. two nights and three days. This includes special Conference dinner): Approximately 120 GBP Note: 1 These prices are VAT exempt. 2 The prices include the registration fee of 40 GBP 3 Non-residential delegates may pay for individual meals separately. Organising Committee Douglas Clarke, Cranfield University. John Hutchins, University of East Anglia. Ian Kelly, GSI France, Treasurer BCS-NLTSG. Professor Frank Knowles, University of Aston, Birmingham. Veronica Lawson, Translation Consultant, London. Monique L'Huillier, Royal Holloway College, University of London. Ulla Magnusson Murray, Translation Consultant. Alfred Vella, Cranfield University. Boh Wasyliw, De Montfort University. David Wigg, South Bank University, Chairman BCS-NLTSG. Further Information For further information, please contact members of the Technological Applications of Linguistic Knowledge (TALK) Group at Cranfield: Douglas Clarke Alfred Vella SME SIMS (Bldg.50) TALK Group TALK Group Cranfield University Cranfield University Cranfield Cranfield Bedford MK43 0AL Bedford MK43 0AL England England Telephone: +44 (0)234 750111 Fax: +44 (0)234 750728 Telex: 825072 CRNUN G E-Mail: a.vella@cranfield.ac.uk For further information please contact: Douglas Clarke Alfred Vella SME SIMS (Bldg.50) TALK Group TALK Group Cranfield University Cranfield University Cranfield Cranfield Bedford MK43 0AL Bedford MK43 0AL England England Telephone: +44 (0)234 750111 Fax: +44 (0)234 750728 Telex: 825072 CITECH G E-Mail: a.vella@cranfield.ac.uk Cranfield Cranfield University is a centre of post-graduate and post experience education and research, heavily involved in contract work for Government and Industry. Cranfield is about 50 miles north of London in countryside near the new city of Milton Keynes. It is easily reached by road or rail, or by air to the University's own airfield. Residential accommodation will be available, usually in individual study-bedrooms in Mitchell Hall, which is on the Cranfield Campus. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-451. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-452. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 98 Subject: 5.452 Confs: IATL Conference Program Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 22:45:44 +0300 (IDT) From: Karina Wilkinson Subject: IATL Conference Program -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 22:45:44 +0300 (IDT) From: Karina Wilkinson Subject: IATL Conference Program The Israel Association of Theoretical Linguistics Tenth Annual Meeting Haifa University June 12 - 13, 1994 Sunday June 12th 10:30-11:30 Invited speaker: John McCarthy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Optimality in Prosodic Morphology 11:50-12:30 Yael Sharvit, Rutgers University An Optimality Theoretic Account of the Modern Hebrew Verbal System 12:30-1:10 Hadass Sheffer, University of Pennsylvania Feature Spreading and Visibility: An Optimality Theoretic Account of Modern Hebrew Spirantization 2:40-3:20 Wendy Sandler, Haifa University Establishing Criteria for Major Phonological Categories: The Case for Movements in Sign Language 3:20-4:00 Karina Wilkinson, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Comparative Progressives and Bare Plural Subjects 4:30-5:10 Tova R. Rapoport, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Specificity and Nominal Small Clauses 5:10-5:50 Edit Doron, Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Predicate in Arabic Monday June 13th 9:30-10:30 Invited speaker: Shalom Lappin, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London The Interpretation of Ellipsis 10:30-11:10 Danny Fox, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Quantifier Scope in VP Ellipsis 11:40-12:20 Julia Horvath, Tel Aviv University On Wh-Expletives and Partial Wh-Movement 12:20-1:00 Irit Meir, Haifa University & Hebrew University Backwards Verbs in Israeli Sign Language: Syntactic-Semantic Interaction 2:30-3:10 Ellen Woolford, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Four-way Case Systems: Ergative, Nominative, Objective and Accusative 3:10-3:50 Iris Elisha, City University of New York Inflection, Predication, and Case Assignment in Modern Hebrew 4:20-5:00 David Gil, National University of Singapore Conjunctive Operators: A Cross-Linguistic Study 5:00-5:40 Roger Schwarzschild, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Association with Focus: Semantics or Pragmatics? Alternates: Michael Niv, Technion The Role of Information Content in Sentence Processing Jaume Sola, Groningen University How Morphology Predicts Word Order Michelle Sigler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Specificity and Agreement in Modern Western Armenian -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-452. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-453. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 292 Subject: 5.453 Sum: Medical dictionaries and texts Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 12:36:14 EDT From: cirnoet@aol.com Subject: Sum:Medical Dicts & Text -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 12:36:14 EDT From: cirnoet@aol.com Subject: Sum:Medical Dicts & Text Dear List Subscribers, In March I posted a request for any information available on medical dictionaries & text available electronically. This is the list of responses I received. THANK YOU TO ALL for the time you took to help! Regards, Gillian Smith CirNoet@AOL.com ****************************** We have developed a bilingual dictionary of the most frequently used words in the medical lexis (English to Spanish) in cooperation with the computer department of the California State University at Fullerton. Said instrument is called R1*TUTOR written in C++. The work is the beginning of MT translation of abstracts of medical literature. We hope to present the work at ACL94 at Las Cruces in June-July, 1994. The vector of English medical terms came from 6 different published studies we having been working on since 1985. The material is electronically available but IS NOT in the public domain. The methodology of finding the most frequently used medical terms is available and if you are interested in creating your own work we will be more than happy to supply you with the tools. Prof. R. M. Chandler-Burns College of Medicine Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon Monterrey, MEXICO **************************** I don't know if this qualifies as a corpus, but do you think that medline might suit your purposes? Ther is an enormous amount of text in it. I'm not sure if any sstring ssearches can be done on it, but certainly it is richly indexed by keywords. -Greg Dubs Genetics Dept. Stanford University **************************** The best person I know to talk to would be Catherine Macleod, who worked on this type of electronic dictionary. She can be reached at macleod@cs.nyu.edu. Good luck with your project! Leslie Barrett **************************** These folks have More than 90 ref. lexicography in medicine: INFOLINGUA (ISSN=1198-1083) A series of extensive and fully indexed bibliographies in A.I. - LINGUISTICS - INFORMATICS - COMMUNICATIONS - EDUCATION ************************************************************************** COMPUTATIONAL MORPHOLOGY : Morphological Analysis and Generation, Lemmatization : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 492p, ISBN=2-921173-01-8 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 2350, morphological analysis = 1300, morphological generation = 290, lemmatization = 260, etc. COMPUTATIONAL PARSING : Syntactic Analysis, Semantic Analysis, Semantic Interpretation, Parsing Algorithms, Parsing Strategies : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 2 volumes, 1029p, ISBN=2-921173-02-6,2-921173-03-4 prepaid US$ 150 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 5180, syntactic analysis = 1110, semantic analysis = 710, semantic interpretation = 260, parsing algorithm = 200, parsing strategies = 70, etc. COMPUTATIONAL LEXICOLOGY AND LEXICOGRAPHY : Dictionaries, Thesauri, Term Banks ; Analysis, Transfer and Generation Dictionaries ; Machine Readable Dictionaries ; Lexical Semantics ; Lexicon Grammars : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 2 volumes, 1031p, ISBN=2-921173-04-2,2-921173-05-0 prepaid US$ 150 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 5910, dictionaries (production) = 1380, thesauri = 680, term banks = 680, analysis dictionaries = 1230, transfer dictionaries = 140, generation dictionaries = 60, lexical database/machine readable dictionaries = 550, lexical semantics = 780, lexicon grammar = 110, etc. COMPUTATIONAL TEXT UNDERSTANDING : Natural Language Programming, Argument Analysis : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 657p, ISBN=2-921173-06-9 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 3830, natural language programming = 110, argument analysis = 80, etc. COMPUTATIONAL TEXT GENERATION : Generation from Data or Linguistic Structure, Text Planning, Sentence Generation, Explanation Generation : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN with a survey article by Mark T. Maybury 1994, 649p, ISBN=2-921173-07-7 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 2870, text generation from data = 1060, text generation from structure = 730, text planning = 180, sentence generation = 310, explanation generation = 330, etc. NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACES : Interfaces to Databases, to Expert Systems, to Robots, to Operating Systems, and to Question-Answering Systems : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 2 volumes, 847p, ISBN=2-921173-08-5,2-921173-09-3 prepaid US$ 130 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 4100, interface to database = 1100, to expert system = 70, to question-answering system = 640, to robot = 70 ; conversation system = 300, etc. MACHINE TRANSLATION : Aids to Translation, Speech Translation : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN and Laurent R. BOURBEAU 1994, 2 volumes, 1168p, ISBN=2-921173-10-7,2-921173-11-5 prepaid US$ 180 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 8070, aids to translation = 550, speech translation =100 ; 60 different natural languages ; 120 systems LITERARY COMPUTING : Style Analysis, Author Identification, Text Collation, Literary Criticism : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 581p ISBN=2-921173-12-3 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 4060, style analysis = 700, author identification = 340, text collation = 220, literary concordances and indexes = 840, fiction = 670, poetry = 670, theatre = 200, bible/tora/quran = 500, theme analysis = 100, creative text generation = 140, etc. COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE TEACHING : Teaching Vocabulary, Grammar, Spelling, Writing, Composition, Listening, Speaking, Translation, Foreign Languages ; Text Composition Aids, Error Detection and Correction, Readability Analysis : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN and Elca TARRAB 1994, 2 volumes, 1066p, ISBN=2-921173-13-1,2-921173-14-X prepaid US$ 150 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 8010, teaching orthography = 130, writing = 1500, composition = 770, grammar = 430, listening/comprehension = 150, reading = 830, speaking = 200, vocabulary = 250, keyboarding = 60, foreign languages = 1900 ; lexical/grammatical error detection/correction = 500, text composition support = 440, etc. COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION : Computer Conferencing, Electronic Mail, Electronic Publishing, Computer Interviewing, Interactive Text Reading, Group Decision Support Systems, Idea Generation Support Systems, Human-Machine Communication, Multi-Media Communication, Hypertext, Hypermedia, Linguistic Games : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 2 volumes, 862p, ISBN=2-921173-15-8,2-921173-16-6 prepaid US$ 130 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 5680, hypertext = 1500, hypermedia = 440, computer conferencing = 550, electronic mail = 400, electronic publishing = 370, multimodal communication = 100, human-machine communication = 960, computer interviewing = 100, etc. ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT PROCESSING : Document Editing, Formatting, Typesetting, Coding, Storing, Interchanging, Managing : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 551p, ISBN=2-921173-17-4 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 4260, document editing = 2400, formatting = 140, typesetting = 540, coding/mark-up = 420, interchanging = 170, management = 260, etc. COMPUTATIONAL CHARACTER PROCESSING : Character Coding, Input, Output, Synthesis, Ordering, Conversion ; Text Compression, Encryption, Display ; Hashing ; Literate Programming : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 580p, ISBN=2-921173-18-2 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 4120, character coding = 550, input = 900, output = 260, conversion = 360 ; text compression = 240, hashing = 110, etc. QUANTITATIVE AND STATISTICAL LINGUISTICS : Frequencies of Characters, Phonemes, Words, Grammatical Categories, Syntactic Structures ; Lexical Richness, Word Collocations, Entropy, Word Length, Sentence Length : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 508p, ISBN=2-921173-19-0 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 3100, frequencies of characters = 60, phonemes = 90, words = 640, grammatical categories = 90, grammatical features = 250 ; lexical richness = 100, word collocations = 230, entropy = 150, word length = 70, sentence length = 90, etc. MATHEMATICAL AND FORMAL LINGUISTICS : Grammar Formalisms, Grammar Testing, Logics, Quantifiers : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 612p, ISBN=2-921173-20-4 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 3840, formal linguistics = 1470, mathematical linguistics = 1910, grammar formalism = 480, grammar testing = 90, logic = 820, quantifiers = 300, etc. COMPUTATIONAL SPEECH PROCESSING : Speech Analysis, Recognition, Understanding, Compression, Transmission, Coding, Synthesis ; Text to Speech Systems, Speech to Tactile Displays, Speaker Identification, Prosody Processing : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 2 volumes, 1187p, ISBN=2-921173-21-2,2-921173-22-0 prepaid US$ 150 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 8290, speech analysis = 1110, speech recognition = 2600, speech understanding = 600, speech coding = 560, speech synthesis = 1500, text-to-speech = 560, speaker identification = 290, prosody processing = 600, etc. COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS IN INFORMATION SCIENCE : Information Retrieval (Full-Text or Conceptual), Automatic Indexing, Text Abstraction, Content Analysis, Information Extraction, Query Languages : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 2 volumes, 1047p, ISBN=2-921173-23-9,2-921173-24-7 prepaid US$ 150 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 6390, information retrieval = 2100, full-text = 890, conceptual = 60 ; automatic indexing = 930, text abstraction = 270, content analysis = 530, information extraction = 520, etc. OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION AND DOCUMENT SEGMENTATION : Character Preprocessing, Thinning, Isolation, Segmentation, Feature Extraction ; Cursive and Multi-Font Recognition, Writer/Scriptor Identification : BIBLIOGRAPHY, by Conrad F. SABOURIN 1994, 512p, ISBN=2-921173-25-5 prepaid US$ 80 INFOLINGUA inc., P.O. Box 187 Snowdon, Montreal, Canada, H3X 3T4 Number of references : Total = 3700, recognition of cursive characters = 910, hand printed characters = 490, printed characters = 390, multi-font characters = 140 ; on-line recognition = 170, writer identification = 330, document segmentation = 320, etc. ******************************************************************************* ORDERING INFORMATION All orders must be prepaid in U.S. dollars. Payment : Bank draft drawn on a U.S. bank INTERNATIONAL money order Payable to : INFOLINGUA inc. P.O. Box 187 Snowdon Montreal, Qc, H3X 3T4 CANADA Information : email : 73651.2144@compuserve.com Shipping fees : -Surface mail : free -Air mail : add US$ 5 per volume inside North America : add US$ 12 per volume outside North America Sales taxes : -Canadian residents add GST 7% Discount : 20% to individuals who collaborated by sending bibliographical information or documents. Shipping date : March 28, 1994 and after ****************************************************************************** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-453. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-454. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 98 Subject: 5.454 Sum: Eggs and yolks in German (5.406) Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 09:06:52 +0200 (MET DST) From: hartmut@ruc.dk (Hartmut Haberland) Subject: Summary: Eggs and yolks in German (5.406) -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 09:06:52 +0200 (MET DST) From: hartmut@ruc.dk (Hartmut Haberland) Subject: Summary: Eggs and yolks in German (5.406) In Linguist 5.406 I posted a query regarding German regional and dialectal expressions for eggwhite and yolk. I was interested in geographically locating the variants 'Weissei' and 'Gelbei' (for more common 'Eiweiss' and 'Eigelb/Dotter', and for those speakers who know both variants, to find out if any semantic differentiation has taken place. The potential semantic differentiation I was thinking of is most obvious for the first pair: 'Eiweiss' also means 'protein'; I suspected that those speakers who know 'Weissei' never use it in the sense of 'protein', but only in the sense of 'the white part of the egg'. It is less obvious for the other pair; eggyolk is not a chemical substance in the sense eggwhite/protein is, but a mixture of several; still one could imagine that those speakers who use both 'Eigelb' and 'Gelbei' use the first as {-count} ('You've got Eigelb all over your beard') and the second as {+count} ('Man nehme ein Gelbei ...'). (But this is not even borne out by my own usage.) One should also mention that 'Weissei' is attested in literary German while 'Gelbei' is not. I got a surprisingly large number of replies within very few days. Most respondents told me, though, that they never had heard neither 'Weissei' nor 'Gelbei'; some of them even asserted that they wouldn't even know what those words were supposed to mean. This result is, of course, inconclusive for my main concern, viz. the question if a semantic differentiation has occurred for those who use both variants. One respondent remarked, though, that he had heard 'Gelbei' from his mother as a {+count} term for the yolk of a boiled egg. This respondent's mother is from Silesia; so is mine; and this, of course was an interesting hint. (He had never heard 'Weissei' though, although one of the sources for Weissei in the Grimms' Woerterbuch is Lohenstein, who was from Silesia.) I investigated the question if there is any evidence for 'Gelbei' in Silesian dialects, and there is; I don't have a Deutscher Wortatlas here but I found a reference that the map for Eigelb/Dotter in vol. 19 shows the 'inverted form' 'Gelbei' for Silesia. I found no parallel evidence for 'Weissei', but maybe 'Eiweiss' didn't occur in the DWA questionnaires, since the questionnaire for 'Eigelb' certainly wasn't motivated by a search for 'Gelbei', but for (far more widespread) 'Dotter'. There is no such parallel form for 'Eiweiss'. But since Silesia, especially the Eastern part, is a German/Slavic language contact area, I looked up what eggwhite and yolk are in Czech and Polish, and found bilek/zloutek and bialko/zoltko, resp. (Apologies for omitting diacritics, which I otherwise consider a major crime.) That is, words for eggwhite and yolk starting with the adjectives for white and yellow, plus a drivational suffix. The same turned out to be the case for Yiddish: vajsl and gelkl. Finally, I consulted a Danish semi-speaker of Yiddish (with third generation Russian background) who has no knowledge of German except as a foreign language he lerned in school (where he hardly would have heard anything but 'Eiweiss' and 'Eigelb'. He immediately told me that he had heard gelbaj from his grandmother (born in Russia). So the geographical source of the terms seems to be clear. As to the semantic differentiation, evidence is still lacking, but at least it sounds plausible that since 'Weissei' is a non-standard term and 'Eiweiss' is standard, it is rather unlikely that the non-standard term should crop up in discussions of nutritional chemistry or cellular biology. Thanks to Kay Behnke, Arkady Borkovsky, Christoph Eyrich, Udo Fries, Achim Grabowski, Rolf Grosserhode, Joachim Mugdan, Adi Palm, David Powers, Bernhard Rohrbacher, Geoff Simmons, Harald Trost and Werner Wegstein, as well as (off-line) Bent Rosenbaum and Klaus Schulte. Hartmut Haberland Department of Languages and Culture University of Roskilde Roskilde, Denmark -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-454. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-455. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 136 Subject: 5.455 Qs: As, Bilingual ed, IPA history, Persian-English tense Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 18 Apr 94 09:56:30 EDT From: Lori_Morris@uqac.uquebec.ca (Lori Morris) Subject: Temporal and causal 'as' 2) Date: Mon, 18 Apr 94 14:19:59 EDT From: Sonja Launspach Subject: query on bilingual ed 3) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 08:33:43 -0500 (EDT) From: rogers@epas.utoronto.ca (Henry Rogers) Subject: IPA History 4) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 13:09:01 BST From: Reza Hashema Gask Subject: help with sources on contrastive Persian- English grammar -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 18 Apr 94 09:56:30 EDT From: Lori_Morris@uqac.uquebec.ca (Lori Morris) Subject: Temporal and causal 'as' A graduate student not on e-mail is studying temporal and causal uses of 'as' in English. She is having trouble finding literature on the subject and would appreciate any help you could provide. Lori Morris, Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, Canada lmorris@uqac.uquebec.ca -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Mon, 18 Apr 94 14:19:59 EDT From: Sonja Launspach Subject: query on bilingual ed I am looking for recent, up to date information on the situation of bilingual education both,ESL and native language ed for the Indian tribes of the Southwest, especially the Navaho. All the articles that I have been able to find are 20 years old and I am sure the situation has changed. Any personal knowledge or anything that might be available on fileserver would be appreciated. Thanks very much Sonja Launspach t720026@univscvm.csd.scarolina.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 08:33:43 -0500 (EDT) From: rogers@epas.utoronto.ca (Henry Rogers) Subject: IPA History A few historic questions about the IPA. 1.In its early years, the IPA used a typeface which appears to be a bold face of the Century family, possibly Monotype Century Schoolbook. Does anyone have reliable information about this typeface? 2. Did the IPA have a policy in its early years of discouraging the implementation of the Alphabet in other typefaces? 3. At some point the IPA apparently switched to Times Roman. Does anyone know when this happened? The evidence I have is confusing. My copy of 'Principles' is dated 1949 (reprinted 1964) and is set in Century. Other sources show a version 'revised to 1947' (here the chart is turned 90 degrees and printed (mostly) in what appears to be Times? I would appreciate any help in sorting this out for an article I am writing on phonetic typography. Many thanks Hank Rogers --=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--= Henry Rogers Dept. of Linguistics Centre for Computing in the Humanities University of Toronto vox: 416-978-1769 Toronto, Ont., Canada, M5S 1A1 fax: 416-978-8821 rogers@epas.utoronto.ca --=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--= -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 13:09:01 BST From: Reza Hashema Gask Subject: help with sources on contrastive Persian- English grammar As a PhD student I am do a research on the contrastive analysis of Persian-English Tense(inc. Mood) and Aspect systems with regard to translation problems. I should like to know what sources are available with respect to: a. the comparison of Tense and Aspect systems of English with any other language, b. grammatical analysis of translated English texts showing the effect of correct analysis of grammatical clues in exact rendring of the Source text, c. any other source related to the topic with specific reference to Persian. The responses are highly appreciated. A copy of the list will be posted to LINGUST so that others interested in the topic can get the sources. May I ask all to send their message to my e-mail address: gask@ccl.umist.ac.ukThanks in anticipation Mohammad Reza Hashemi Department of Lang. & Ling. UMIST UK -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-455. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-456. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 110 Subject: 5.456 Qs: U.S. Person, Phonetic inventories, Romanian, Correctness Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 10:30 EST From: SPEAS@coins.cs.umass.edu Subject: Word for 'Person from the U.S.' 2) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 10:15:43 CDT From: kemmer@ruf.rice.edu (Suzanne E Kemmer) Subject: phonetic inventories, prosody 3) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 15:11:57 -0500 (CDT) From: Angus Grieve-Smith Subject: Q: Summer Romanian 4) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 21:40:10 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Q: Language "Correctness" -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 10:30 EST From: SPEAS@coins.cs.umass.edu Subject: Word for 'Person from the U.S.' I just got an interesting question from a student working for our University newspaper, which I couldn't answer but thought I would pass along: In Spanish-speaking countries of North and South America, there has long been some resentment of people in the US appropriating the continent name as the name for their country. So there are words in Spanish roughly equivalent to 'United Statesian', which can be used to refer to people from the US, while retaining the right of people from the NOrth and South American Continents to refer to themselves as '(North or South) American'. The question is this: Has there ever been an attempt in American English to come up with a word for our citizens other than ' 'American'? If anyone knows of any attempt that has ever been made to introduce or use a term like 'USA-er', 'United Statesian' etc., which would allow the term 'American' to be used for any citizen of this hemisphere, please let me know. Thanks. I will post a summary of any responses. Peggy Speas speas@cs.umass.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 10:15:43 CDT From: kemmer@ruf.rice.edu (Suzanne E Kemmer) Subject: phonetic inventories, prosody Can anyone help with the following query from a linguist working in the computer industry? (I'll summarize any responses and post to the list) --Suzanne Kemmer (kemmer@ruf.rice.edu) "I am working on a large project involving automatic language identification. Right now, we are compiling a document that will list "the major languages of the world" with some of their identifying characteristics. These characteristics will be segmental phonetics (like front rounded vowels in Swedish), but our main interest is actually prosody (syllable-timed vs. stress-timed vs. mora-timed; stress location, etc). Do you know of any books/papers that I should look at for this type of information? Especially anything that compares different groups or families of languages in terms of their prosodics? Thanks for any info you have on this." -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 15:11:57 -0500 (CDT) From: Angus Grieve-Smith Subject: Q: Summer Romanian Does anyone know of a college/university offering a course in Romanian this summer? In a bizarre turn of events, the American Council of Learned Societies approved a grant for me to study the language at Indiana University, but denied a grant for Indiana to teach it. -- -Angus B. Grieve-Smith grvsmth@uchicago.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 21:40:10 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Q: Language "Correctness" Years ago Bloomfield published a wonderful paper about language "correctness" in an nonliterate Amerindian language, observing that the speakers had very similar ideas of better vs. worse language as we do. I was wondering if anybody of any other such work. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-456. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-457. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 149 Subject: 5.457 Accents Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 14:26:55 GMT From: Cathryn Williams Subject: Re: 5.438 Accents 2) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 11:08:15 -0700 (MST) From: WFKING@CCIT.ARIZONA.EDU Subject: Re: 5.437 Accents 3) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 11:37:33 -0700 (MST) From: WFKING@CCIT.ARIZONA.EDU Subject: Re: 5.442 Accents 4) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 10:48:01 +0008 From: "RANDY J. LAPOLLA" Subject: Re: 5.442 Accents 5) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 01:13:19 PDT From: "Don W." Subject: Accents south to north -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 14:26:55 GMT From: Cathryn Williams Subject: Re: 5.438 Accents I have been reading the discussion on accents with interest and have an obnservation: Having lived in London most of my life, I am very well acquainted with the cockney accent and so was surprised when I read that Bob Hoskins (of Roger Rabbit fame) was mistaken for an Aussie...But this comment for some reason reminded me of Dick Van Dyke in Mary Poppins...He was supposed to be a cockney chimneysweep, although his immitation of the cockney accent has since become famous (at least in the UK) for its inaccuracy!!! I can also think of other actors ( cf. Keaneau Reeves in 'Dracula', Kevin Kostner in 'Robin Hood' and Robin Williams in 'Mrs. Doubtfire') who have immitated British English accents, these, again, not accurate and have themselves gained notoriety for this!! Is the inverse true of British actors immitating American accents? Perhaps someone could shed some light on this... Cath.Cathryn Williams e-mail sencw@cardiff.ac.uk Dept. Language and Communication Studies Cardiff University. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 11:08:15 -0700 (MST) From: WFKING@CCIT.ARIZONA.EDU Subject: Re: 5.437 Accents When I asked whether New Yorkers can fairly make fun of people from Brooklyn (I meant those with a Brooklyn accent), my question was rhetorical. They can, either with good humor or condescension. My point was to underscore the possibility that Cokie Roberts spoke with tongue-in-cheek, as someone suggested. I have lived in Manhattan, the Bronx, and Brooklyn, but have an upstate NY accent. Frequently, those who speak with stigmatized accents say I don't have an accent. Middle-class accent speakers, however, are quick to notice that I make no distinction between Mary/marry/merry. There are other distinctions as well that set off the middle-class NY speech from a more general mid-Atlantic, but they probably are not easily recognized then stereotyped by the general public. As such they make lousy radio commentary. Incidentally, are the English offended by the trite "clipped British accent" characterization? Bill King Univ. of Arizona -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 11:37:33 -0700 (MST) From: WFKING@CCIT.ARIZONA.EDU Subject: Re: 5.442 Accents I used Brooklyn as a well-known example. The "distinctions" are probably a matter of intensity and a few lexical variants like "sangwich" for sandwich. It's stereotypically Bronx, but may be found in various pockets throughout the city. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 10:48:01 +0008 From: "RANDY J. LAPOLLA" Subject: Re: 5.442 Accents In reply to Michael Kac, I would say there really are differences of accent between the Brox, Brooklyn, and Long Island. There definitely are class differences as well, and ethnic differences, so the picture is quite complex, but for example in my family my sister-in-law (from the Bronx) speaks differently from me (western Long Island), and also differently from my grandmother (Brooklyn), who also speaks differently from me. (We are all working-class 2nd-3rd gen. Italian-Americans.) Eastern Long Island is still yet another accent. This is also true of Boston (i.e. that there are several distinct accents), as far as I know, and definitly true of Beijing (though not English speaking, the phenomenon is the same). In all these places, different ethnic groups and different classes became concentrated in different places, and developed distinct accents. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 01:13:19 PDT From: "Don W." Subject: Accents south to north >With respect to misinterpreted accents, I have yet to see a movie >which takes place in New Orleans where the filmmakers even come close >to getting the accent right. As a native, it's terribly distracting Are there examples of Southerners who "imitate" a "northern" accent, whatever that might be, in the media or on the stage or screen? Bill Moyers and Jim Lehrer don't bother to hide their accents, but Brent Spiner's Texan seems to have been modified somewhat, perhaps being unsuited to an android. Are there other examples, and how successful are they? Don W. (DonWebb@CSUS.Edu) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-457. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-458. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 94 Subject: 5.458 Bubba Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 19:46:40 EDT From: Loren Allen Billings Subject: The E. European "bubba" 2) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 08:24:55 +22304916 (CDT) From: swalton@whale.st.usm.edu (Shana Walton) Subject: genTEEL, not genTILE 3) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 09:19:59 -0600 (CST) From: Fran Karttunen Subject: Re: 5.442 Accents -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 19:46:40 EDT From: Loren Allen Billings Subject: The E. European "bubba" Dorine Houston (v2188g@vm.temple.edu) writes in a recent LINGUIST posting that "bubba" always meant a Jewish grandmother in her "Fluffyan" (i.e. Philadelphian) variety of English. I believe Dorine might be confusing the nickname "Bubba", a very common one in parts of the South with no apparent stigma, as one Texan Bubba I met reports--with some form like _BA.ba_, a presumably Yiddish term with Slavic origins, meaning anything from 'woman' to 'female bumpkin' (the latter being the Russian conotation of _BA.ba_). Although I do not know Yiddish, I am aware of forms like _MA.mu.la_ 'mom', presumably also from some some Slavic language (cf. the Russian _ma.MU.l'a_ 'mommy' (apostrophe marks palatalization; the stressed syllable is capitalized for clarity of comparison; also, periods mark syllable breaks as I understand them). Diminutive forms of the root /bab-/, as in Ru _ba.BU.l'a_ 'granny, old-woman' and _BA.bush.ka_ 'grandmother' (the latter, incidentally borrowed into the English, with penultimate (Polish?) stress to mean the scarf that women from E. Europe wear and the dance on the Addams Family film!). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 08:24:55 +22304916 (CDT) From: swalton@whale.st.usm.edu (Shana Walton) Subject: genTEEL, not genTILE OK, OK, I can't spell. I meant *genteel* Southern accent, not *Gentile* Southern accent. Certainly, there are a lot of Gentiles in the South, and in answer to another poster, there are large Jewish communities in the South. But my reference was to a well-known stereotype of a Southern accent. I did *not* mean to launch the discussion into one about Jewish accents ... but since we already did .... This whole thing about conscious accent exaggeration ( of course for humor, also for marking group membership), I've had Jewish friends from New York who seemed to do this. What do y'all think? shana swalton@whale.st.usm.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 09:19:59 -0600 (CST) From: Fran Karttunen Subject: Re: 5.442 Accents Someone has suggested that I have implied that our Central Texas bubbas are likely poorly educated. Au contraire. We have bubbas in the legislature, bubbas on the faculty, bubbas in college and university education. Off course we also have rugged individualist bubbas who eschew formal education. I would say there is a strong streak of anti-intellectualism that runs through here and shows up in the legislature and even, paradoxically, in education management. But don't read into the Central Texas concept of bubba-hood that which is not there. Fran Karttunen Austin, TX -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-458. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-459. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 201 Subject: 5.459 Calls: International Workshop on Computational Semantics Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 15:18 +0100 From: Reinhard Muskens Subject: Call for Papers International Workshop on Computational Semantics -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 15:18 +0100 From: Reinhard Muskens Subject: Call for Papers International Workshop on Computational Semantics CALL FOR PAPERS INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS December 19-21, 1994, Tilburg, The Netherlands The Institute for Language Technology and Artificial Intelligence will host a Workshop on Computational Semantics that will take place in Tilburg, The Netherlands, from 19 - 21 December 1994. The aim of the workshop is to bring together researchers involved in all aspects of computational semantics of natural language. TOPICS OF INTEREST The workshop will focus on the computational aspects of formal semantic theories and on the theoretical issues involved in the development of natural language processing systems. Papers are sought in areas which include, but are not limited to, the following topics: * ambiguous formal representations * the use of context in interpretation * dynamic logic and natural language * semantic automata * the semantics-pragmatics interface * incremental interpretation * interpretation and inference * algorithmic aspects of interpretation * constructive type theory and natural language interpretation All submitted papers will be refereed by an international programme committee. SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS Authors are asked to submit an original paper of maximally 10 pages by Monday August 15, 1994. We strongly encourage papers to be electronically submitted. In this case they should be in LaTeX format (a LaTeX style sheet (conf.sty) can be obtained by anonymous ftp from itkwww.kub.nl, in the directory /pub/iwcs) and should be emailed to: Computational.Semantics@kub.nl If electronic submission in this form is impossible, four hard copies of the paper, preferably prepared with LaTeX, should be sent to: Reinhard Muskens Institute for Language Technology and Artificial Intelligence (ITK) Tilburg University PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg The Netherlands Each title page should contain the names, addresses, phone numbers and email addresses (if available) of all authors. Final papers are due on November 1, 1994. A copy of the proceedings will be available for each participant at the workshop. ORGANISING COMMITTEE Harry Bunt Reinhard Muskens Gerrit Rentier PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Mario Borillo Harry Bunt Robin Cooper (to be confirmed) Jan van Eijck Erhard Hinrichs (to be confirmed) Jerry Hobbs (to be confirmed) Laszlo Kalman Reinhard Muskens John Nerbonne Fernando Pereira (to be confirmed) Manfred Pinkal Stanly Peters Jerry Seligman IMPORTANT DATES Submission of preliminary papers 15 August, 1994 Notification of acceptance 1 October, 1994 Final papers due 1 November, 1994 REGISTRATION FORM INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS 19-21 DECEMBER 1994 TILBURG, THE NETHERLANDS Name : ................................. Affiliation : ................................. Address : ................................. City, State, Zip Code : ................................. Country : ................................. Telephone : ................................. Fax : ................................. Email address : ................................. REGISTRATION FEE Before October 15, 1994 After October 15, 1994 Dfl. 275,00 Dfl. 325,00 METHOD OF PAYMENT: 0 Bank Transfer Transfer the registration fee in Dutch guilders to: * ABN/AMRO Bank Account number 45 50 46 042; Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 GC TILBURG Please mention code 951.55, Computational Semantics, and your name. Please calculate transfer charges, as we must receive the full registration fee. Any shortfall in fees will have to be paid upon arrival. 0 Postal Money Order Make the fee (in Dutch guilders) payable to: * Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 GC TILBURG Please mention code 951.55, Computational Semantics and your name. Please calculate transfer charges, as we must receive the full registration fee. Any shortfall in fees will have to be paid upon arrival. 0 VISA card If you pay by credit card please FAX us the following information: Card number : ......................... Expiration date : ......................... Name as it appears on card: ......................... I authorize Tilburg University to charge my account for the total fee of .......... (signature) HOTEL RESERVATION Do you want us to make hotel reservations for you? (The price of a single room will be approximately Dfl. 150,00 per person per night, breakfast included.) YES / NO If your answer to the previous question was YES, please fill in the date of your arrival and departure. Date of arrival : ................................................ Date of departure: ................................................ Send the registration form to: Peggy Bertens Institute for Language Technology and Artificial Intelligence P.O. Box 90153 5000 LE TILBURG The Netherlands Tel.: +31 13 663113 Fax : +31 13 662537 Email:Computational.Semantics@kub.nl -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-459. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-460. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 57 Subject: 5.460 In Memoriam: George Trager Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 18 Apr 94 09:38:20 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: George Trager In Memoriam -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 18 Apr 94 09:38:20 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: George Trager In Memoriam I read, somewhat belatedly, from the obituary in Language, the sad news of the passing of George Trager, once a major figure in American linguistics. Since few will know this, but some might care, I thought I would add a footnote regarding two of Trager's all-but-forgotten (what am I saying? entirely forgotten) ideas. One, in a paper in Language in the mid-40's, Trager proposed a phonemic analysis of French in which there was a final schwa phoneme, nasal vowels were phonemicized /VN/, and phonetic sequences [VN] were phonemicized as /V N schwa/. I mention this because it is one of the earliest examples of blatant abstractness in phonological analysis, but one which was incorporated into the phonemic (not the morphophonemic) level. Two, in his sketch of Taos, Trager advanced what is to my knowledge a totally unique analysis of ergativity. Everybody knows about the passive analysis of ergative/absolutive constructions (where you take these to be passives and hence deny that there are transitive constructions at all in the language in question). Trager analyzed Taos ergative/absolutive constructions in the symmetrically opposite way: he took ALL verbal constructions to be TRANSITIVE. Verbs like 'to be' were simply taken to be something like 'It bees me' instead of 'I am'. In this way, he could elegantly account for the formal identity of intransitive subjects with objects. They were both really objects. This can be taken I think as the precursor of similar analyses of many intransitives within Relational Grammar and other offshoots of TG. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-460. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-461. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 103 Subject: 5.461 Varia: Langacker's Cognitive Grammar, Locatives from temporals Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Apr 1994 23:43:02 -0700 From: lgorbet@eros.unm.edu (Larry Gorbet) Subject: Re: Langacker's Cognitive Grammar 2) Date: Sun, 27 Mar 1994 07:50:07 -0500 (EST) From: Beard Robert E Subject: Re: 5.350 Locatives from temporals -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Apr 1994 23:43:02 -0700 From: lgorbet@eros.unm.edu (Larry Gorbet) Subject: Re: Langacker's Cognitive Grammar In his generally accurate post in LINGUIST 5.418, Paul Deane *appears* to accept a presuposition that I am pretty sure is inaccurate. The relevant paragraph begins: > Langacker's Cognitive Grammar is unique in its attempt to > REDUCE syntax to abstract semantic patterns. At least as most readers of the list are likely to interpret "semantic", this is almost antithetical to a central Cognitive Grammmar premise: that grammar is essentially symbolic. Langacker characterizes a grammar as a "structured inventory of conventional linguistic units". In his most recent major work (_Foundations of Cognitive Grammar II_, 1991) he says (p. 514): "Te central claim of cognitive grammar is that language is fully describable is terms of semantic structures, phonological structures, *and* [my emphasis] symbolic links between the two. Only symbolic structures need be posited for the characterization of lexicon, morphology, and syntax, which form a gradation that can be divided only arbitrarily into discrete components." Note that it is *symbolic* structures (i.e. links between semantic and phonological structures) which are central---not semantic ones alone. Langacker's above claim is made more explicit as the "content requirement": "The only structures ascribable to a linguistic system are (1) semantic, phonological, and symbolic structures that occur overtly as (parts of) expressions, (2) schematizations of permitted structures. and (3) categorizing relations between permitted structures." (op. cit. p. 546) What might not be apparent to all who read the above without its fuller context is that most of what many call "syntax" is included, not under the "semantic" part of (1), but under (2)---as schematizations of *phonological* structures. And Langacker goes to considerable effort to support the claim that linguistic *forms* (including the form of grammatical constructions) are essentially phonological. What perhaps obscures this position is that much of his work (and of many of his students and other fellow practitioners) is devoted o describing and justifying the *meanings* of grammatical morphemes and constructions. But the claim that constructions (etc.) have meanings is fully consistent with regarding their *forms* as *phonological*. I think few Langackerian cognitive grammarians (if any) would claim that constructions consist solely of or reduce to their meanings. Larry Gorbet Anthropology and Linguistics Depts. University of New Mexico -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Sun, 27 Mar 1994 07:50:07 -0500 (EST) From: Beard Robert E Subject: Re: 5.350 Locatives from temporals Of course, the movement from temporal to spatial meaning is back-and-forth but the temporal meanings of locative cases seem to derive from what is in some sense a "more basic" spatial meaning. Perhaps the question should be "in what sense are the spatial meanings 'more basic'", i.e. what makes us think that the spatial senses are more basic? In English, of course, people constantly say things like "We haven't stopped for gas since Pittsburgh", "That was five towns/restaurants/gas stations ago", "Until Rotterdam he thought otherwise". The interesting aspect of all this to me is that while speakers have no difficulty in distinguishing time from space, case and adposition systems never do so. Thus there is no language that I know which has lexical items ambiguous, say, between country and year, state and month, city and day, street and hour. Yet all languages combine time and space relations in their grammatical systems. It is a major problem for functionalist accounts of grammar, yet the only responses to it that I have seen all resort to Gesamtbedeugungen. --RBeard -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-461. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-462. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 198 Subject: 5.462 Confs: LANGUAGE EXPO '94 AUSTRALIA Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 15 Apr 1994 15:29:17 +1000 From: peterw@lingua.cltr.uq.oz.au (Peter White) -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 15 Apr 1994 15:29:17 +1000 From: peterw@lingua.cltr.uq.oz.au (Peter White) LANGUAGE EXPO '94 AUSTRALIA Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre, Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia 21-23 July 1994 An Initiative of the National Languages and Literacy Institute of Australia Ltd. PROGRAM OF EVENTS THURSDAY 21 JULY 7.30 am Business Breakfast and Awards Presentation 9.30-12.30 SEMINAR: Language and Literacy for Life: family and community perspectives 9.30-5.00 pm NLLIA National Database System, demonstrations and discussions at intervals through the day 10.00 - 5.00 pm Hourly showings of language/education videos from a range of presenters. 10.00 - 1.00 Asian Languages in Business. Keynote address: Ivan Deveson, Chairman, Channel 7. 10.30 - 12.00 Noon Play in French; Work in French. Presented by the French Embassy. For secondary school students 12.00 Noon - 12.45 pm Media & PR: for secondary school students. 2.00 - 2.45 pm International Trade. For secondary school students. 2.00 - 3.00 pm One of Australia's Best Kept Secrets: The Export Market Development Grant Scheme. 2.00 - 4.00 pm NSW Adult Migrant English Service: Learner Conference. Presented by the Bankstown Adult Migrant English Service for secondary school students. 2.30 - 5.00 pm Interpreting and Translation: A wise business decision. 3.30 - 5.30 pm Productive Diversity - using Australia's diverse cultural and linguistic resources to economic advantage. 4.30 - 6.30 pm The NCELTR Event: The National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research discussion and demonstrations. 6.30 - 7.30 Open Forum: Business & Industry Languages Advisory Committee: a dialogue Between business leaders and language specialists. FRIDAY 22 JULY ALL DAY: NLLIA National Database System (same as Thursday) 9.30 am - 1.30 pm Current Developments in LOTE: presentations from South Australia, Queensland, Victoria and New South Wales. 9.30 am - 12.30 pm Multimedia Communications in language learning. 10.00 am - 4.00 pm Language and Cultural Diversity at work: The changins shape of competency standards and competency assessment. 10.00 am - 5.00 pm Video Theatre (same as Thursday) 10.30 am - 12.30 pm tourism and Hospitality: presentation for secondary school students. 1.30 - 2.15 pm Engineering: presentation for secondary school students. 2.30 - 5.00 pm Multicultural Marketing, by SBS Corporation and Multicultural Marketing Management. 3.00 - 5.30 pm The Value and Use of Textbooks and Resources in the Modern Language Classroom. 3.30 - 5.30 pm Challenges of Cultural Pluralism in Asia and the Pacific. 5.00 - 6.30 pm James Cook University, Department of Modern Languages: presentation on current projects. SATURDAY 23 JULY ALL DAY: NLLIA National Database System (same as Friday). 9.00 am - 4.30 pm NLLIA Adult and Child Literacy & ESL Networks Research Fair 9.00 am - 12.00 Noon Getting a Fair Go: Is a Commonwealth government decision causing you problems? An information session on appeal rights with a focus on non-English speaking background communities. 9.30 am - 12.00 noon English Language Teacher Training - to overseas students - to students overseas. 9.30 - 11.00 am The Role of Language in a Changing European Union. Presentations from member countries of the European Union. 10.00 am - 5.00 pm Video Theatre (same as Friday). 10.00 am - 12.30 pm Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Languages - perspectives on revival and maintenance. 1.00 - 3.30 pm Language Proficiency: An assessment of Progress. LANGUAGE TASTERS... open to all. No prior language knowledge required. Gain an insight into learning a language and the culture it represents. Come away with the ability to speak a few useful phrases and with an enthusiasm for more! German: The Goethe Institut, Sydney French: Alliance Francaise, Sydney Italian: Italian Institute of Culture, NSW AUSLAN: Australian Sign Language, NLLIA Centre for Deafness and Communication studies Arabic: Muhammad Gamal Japanese: The Japan Foundation Korean: Department of Education, New South Wales CULTURAL EVENTS The Spanish School of Dance Australian Sign Language: Theatre of the Deaf Aboriginal Languages: DIRABANG: "two black brothers" High school choirs performing in Balinese, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Italian, Greek, German and French. Helena Hendel, Israeli folksinger Mr P. Nut, wandering minstrel Broccoli Education: theatre in Italian, German, French, and Indonesian And more to come. For further information on Language Expo 94, fax Clare MacAdam, Manager Language Expo 94, 15 Cooper St, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, on +61 2 211 6608. Email: peterw@lingua.cltr.uq.oz.au Email requests will be forwarded onto Clare at the above address, and she will answer them directly. Please be sure to include your mailing address and your fax number. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-462. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-463. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 102 Subject: 5.463 Morphological Analyzer for German Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Apr 94 17:34:03 +0300 From: marnorbe@ling.helsinki.fi (Markku Norberg) Subject: Announcement -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Apr 94 17:34:03 +0300 From: marnorbe@ling.helsinki.fi (Markku Norberg) Subject: Announcement * * * THE WINNER! * GERTWOL(TM) * * * Awarded Best Morphological Analyzer for German, at the 1. Morpholympics. GERTWOL, Lingsofts' German morphological analyzer, was declared the overall winner at the first ever Morpholympics at the University of Erlangen-N"urnberg, Germany in early March. The 1. Morpholympics, where different systems for German automatic word form recognition were publicly tested, was organised by the GLDV. The main areas where GERTWOL was chosen to be a winner was: * an extensive lexicon providing excellent text coverage, * a unique compounding mechanism to handle compound words correctly and the ability to recognize new compound words, * an excellent theoretical foundation based on Prof. Kimmo Koskenniemi's Two-Level Model for morphology. Further information on GERTWOL can be obtained from Eugene Young (eyoung@ling.Helsinki.fi) or Markku Norberg (marnorbe@ling.helsinki.fi). 1. Morpholympics **************** The goal of the 1. Morpholympics was an objective, theory independent comparison of existing systems for automatic word form recognition. The following aspects were evaluated: linguistic motivation, technical design, data coverage and speed. For practical purposes, one natural language, German, was chosen as the main test language of the 1. Morpholympics. Amongst the eight teams participating in the 1. Morpholympics, Lingsoft was the only non-German team. The jury consisted of five independent judges, all professors of German from various German universities and after two days of extensive presentations and tests, Lingsofts' GERTWOL was ultimately named the WINNER. Product Information ******************* GERTWOL is a computer program for morphologically analyzing German text. The theoretical foundation of the GERTWOL-program is the Two-Level Model developed by Professor Kimmo Koskenniemi at the Research Unit for Computational Linguistics at the University of Helsinki. The present lexicon contains almost 100,000 base forms for which it recognizes and analyzes the inflected forms. GERTWOL also has an extensive ability to recognize new German compounds and a preliminary facility for derivational morphology. In addition, the conversion of infinitives and participles to nouns is handled. The GERTWOL lexicon is based on Collins German-English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Copyright 1991 HarperCollins Publishers. Substantial revisions and additions have been made to the original lexicon, as the lexicon has been tested on text corpora consisting of newsqpaper text, legal documents, weather reports, literary material, and business reports from Swiss banks. According to our present estimates GERTWOL is able to analyze more than 99% of correctly spelled (98% of unrestricted) German text and have been evaluated on over 30 million words of unrestricted news paper text. We have the following versions of the lexicon, which differ with respect to the following characteristics: - 8 bit ISO-Latin - Swiss ISO-Latin 1 - 7 bit ASCII The theoretical foundation used to produce GERTWOL has been successfully implemented for a wide number of languages and has been widely recognised as the only method applicable to any language with reasonable speeds of upto 1000 words per second with large dictionaries on mainframes and UNIX hosts. If you have any questions or would like more information, please contact: Lingsoft, Inc., Museokatu 18 A 3, FIN-00100 Helsinki, FINLAND. Tel: 358 0 499 556 / Fax: 358 0 440 602. Trademark names used throughout this document are trademarks of their respective owners. Copyright Lingsoft, Inc.[4.94] -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-463. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-464. Wed 20 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 73 Subject: 5.464 Sum: Chaos linguistics Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 03 Apr 1994 18:50:31 -0600 (CST) From: JIREEM@utxvms.cc.utexas.edu Subject: chaos linguistics -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 03 Apr 1994 18:50:31 -0600 (CST) From: JIREEM@utxvms.cc.utexas.edu Subject: chaos linguistics I received a few references on chaos linguistics after my request on LINGUIST two weeks ago, but even more requests to post what I had found. A lot of people -- both online and off -- expressed interest in chaotic modelling and suggested "there may be a lot of work to do." I also received messages from recent PhD recipients who felt that their dissertations addressed this topic; I am not including their names or addresses below because they didn't give me permission to but I would encourage them to post messages of their own. _Physique du Sens_, by Jean Petitot-Cocorda, Paris, editions du CNRS, 1992. "Fields of Attraction in Phonology," by KP Monahan, in _The Last Phonological Rule_, ed. by J. Goldsmith, 1993. _A Dynamics System Approach to Development_, by Linda Smith and Esther Thelen, MIT Press, 1993. _A Dynamics SYstem Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action_, by Linda Smith and Esther Thelen, MIT Press, forthcoming. "Chaotic Dynamics of Linguistic-like Processes at the Syntactical and Semantic Levels: In the Pursuit of a Multifractal Attractor," by John S. Nicolis and Anastassis A. Katsakis, in _Studies of Nonlinear Phenomena in the Life Sciences_, ed. by Bruce West, 1993. "Self-organizing processes and the explanation of phonological universals," by B. Lindblom, P. MacNeilage, and M. Studdert-Kennedy, in _Explanations of Linguistics_, ed by B. Butterworth, B. Comrie, and D. Dahl, 1983. _Linguistic Dynamics_, ed. by T. Ballmer, de Gruyter, 1984. For good introductory explanations of chaos and reviews of work with chaos in their respective fields, see: "Institutional Dynamics, Deterministic Chaos, and Self-Organizing Systems," by Michael J. Radzicki, in Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, 1993. "Chaos, Self-organization, and Psychology," by Scott Barton, in American Psychologist, January 1994. There is probably more material out there than what I have found in the last two weeks. I hope this bibliography is somewhat helpful for people interested in chaos and might initiate some conversations on LINGUIST. Please send me anything else that comes to mind. Thanks to everyone who responded. Michael-Jean Erard Dept. of Linguistics University of Texas at Austin -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-464. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-465. Thu 21 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 401 Subject: 5.465 Sum: Morphological analyzers Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 07:14:27 -0400 From: an995@freenet.carleton.ca (Paul Deane) Subject: Sum: Morphological analyzers -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 07:14:27 -0400 From: an995@freenet.carleton.ca (Paul Deane) Subject: Sum: Morphological analyzers I received a number of responses to my query about morphological analyzers. There are two I can publicly give on the net. In addition, a major U.S. company will soon be making a major product announcement about their morphological analyzer. And there seem to be quite a few "in-house" analyzers developed independently by various private com- panies. Most of these I cannot pass on publicly to the net without permission from the companies involved. The information I received on publicly available products follows. PC-KIMMO: >In vol 4-401 of the linguist list, Tom Donaldson posted a reply to a >similar query, so you may want to get it from the archives. I've >enclosed some excerpts from his reply pertaining to PC-KIMMO, since >I've used it myself. It's a free tool written in C for writing >morphological analyzers. It comes w/ a simple analyzer and small >lexicon for English. It can be acquired from the Consortium for >Lexical Research at clr.nmsu.edu [128.123.1.11]; cf. the >sub-directories of /pub/tools/ling-analysis. Send e-mail inquiries to >lexical@nmsu.edu. >PC-Kimmo is a microcomputer version of the KIMMO morphological analyzer >available via ftp. To contact the developers: > > Academic Computing Department > PC-KIMMO project > 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Road > Dallas, TX 75236 > U.S.A. > > phone: 214/709-3346, -2418 > fax: 214/709-24333 > email: Evan.Antworth@sil.org > >LINGSOFT,INC.: >Dear Mr. Deane, >I noticed your message in The Linguist 1/4/94 regarding to a query on >Morphological Analyzers for commercial use. >Our company has been working in this area since 1986 and have >morphological analyzers for a number of different languages, including >and especially for English. >Our systems have proved to be very fast and also provides a very wide >coverage of text analysis. Our German system have, last month, won a >competition in Germany for the best overall German morphological >analyzer amongst seven other German systems from seven different >German universities. >I have included below some information on our ENGCG (English >Constraint Grammar system) and brief information on Lingsoft and our >other products. >Our products are focused on commercial use and we are flexible in >negotiating appropriate software licenses to meet with your >requirements. >I look forward to your reply. >Best regards, >Eugene Young. ............................................................... >Eugene Young :eyoung@ling.Helsinki.fi (email) >Lingsoft, Inc. : +358 0 499 556 (ph) >Museokatu 18 A 3 : +358 0 440 602 (fax) >FIN-00100 Helsinki : >FINLAND : ............................................................... >******************** Further information follows *********************** > ENGCG - A Constraint Grammar Parser of English. >ENGCG is based on the Constraint Grammar framework originally proposed by >Prof. >Fred Karlsson. >ENGCG consists of the following main modules: >Preprocessor > * sentence boundary determination > * normalisation of typographical conventions > * detection of fixed expressions, eg. multiword prepositions and > compounds. >ENGTWOL, a TWOL-style morphological description > * 56,000 entries > * accounts for all inflected and central derived forms, > * no two-level rules, > * 147 sublexicons, > * approximately 5400 compounds, > * approximately 580 idioms, > * 159 features consisting of: > - 110 morphosyntactic features > - 18 derivational features > - 18 stylistic features > - 13 punctuator features. >Morphological Heuristics > * a heuristic module that assigns ENGTWOL-style descriptions to > those words not recognised by ENGTWOL. >ENGCG - English Constraint Grammar > i)grammar for morphological (e.g. part-of-speech) disambiguation, > * 1,100 'grammar-based' constraints, > * 99.7-100% of all words retain the appropriate morphological reading, > * 3-6% of all words remain (partly) ambiguous, > * 200 'heuristic' constraints, > * resolves some 50% of remaining ambiguities, > * after heuristic disambiguation, 99.5% or more retain the appropriate > morphological reading. > ii) grammar for determining syntactic functions > * some 200 mapping statements, > * 250 syntactic constraints that discard contextually illegitimate > syntactic-functiion tags, > * some 75-85% of all words become syntactically unambiguous, > * some 95.5-98% of all words retain the appropriate syntactic-function tag. >For the time being, texts of up to 300 words can be analysed with >ENGCG, free of charge, for testing purposes, by sending the text as an >email message to engcg@ling.helsinki.fi. The analysis is sent via >return mail. -- More specific instructions about testing ENGCG can be >obtained by sending a mail message to engcg-info@ling.helsinki.fi. >***************************************************************************** >Lingsoft, Inc. >Museokatu 18 A 3, 00100 Helsinki, Finland. Ph: 358 0 499 556 Fax: 358 0 >440 602 >_______________________________________________________________________________ >1 Introduction >Lingsoft, Inc. is a linguistic software company based in Helsinki, >Finland. Lingsoft specializes in providing high quality linguistic >software for text retrieval and information management systems with an >emphasis on the processing of English, German, Danish, Swedish, and >Finnish. The methods and technologies Lingsoft uses are language >independent, hence Lingsoft also supports Estonian, Russian, Swahili, >and will be supporting the following languages in the near future: >French, Italian, and Norwegian. >Lingsofts' business strategy is to apply state-of-the-art linguistic >technologies to enhance text retrieval and information management >systems for a variety of languages. In doing so we strive to provide >fast and accurate linguistic software that will enhance the >productivity of existing systems. We currently provide modules for: >i) search stem formation and morphological analysis for base-form >reduction of inflected forms for information retrieval; ii) >high-performing noun phrase extraction, for English, for text indexing >and information retrieval as well as robust surface syntactic analysis >for unrestricted text; iii) automatic hyphenation and spelling >verification and correction for word processing, typesetting, and desk >top publishing systems. >2 Background >--------------- >Lingsoft was founded in August 1986 by Professor Kimmo Koskenniemi, >Professor Fred Karlsson, and Mr Keijo Kaivanto. Professor Kimmo >Koskenniemi is the developer of the language independent morphological >analysis method called the "Koskenniemi Two-Level Model for >morphology" which has gained general recognition as the only method >truly applicable to any language, and reasonably efficient (with >speeds up to 1000 words per second with large dictionaries on >mainframes and UNIX hosts, and 100 words or more per second on >personal computers). >Professor Fred Karlsson is Professor of Linguistics at the University >of Helsinki and Head of Research Unit for Computational Linguistics >(RUCL). He is also the author of hyphenation logic for Finnish and >Swedish, speller for Swedish, and developer of the Constraint Grammar >Parser and grammar formalism. >Lingsoft has a team of linguists and programmers developing new >products, and a number of consulting advisers guaranteeing the best >scientific quality of the products. Mr Krister Linden, M.SC. MA., >is the managing director. >The theoretical foundations of the methods used in our software >products have been developed at the Department of General Linguistics, >and RUCL, both at the University of Helsinki. The methods developed >in Helsinki have gained worldwide recognition and are currently used >at dozens of universities around the world. >Lingsoft is also involved with several European Commission - Eureka >and LRE projects, such as GRAAL, DELIS, and TRANSTERM. In the GRAAL >project, Lingsoft is cooperating with Nokia, where the >surface-syntactic parser will be used in text-indexing and domain >specific knowledge-extraction applications. This project has several >industrial and academic partners from France, Italy, Germany, >Portugal, Greece and Switzerland, ranging from car manufacturers to >helicopter builders and telecommunications providers. Within this >project Lingsoft aims at developing a French, German and an Italian >surface-syntactic parser. In the smaller DELIS project, Lingsoft is >using the tool for corpus-processing but the aim is to develop methods >for lexical semantic descriptions. This project has members from >Germany, Italy, France, Holland and England, where the commercial >partners are dictionary publishers. >3 Summary >------------ >Lingsoft's software modules have been in successful commercial use >since 1986. Our list of clients includes, amongst others, the largest >Finnish newspaper and magazine publishers, government departments, >Finnish subsidiaries of multinational corporations, specialists in the >field of text indexing and information retrieval systems, and several >international software developers and manufacturers. >Lingsoft aims to provide high performance state-of-the-art linguistic >software in a variety of Nordic and European languages. Lingsofts' >continuous internal product development and close association with >RUCL at the University of Helsinki and other advanced computational >linguistics research facilities internationally ensures that the >methods and algorithms used are well researched and scientifically >proven. >Lingsoft is in a position to offer a variety of advanced linguistic >tools in the following areas across a number of different operating >platforms (from mainframes to PCs): > * morphological analysis and generation; > * stemming for information retrieval; > * part-of-speech tagging; > * noun phrase extraction for running text; > * surface syntactic analysis; > * grammar checkers, currently for Finnish only. > * hyphenation and spell-checking; >Our strategy is to integrate state-of-the-art linguistic technologies >to provide a fast and accurate method to further enhance the >functionality of new and existing text retrieval and information >management systems. >If you have questions, need more specific information, or need to >discuss your application, please contact Eugene Young >(eyoung@ling.helsinki.fi). >Products available: >* Base form reduction and search form production (Morphological Analyzers). > * English * Finnish * Russian > * German * Danish * Estonian > * Swedish >* Terminology identification and syntactic analysis for English. >* Hyphenation and spell-checking (languages currently supported) > * Finnish * Swedish * Russian >* Other modules: > - Finnish grammar checker > - Module for the retrieval of Russian names written according to >Finnish, Swedish, English, German, or French spelling >conventions. Converts Russian names written according to the >conventions of other languages into the Finnish convention, thus >facilitating correct matches despite the variation. >******************* >PRODUCT INFORMATION >******************** >Base form reduction and search form production (Morphological Analyzers). >------------------------------------------------------------------------- >* English: contains 75,000 base forms, recognizing over 300,000 word forms. >* German: contains 70,000 base forms, recognizing over 500,000 word >forms and an infinite number of new compounds and currently being >extended with material from German newspaper text, >* Swedish: contains almost 60,000 base forms based on the Svenska >Akademins Ordlista, which serves as the norm for the Swedish >language. correct words. >* Danish: contains 35,000 roots and was based on Bylendals >Retskrivnings Ordbogen. >* Finnish: contains 40,000 roots at the moment, but one verb root in >Finnish may have 18,000 inflected forms and one noun some 2,000 forms. >The analyzer is also able to recognise new compounds, which for all >practical purposes makes the number of recognized word forms infinite. >* Estonian: contains 35,000 base forms at the moment and a compounding >and word mechanism similar to Finnish, which for all practical >purposes makes the number of recognized word forms infinite. The >analyzer is based on Ulle Viks' Morphological Dictionary for >Estonian. >* Russian: contains approximately 80,000 base forms. It is based on >the morphological word-book of Zalisnyak, but the words have been >selected based on corpus material and extensive additions and >corrections have been made to the compounding mechanism. >Terminology identification and syntactic analysis >------------------------------------------------- >* ENGDIS: A part-of-speech disambiguator for English with 99.7-100% >correctness on restricted text with 3-6% ambiguity in the output. >* ENGIND: A noun phrase extraction tool for indexing of unrestricted >English text with a recall of 98.5-100% and a precision of 95-98%. >* ENGNPG: A noun phrase grammar with a simplified function tag set >indicating only nominal heads, nominal modifiers, verbs, adverbials, >and conjunctions for unrestricted text (correctness 99-100%, ambiguity >left 5-8%). >* ENGCG: A general surface syntactic constraint grammar with a full >functional tag set for English (correctness 96-97%, ambiguity left 10->18%). >Hyphenation and spell-checking >------------------------------ >* FINHYP9 - a high quality hyphenation algorithm for Finnish, finds >99% of the points with 99.9% correctness. It is open and rule-based >and thus able to cover any type of words, including foreign names and >technical terms. >* Finnish Spell Finder - a high speed spelling-checker with a large >compacted Finnish dictionary and a Spell Finder interface from >Microlytics, Inc. >* SWEHYP - a hyphenation algorithm for Swedish which is a rule-based >algorithm (like FINHYP), and finds hyphenation points with a >correctness of 98% or more. >* Swedish Spell Finder - a high speed spelling checker for Swedish. >Based on the two-level model and accepts compound words in an open but >controlled way with an interface from Microlytics, Inc. >* RUSHYP - a hyphenation algorithm for Russian which is a rule-based >algorithm. >* Russian Spell Finder - a high speed spelling-checker with a large >compacted dictionary and a Spell Finder interface from Microlytics, Inc. >Other language modules >---------------------- >* FINCORR - a routine for checking the correct usage of Finnish. >Detects and suggests correction of certain common errors such as the >use of commas, government (eg. 'alkaa satamaan'), and spelling of >learned words. >* RUSNOM - a module for the retrieval of Russian names written >according to Finnish, Swedish, English, German, or French spelling >conventions. Converts names written according to the conventions of >other languages into the Finnish convention, thus facilitating correct >matches despite the variation. >Information on program size and performance: >-------------------------------------------- >* Morphological Analyzers producing the baseforms and word-class tags >have data files of approximately 1.0-1.5MB (soon to be reduced by 50%) >and a 55kB driver. >*Disk space requirements for spell-checkers are 240-290kB of data and >a 50kB driver. >* Hyphenation algorithms require approximately 90kB of memory. >* The programs are currently available for Unix workstations, OS/2, >Windows and PCs with DOS/Extender. >* Language analysis performance is dependent on the language being >analysed and the tools used for the analysis. On a Sun SPARCstation >2, the analysis performance is 100-1000 words per second. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-465. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-466. Thu 21 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 1564 Subject: 5.466 Sum: Numeral Classifiers Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Apr 94 12:34:09 SST From: David Gil Subject: SUM: NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 13 Apr 94 12:34:09 SST From: David Gil Subject: SUM: NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS Summary: Numeral Classifiers (VERY LONG!) Following (better late than never) is a summary of three discussions that took place during 1993 and 1994 on the e-mail LINGUIST list, on the topic of numeral classifiers. The first discussion examines the internal syntactic constituency of constructions of the form NUMERAL CLASSIFIER NOUN. The second conversation deals with constructions of the form CLASSIFIER NOUN, where the numeral is absent. And the third conversation is concerned with constructions of the form NUMERAL NOUN, in which the classifier is absent. For each discussion, I have presented the original query, and then an edited summary of the responses. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ THE FIRST QUERY: I am fishing for constituency tests for numeral classifier constructions both in "numeral classifier languages" and in languages like English. Consider the following phrases in Mandarin and their equivalents in English: shi bang rou ten pound meat "ten pounds of meat" yi guo fan one pot rice "one pot of rice" san ge ren three unit man "three men" [no English equivalent with classifier] My gut feeling is that the constituent structure for such phrases is different in "numeral classifier languages" than in English- type languages; specifically, that it is [NUM CL] NOUN in languages like Mandarin, but NUM [CL NOUN] in languages like English. However, when I started looking for solid evidence in support of this claim, I found it surprisingly difficult to come up with good constituency tests in either English or Mandarin. I would therefore appreciate any suggestions and/or references pertaining to the constituent structure of numeral classifier constructions in any language, of either the English or the Mandarin types. Explicit constituency tests would be most welcome. (Also, I wonder whether there might be language-internal variation between different classes of classifiers, for example "measure" classifiers, eg. "pound"; "container" classifiers, eg. "pot", and others.) A further note: In numeral classifier languages, the sort of evidence I am familiar with in support of [NUM CL] NOUN constituency derives from tone sandhi (in Mandarin), the coalescence of NUM and CL into a single word (in Japanese), the ability of the [NUM CL] constituent to "float" (in Japanese), and the occurrence of NOUN NUM CL word order (in Thai). In contrast, in Vietnamese, Thompson's reference grammar seems to suggest that the constituency is NUM [CL NOUN], and the Vietnamese linguists who I've had occasion to consult would appear to agree. ******************************************************* SUMMARY OF RESPONSES: The responses were rather surprising (to me at least). With regard to "numeral classifier languages" such as Mandarin, there was a consensus that [NUM CL] NOUN is the appropriate constituency -- and nobody had anything new to contribute with respect to Vietnamese. However, with regard to English, there was also general agreement that [NUM CL] NOUN is the correct constituency -- contrary to my initial assumption. Finally, two correspondents provided valuable general comments without specifically supporting a particular constituency. In the meantime, I have applied several of the proposed constituency tests, and well as others, to Mandarin, and the case for [NUM CL] NOUN constituency seems about as clear cut as can be. However, in English, the facts still seem to me to be inconclusive. Following is a slightly edited version of the comments, arranged according to language, with the more general comments at the end. ******************************************************* JAPANESE (Alan Hyun-Oak Kim) I am very much interesting in the subject you posted. I have just finished my final draft of a paper in which I dealt with something relevant to the subject. The title of the paper is: Word Order at the Noun Phrase in Japanese: Quantifier Constructions and Discourse Functions. It is an extensively revised version of my paper originally presented at The Milwaukee Linguistics Symposium on "Word Order in Discourse" a couple of years ago. The paper will be included in a John Benjamins book edited by Noon and Downing: "Word Order in Discourse." For this study, I collected a little over 1,000 samples of Quantifier constructions from Japanese written texts (in MJ and OJ), examined them to determine the taxonomy and functions in discourse. Although I did not make any specific arguments for the Japanese Q-constructions as being in the Num-CL:N structure, one will find ample evidence for such a view. ******************************************************* CHINESE ******************** (Guy Modica) But as to your question, it seemed to me that you provided some constituency tests in your posting. Maybe this was too trivial for you to mention, but a (num-cl) constituent can stand alone, as can a (N) constituent. Therefore, a test for Vietnamese would be to check the grammaticality of the (cl-N) and (NUM) constituents in isolation, neh? ******************** (Gary Palmer) Must Mandarin numerals always occur with classifiers? If so, that would be evidence in favor of your interpretation. ******************** (Shu-ing Shyu) Maybe the following sentences can help. The N can be topicalized, and focalized. (1) Rou ta mai-le shi bang. meat he buy-ASP ten pound (2) Lian rou ta ye mai-le shi bang. even meat he also buy-ASP ten pound 'He even bought ten pounds of meat.' (3) Ta rou zhi mai yi bang. he meat only buy one pound 'He only bought one pound of meat.' ******************** (Sze-wing Tang) Have you read C.-C. Jane Tang's (1990) PhD dissertation 'Chinese Phrase Structure and the Extended X'-Theory'? She supposes that numeral and classifier both generate in a Cl(assifier) node and they function as a compound in Mandarin Chinese. ******************************************************* EASTERN AUSTRONESIAN (Malcolm Ross) I would be very interested to know whether you have got any further with this problem, as I face a similar one in trying to deal with possessive classifiers in Oceanic Austronesian languages. Incidentally, the only evidence I have on the constituency of numeral classifiers (in the few Oceanic Austronesian languages that have them) runs exactly parallel to Japanese: the numeral and the classifier coalesce into a single word. Would you like the references? There are two groups of Austronesian languages in Melanesia with numeral classifiers, the Kilivila group and the Eastern Admiralties (= Manus) group. The first has several member varieties, of which by far the best described is Kilivila (= Kiriwina) itself. Two published descriptions are: Senft, Gunter, 1986. Kilivila: the language of the Trobriand islanders. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Lawton, Ralph, 1993. Topics in the description of Kiriwina (ed. Malcolm Ross & Janet Ezard). Pacific Linguistics D-84. Canberra: Australian National University. The latter has more on classifiers, as it includes Lawton's Master's thesis on the subject. Senft has spent a lot of time studying classifiers in Kilivila, esp. in relation to children's learning of them, I think. He has numerous papers on the subject, but I have not kept up with his work. If he has not responded to your original message, you could contact him via e-mail (Gunter Senft, cogant@mpi.kun.nl) at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. The only description of an Eastern Admiralties language that comes to mind is: Hamel, Patricia J., 1985. A grammar of Loniu. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, soon to be published in Pacific Linguistics (the proofs are currently with the author). Hope this helps. These refs are descriptive, not theoretical. ******************************************************* GERMAN (Frans Plank) German arguably has numeral classifiers (Plank, Morphologische (Ir)Regularitaeten, Tuebingen: Narr, 1981: 142-8); they look like nouns but they differ from them in failing to inflect, with the numeral-classified noun or rather an adjective accompanying it taking the appropriate case inflection - e.g. nach drei Glas Bier, lit. after three glass beer (also possible, though subtly differing in meaning: nach drei Glaesern Bier, with Glaesern, dative plural as required by the preposition, a straight noun), nach drei Glas warmem Bier "after three glass warm-DatSg beer" (but you probably also get: nach drei Glaesern warmem Bier "after three glasses-DatPl warm-DatSg beer"). Dissociation/fronting may suggest that the classifier forms a constituent with the numeral: (1) Er hat drei Glas (warmes) Bier getrunken he has three glass (warm-AccSg) beer drunk (2) (Warmes) Bier hat er drei Glas getrunken (warm) beer has he three glass drunk (3) *Glas (warmes) Bier hat er drei getrunken, Flaschen nur eine glass (warm) beer has he three drunk, bottles only one (3) may not be ungrammatical, but sounds to me much worse than (2). My judgment needs checking, though. (Added in proof: I have asked two natives now: neither accepts (3) as even marginally possible.) (Nouns ending in -en in the plural, such as Flasche/Flaschen, do not form classifiers.) There is probably no such difference with the inflected- noun alternative (but one would have to check this too with other natives): (4) Er hat drei Glaeser (warmes) Bier getrunken He has three glasses (warm-AccSg) beer drunk (5) (Warmes) Bier hat er drei Glaeser getrunken (6) ?Glaeser (warmes) Bier hat er drei getrunken, Flaschen nur eine If the numeral-classified noun is accompanied by an adjective or case-inflecting determiner, you get a further alternative construction, viz. a plain genitive. What about constituency here? Hard to tell, because any dissociations are odd. (7) Er hat drei Glaeser warmen/dieses Bieres getrunken he has three glasses warm-GenSg/this-GenSg beer-GenSg drunk (8) *Warmen/*Dieses Bieres hat er drei Glaeser getrunken (9) ?Glaeser warmen/dieses Bieres hat er drei getrunken ******************************************************* ENGLISH ******************** (Jim Hurford) Question: How much rice did he eat? Answer: Three pots Conventional way of itemizing things in a shopping list: Sugar, 3 pounds Bread, 2 loaves Wine, 4 bottles The following is more artificial than the first above question/answer sequence: Question: What did he eat three of? Answer: Pots of rice. ******************** (Paul Kershaw) An obvious substitution: I got ten pounds of butter and several (more) of cheese. This suggests that English is [Num Cl] Nn, not the other way. ******************** (John Koontz) For English, as a constituency test, how about the possibility of: one battered pot of rice (vs. one fragrant pot of rice) one rather generous pound of meat (vs. one smelly pound of meat) poss., two well-horned head of cattle (vs. two emaciated head of cattle) etc. where the inserted modifier applies to the classifier/measure, not to the number phrase as a whole and not to the noun. > Since my previous message, I've been pondering some more over your examples, and it seems to me that the crucial ones are those like one fragrant pot of rice where the modifier seems to take in its scope a [CL N] constituent; in > the above example [pot of rice]. Is this what you had in mind? As far as I can recall, yes. I don't have a copy of the letter in hand. I think I supplied a series of examples of the form Numeral Modifier Classifier/Measure [of] Noun, in some of which the modifier applied to Measure, while in others a different modifier applied to the measured Noun instead. However, I suppose that the latter sort of example can be handled with whatever technique is used for forms like `a polite cigar told me that she'd just left' or `an elegant suit was just taking my seat', etc. Incidentally, I notice that `a battered ricepot' is possible, but *`a fragrant ricepot' isn't. I think the problem is that in the latter fragrant has to apply to pot, whereas in `a fragrant pot of rice' it can apply to either pot or rice (and has to apply to rice, logically). ******************************************************* ******************** (Stavros Macrakis) I'd think you could do tests along the lines of: I bought ten pounds of meat. I bought ten pounds and three ounces of meat. How much did you buy? Ten pounds. How many pounds did you buy? Ten. How many pounds of meat did you buy? Ten. What did you buy? Meat. What did you buy? *Pounds of meat. (acceptable in the sense "a lot") Meat is sold by the pound. Same pattern for "head of cattle", "cases/bottles of beer", "loaves of bread", "lengths of rope", "lengths/skeins of yarn". There is marginal acceptability when the classifier distinguishes kinds of material, e.g. What did you buy? ?Lengths of yarn. vs. What did you buy? Skeins of yarn. I have no theoretical proposals, but perhaps this kind of construction will be helpful. ******************************************************* UNIVERSAL ******************** (Pamela Downing) In response to your query on LINGUIST, I'd say that the kinds of tests you're looking at seem to make sense to me and apply in many, many classifier languages (NUMERAL classifier languages, that is). I'd also add the fact that numeral + classifier phrases can appear without benefit of a co-occurring noun in most of these languages as evidence in favor of your intuition that the split is between the noun and the numeral + classifier phrase in most cases. Maybe you're getting different responses from your Vietnamese informants because of the murkiness of the noun - classifier line, and of the classifier construction - compound noun line in Vietnamese, something that may not be such a problem in many other classifier languages. As for references, I suppose you're already aware of Greenberg's papers: "Numeral classifiers and substantival number: problems in the genesis of a linguistic type" Working Papers on Language Universals 9:1-39 (1972). and "Dynamic aspects of word order in the numeral classifier" in Charles Li, ed. Word Order and Word Order Change. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1975. Pp 27-45. On Vietnamese, there's also Karen Adams 1982 dissertation, Systems of Classification in the Mon-Khmer, Nicobarese, and Aslian Subfamilies of Austroasiatic. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan) UMI order # 8304433 (I think) Shigeru Miyagawa discusses some of the constituency issues in Structure and Case Marking in Japanese (Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 22) Academic Press, 1989 and cites some other papers by Mamoru Saito that you might be interested in. I have a paper on Q-Float in Japanese (from a functionalist perspective) which makes a fair number of references to other languages as well which was supposed to have come out in the Journal of Linguistics in March but which has still not appeared. Akio Kamio has also written some stuff on the constituent structure of classifier phrases in Japanese, if you can read it or get someone who can, e.g., Kihon Koozoo. Tokyo: Sanseidoo. Pp. 77- 126. 1983. ******************** (Jim Hurford) As far as I know, in numeral classifier languages, the classifier ALWAYS come adjacent to the numeral. That is, of the 6 possible orders: NUM CL NOUN CL NUM NOUN NOUN NUM CL NOUN CL NUM occur, but NUM NOUN CL CL NOUN NUM don't occur. Don't ask me for chapter and verse on this right now. ******************************************************* GENERAL COMMENTS ******************** (David Stampe) If you consider things like Engl. `stick of candy' or `head of beef' or `piece of ass', it seems to me that one good reason for taking the so-called classifier to go with the noun, rather than a numeral, is that its role is to furnish an individuation of a so- called "mass" concept. But in a language like Chinese where there happens to be no special class of count nouns, probably because there is no plural to demarcate them, so all nouns are treated like mass nouns, it would not be surprising that since numerals always take classifiers, while nouns don't (unless they're being counted), the constituency might go the other way. There are some Munda languages (India) in which only cattle and people take classifiers, and they tend to coalesce with the numbers, e.g. two-man men, two-head cows. (Munda languages have plurals even on these nouns.) But coalescence can't be taken uncritically. Unaccented elements tend to attach rather permanently to preceding accented elements, and not to following ones, for exactly the same reason that unaccented syllables can shorten a preceding accented syllable, but not a following one: rhythmic measures in speech as in music are isochronous groupings including everything from the accent up to the next accent, unless there is a clear morphosyntactic (or harmonic) boundary that prevents it. So for example Norwegian det hund `the dog' remains two words while the younger hundet (also `the dog') has coalesced as one word. More generally, postpositions readily become case suffixes while prepositions rarely if ever become case prefixes (to answer a question Donegan and I left open in our 1983 paper cited below). In fact often they attach to anything accented that precedes them: two-a those. So, if NUM CL NOUN -> NUMCL NOUN, as in Munda, that may not be conclusive evidence of the (original) constituency. And for the synchronic construction, it seems to me that NUMCL is simply an inflected numeral, not a construction at all. Speakers don't identify the meaning of the suffix even though it's phonetically similar to the words for head, man, etc. It has become part of the morphology; the question of syntactic constituency has become moot. I don't have any novel syntactic tests to suggest, but recent student papers and dissertations I've read on classifiers in mainland SE Asian languages have made me suspect, in languages that differ from the areally usual head - modifier pattern only in their classifier/noun order, that whatever element is ordered last is being interpreted as a modifier. Otherwise how are we to understand such apparent deviations from their uniform head - modifier order? Maybe the usual tests about what can be omitted (under what circumstances) could be tried to test the head vs modifier status of the elements, but I haven't done this systematically. The floating of the [NUM CL] phrase in Japanese, which I hadn't heard about, might furnish a special test, if it depends on what is assumed and what is new in the particular utterance. Novel information tends to be treated as modifier, according to a general hypothesis put forth in a paper by Patricia Donegan and me on word order, drift, accent, etc., in the Chicago Linguistic Society Parasession on the Interplay of Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax (1983), that the modifier (which can be questioned relative to the head) is accented relative to the head, and word order typology and drift correlate with accentual typology and drift, would suggest some tests involving possible interrogatives and possible accentuations. It is not hard to imagine that `two bushels of rice' could answer a question about `what kind of bushels?' (as indeed it does in grain market quotes, where NUM CL i.e. one bushel is omitted, and only the NOUNs are given: corn, oats, etc.) as well a question about `how much rice?'. Note that we CAN ask in English `How many sticks of candy?' or `How many head of cattle?', taking the [CL NOUN] as given and asking for a numeral modifier. (We can't very well ask (with normal interrogative structure) `six what of candy?', `six sticks of what?', etc. It's interesting that by various tests, demonstratives often vary from being modifiers to being heads in various languages. Most grammarians bridle at the idea of noun modifying a demonstrative, but by the test of omissibility it is common enough to be able to say just `that' for `that hat'. One doesn't even have to know that `that' refers to a hat: we can ask `What's that on your head?'. Regardless of whether the language requires numeral classifiers, the order NUM NOUN is found in many languages which normally put modifiers last. I would guess that this pattern comes from the order of NUM modifiers of other NUMs. In most languages, NUM NUM puts a modifying (multiplier) number before the head (multiplicand, if I don't have the math terms backwards), e.g. three hundred = 300, in small large order, while conjoined (added) numbers are in the order large small, e.g. hundred three = 103. I explained the large+small order as due to new-information-last in counting (twenty-EIGHT, twenty-NINE, THIRTY, thirty-ONE) in a paper in the 1976 CLS, and then noted that combining this with small*large order in multiplying makes any number self-parsing. (Exceptions to large+small come mainly in compounds in languages or earlier stages of languages where accent was initial, e.g. TWO-and-twenty, THREE-and-twenty, etc., or frozen in THIRteen, FOURteen, etc. The law that new information goes on the accent is even less breakable than the new-information-last law.) Whatever the explanation, the pattern of NUM-modifier NUM-head is so common that it could influence the pattern of NUM-modifier NOUN-head. It is interesting to speculate whether this pattern could extend to MODIFIER NOUN phrases in general, and explain the use of MODIFIER NOUN in Chinese and ADJ NOUN in English, where normally modifiers are after heads. But Donegan and I think (I don't think we got this into our1983 paper) that these oddities are due rather to the influence of the MODIFIER-NOUN pattern in the thousands of nominal compounds in English (and other Germanic languages) and in Chinese. Latin lacked many such compounds, and Romance had nothing to prevent Latin's ADJ NOUN pattern from becoming (except in fixed phrases) NOUN ADJ. There is a mirror image oddity in Tibetan: normally modifier first, but NOUN MODIFIER, and with thousands of NOUN-MODIFIER nominal compounds. Ironically if we assume that the compounds came from noun phrases, this means that prehistoric Chinese must have been modifier-first while prehistoric Tibetan must have been modifier-last. (We'll let the Sino-Tibetanists solve that. :-) ******************** (Edith Moravcsik) This is re constituency within numeral classifier phrases. Some evidence might come from coordination. If, in saying 'two pots of rice and four pots of rice make six pots of rice', you can say "two pots and four pots of rice...", this would support "two pots" being a single phrase. If you have to say "two and four pots of rice...", this would go against this analysis. Another source of evidence may be ellipsis in answers. If, to the question 'How many pots of rice do you have?', you can say " Three pots.", this supports NUM-CLS as a phrasal unit; if you have to say "Three.", this would go against this claim. Ellipsis in coordination may also help. If in a language you can say "I ate three pots of rice and he ate four pots.", this would support NUM-CLS phrasehood; if you say "I ate three pots of rice and he ate four.", this is against the claim. A further source of evidence might be interruptability. Can anything go between NUM and CLS; or between CLS and N? Non-interruptability of either sequence would support phrase-hood. Also, pronouns: do question and relative pronouns stand for NUM only or for NUM-CLS? It seems very likely to me, too, that different classifiers would participate in different constituency relations relative to the Num and the N. Perhaps different NUM-s and different N-s do, too. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ THE SECOND QUERY In languages with numeral classifiers, the most common construction is of the form (abstracting away from word order) (1) [NUM CL N] ie. a tripartite construction consisting of numeral, classifier and noun in some order. However, in some languages with numeral classifiers, there exists an alternative "bare classifier" construction of the form (2) [CL N] ie. a bipartite construction consisting only of classifier and noun. The purpose of this query is to solicit any information, data, thoughts or references that anybody out there may have on the bare classifier construction in (2). So far, I have come across bare classifier constructions in two languages. In Vietnamese they appear to be quite common; in all the examples I have seen cited, the interpretation of the resulting NP is singular, and in most or all of the examples it is also definite. For example "con cho" "CL dog" "the dog". In Mandarin they are much less frequent, and seem to be constrained in their distribution in various ways; from informant work here in Singapore, the interpretation of the resulting NP is singular (like Vietnamese) but invariably indefinite (unlike Vietnamese). (Note: for a construction to qualify as a bare-classifier construction, it is necessary that the numeral classifier not double as a member of some other category, eg. noun. For example, in Vietnamese, many classifiers are also nouns; however, some classifiers aren't, and it's the latter that provide the true examples of bare-classifier constructions.) So here are some more specific questions: (a) To speakers of Vietnamese: is it really the case that bare- classifier NPs are always singular and definite? (b) To speakers of (or linguists familiar with) numeral-classifier languages other than Vietnamese and Chinese: does your language have bare-classifier constructions? Please note that I would be equally appreciative of negative evidence (especially such that I could quote) to the effect that language X DOESN'T have bare-classifier constructions. So what about Japanese? Korean? Khmer? Thai? Any other numeral-classifier languages? (c) To speakers of languages with bare-classifier constructions: any examples, information, references, thoughts, etc. would be extremely welcome. ******************************************************* SUMMARY OF RESPONSES With regard to Vietnamese (question (a)), Helge Dyvik provided a very detailed and specific response, showing that in Vietnamese, bare classifier constructions may be interpreted as either definite or indefinite, and as either specific or non-specific -- though, like in Mandarin, they are always singular. More generally (questions (b) and (c)), the pattern of responses was too spotty to draw any firm cross-linguistic conclusions. In particular, different respondents often differ as to whether bare classifier constructions occur in the same language. (This variability is consistent with my own informant work on Mandarin, in which different speakers frequently offer very different judgements with regard to such constructions.) Geographically, the occurrence of the bare classifier construction appears to focus on the Chinese-Vietnamese area. According to the responses, it is marginally attested in Japanese and Korean, and sporadically in various Tai languages; however, it is said to be absent from one Karen dialect, and from Samoan. (Unfortunately, I still have no information on many linguistic areas with numeral classifiers, such as North-East India, Melanesia and Central America.) Semantically, the bare classifier construction usually interpreted as singular, exceptions being provided by the marginal constructions in Japanese and Korean, and perhaps also by the Tai language Lungming. As for (in)definiteness, here the facts appear to be of considerable interest. Whereas in Mandarin, Shanghainese and Teochew the construction may only be interpreted as indefinite, in Cantonese and in Vietnamese, definite interpretations are also available. This seems to suggest a north-south pattern, with the availability of definite interpretations increasing from north to south; however, Thai appears to pattern with the northern Chinese languages, with only indefinite interpretations. Following is a slightly edited version of the comments, arranged according to language. ******************************************************* SAMOAN (Arnfinn M. Vonen) A lot of Polynesian languages have a classifier (in Samoan to'a-) occurring with numerals (which are often relative clause predicates as in (i)) when the counted entities are human beings. Samoan: (i) le tagata e to'a-tasi SPEC.SG person NONPAST HUMAN-one 'one person' \ tagata e to'a-lua SPEC.PL person NONPAST HUMAN-two 'two persons' This classifier is not 100% obligatory; e.g., it is rarely used when one is actually counting people aloud. The occurrence of the classifier is totally dependent on the presence of the numeral: (ii) * le to'a-tagata Some Polynesian languages, e.g., Samoan, have a number of other classifiers as well, mainly restricted to use with nouns denoting various food items. Their syntactic properties are largely the same as those of to'a. Quite a few of them are either suffixed or prefixed to the numeral; in the latter case they denote ten times as many items, as in lua-lau (two-CL) 'two (large fish)' vs. lau-lua (CL-two) 'twenty (large fish)'. Many of the food classifiers are becoming obsolete and are little used, as the way of life in Samoa is changing. The following list is somewhat simplified; e.g., a ligative element sometimes intrudes between the numeral and the classifier: -aea 'scores (20) of coconuts' afii- 'tens of bundles of fish' (cf. afii 'bundle of fish') -'au/'au- '(tens of) bananas, yams, etc.' (cf. 'au 'team' or 'au 'stalk') -'aui/'aui- 'tens of skipjack' (certain dialects) -fua/fua- '(tens of) breadfruit, coconuts, fowls, or certain shellfish' (cf. fua 'fruit, flower, egg') -lau/lau- '(tens of) fish large enough for cooking wrapped in a leaf' (cf. lau 'leaf') -mata/mata- '(tens of) taro' (perhaps cf. mata 'eye' or mata 'raw'?) -'ofu/'ofu- '(tens of) bundles of food (except fish)' (cf. 'ofu 'dress, garment, clothes') -oa 'pairs of coconuts or young pigs' pootoi- 'tens of balls of food' (cf. pootoi 'ball of food') sautua- 'layers (of paper, ropes etc.)' tau- 'things in bunches or clusters (e.g., coconuts)' -tino/tino- '(tens of) skipjack' (certain dialects) tua- 'rows, layers, thicknesses etc.' tu'e- 'tens of crabs or lobsters' (cf. tu'e 'edible part of crab or lobster') In cases not covered by any of the classifiers, no classifiers are used. Source: Mosel, U. & E. Hovdhaugen. 1992. _Samoan Reference Grammar_. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Pp. 190, 246-250. Thought you might be interested in a classifier system apparently more based upon function (food value) than upon such standard formal parameters as shape. But the classifiers never occur without a numeral. ******************************************************* JAPANESE ******************** (Francis Bond) Japanese is a numeral-classifier language, but doesn't have bare classifier constructions. Thus while (1) and (2) below are fine, (3) and (4) are impossible. (1) inu ippiki `dog one small-animal' (2) ippiki-no inu `one small-animal of dog' (3) * hiki inu `small-animal dog' (4) * inu hiki `dog small-animal' where small-animal is the classifier used for dogs. I confirmed this with the native speaker seated on my right. ******************** (Peter Hendriks) For counters in Japanese, a good place to start is S. E. Martin (1975) A reference grammar of Japanese, pp. 766-782, and references contained therein. One possible example of a bare-classifier in Japanese might be - bai "times", as in: Ooki-sa wa bai gurai aru deshoo 'size' TOP. "times" approx. 'have' 'probably' "As for size, it is probably about twice as big" "bai" by itself (the numeral would precede it, for ex: san-bai 'three times' ni-bai 'twice') is the ony one in Japanese that I can think of at the moment which can occur without a numeral. When it does, it means 'twice'. "bai" is not used as a noun or as any other part of speech. ******************************************************* KOREAN ******************** (Chung-Min Lee) Not easy to describe. Ton phwun -ina iss -nun saram -i way kuren cis -ul hayss-ul- kka? money cl as much as Rel man Nom why such behavior-Accdid- Presum-Q 'Why did a man who has at least some amount of money do such a thing?' N Cl -ina (or -irato) became almost frozen (idiomatic). ******************** (Hyunoo Lee) As far as I know of Korean, there exist no such bare classifier construction. In this language, classifiers must be accompanied by numerals or some quantifiers. ******************************************************* SHANGHAINESE (Bao Zhi Ming) Shanghainese has a bare numeral classifier construction with a singular indefinite interpretation similar to Mandarin. ******************************************************* TEOCHEW [SINGAPOREAN] (Geraint Wong) Teochew has a bare numeral classifier construction with a singular indefinite interpretation similar to Mandarin. ******************************************************* CANTONESE ******************** (Marjorie K. M. Chan) Mandarin Chinese does not permit it, but Cantonese Chinese does. Hence, Cantonese Chinese allows both: [Num CL N] and [CL N]. ******************** (Hilary Chappell) Re Chinese classifiers - Cantonese works similarly to Vietnamese from your description. Bare classifiers code definiteness of the noun referent. Cantonese is quite unlike Mandarin in this respect. ******************** (Ho Chee Lick) Cantonese has a bare numeral classifier construction with a singular interpretation, but unlike Mandarin, it may be interpreted as either indefinite or definite. ******************** (Dan Jurafsky) Cantonese looks like Vietnamese, not like Mandarin. (In fact, this is exciting for me, since I've been collecting various evidence for the (well-known) position that Cantonese has a strong south- east asian leaning/substratum.) So bare-classifier NP's are singular and DEFINITE. Definite example: (note no numeral) Q: Where did i write that address? A: you wrote it on that sheet of paper gloss of answer: WROTE AT FLAT-CLASSIFIER PAPER LOCATIVE- PARTICLE Indefinite example: (Note required numeral) Do you have a sheet of paper? YOU HAVE NOT HAVE ONE FLAT-CLASSIFIER PAPER? Another definite example: (again, no numeral) Where's the book? BOOK-CLASSIFIER BOOK AT WHERE? Incidentally, since Cantonese is usually thought to have a Thai substrate, i would look at Thai if i were you, i bet it acts like this too. ******************************************************* VIETNAMESE ******************** (Helge Dyvik) I am definitely not a speaker of Vietnamese, but I studied Vietnamese classifiers at one point and tried to find an answer to the same question that you ask. Hence I would be grateful if you would share the answers you get with me (or perhaps you intend to post a summary to the list?). Writers on Vietnamese generally claim that "con cho", "cai ban" express definiteness, which ought to mean unique reference: the presupposition on the part of the speaker that the hearer is able to identify the referent uniquely. I consulted four Vietnamese informants, asking them whether a sentence like "Toi thay cai ban" 'I see the/a table' would be acceptable in a situation where the hearer has no previous knowledge of a particular table, the table is not visible to him, and the speaker knows it. The informants were unanimous in voting 'yes': this would be possible. Assuming that they really understood the kind of situation I sketched, this indicates that definiteness is not (necessarily) expressed by the construction, although it often *translates* definite constructions in Western languages. On the other hand, singular reference seems to be clearly expressed by the construction - not surprisingly, given the individuating function of classifiers. One might speculate that the construction expresses *specific* reference - but it can occur in opaque contexts without such reference. The informants tell me that "Toi tinh mua con cho" 'I plan to buy the/a dog' can be used when the speaker has no specific dog in mind. Still, there is some kind of specificity or scope-related effect involved - cf. the following pattern of grammaticality from Phong: "Le probleme des classificateurs en Vietnamien" (1975), p. 11: Meo so chuot cat fear mouse 'Cats feat mice' Con meo so chuot 'The cat fears mice' Con meo so con chuot 'The cat fears the mouse' *Meo so con chuot If the "con chuot" construction expresses something like relatively wide scope of the existential quantifier, this pattern is explained given that topic position also expresses relatively wide scope, which is standardly assumed. For then we get a conflict of scope indicators in the last example. (These are my reflections, not Phong's.) Cantonese has the same construction, by the way. > You also say that it's quite natural for these constructions to be > interpreted as singular, given the individuating function of > classifiers. But isn't it still puzzling that plural is ruled out: > after all, strictly speaking, classifiers force *count* > interpretations, which can be either singular or plural. I agree: I put it a little too simply. But assuming that individuation/countability is the marked option in Vietnamese (our plurals usually translating as nouns with a non-discrete collective interpretation), it seems justified to ask: why individuate if you don't give us the cardinality of the set by means of a numeral? It seems difficult to imagine any reason except the intention to denote a single individual. ******************** (Stephen H. Houchen) I have been learning Vietnamese for about a year now, and thought I might respond to your query. Such "bare classifier" constructions are very common in Vietnamese and in many cases grammatically mandatory. Ex: cai' muo^~ng = spoon cai = inanimate object classifier chie^'c du` = umbrella chie^'c = " " " con heo = pig con = animal or child ngu+o+`i cha = father ngu+o+`i = person etc... It is never correct to say "muo^~ng" without the classifier, for example. With other words, the classifier is optional. To answer your question, as far as I have seen, [CL N] is always definite and singular. Usually to indicate an indefinite noun, the form is [mo^.t CL N] where "mo^.t" is "one", "a", or "an". Note that there is also a pluralizer "ca'c" that can replace the usual classifier to emphasize plurality. Ex: ngu+o+`i ba.n = friend, but ca'c ba.n = friends. This type of construct seems to correspond to both definite and indefinite in English. Is this what you're looking for? ******************************************************* THAI (Wirote Aroonmanakun) - Thai do have a bare-classifier construction as N-CL. Example: paak1kaa0 daam2 pen CL - This construction is not widely used. We may view it as a deletion of indefinite "one" in a construction N-CL-"one", which is not the usual form of numerative NP (N-Num-CL). So, it's singular but indefinite. It'll be definite if it is followed by demonstrative markers, "this", "that". - This construction could be intervened by Aspectual marker. pai0 yip1 paak1kaa0 maa0 daam2 (nung0) go pick pen (COME) CL one ******************************************************* LAO [BUA] (Connor Ferris) This dialect of Lao (spoken in Nan, Thailand) has no bare numeral classifier construction. ******************************************************* EASTERN KAYAH LI [RED KAREN] & TAI (David Solnit) I can tell you a bit about Eastern Kayah Li (Red Karen), which I have write a grammar of (presently seeking a publisher). I'm pretty sure I know what you mean by bare clf constructions, and I think Kayah Li doesn't really have them. We may need to refine the terminology and definitions before finally deciding though. Briefly, Kayah Li clf's, which I consider a special type of Noun, include a fairly large subclass that I call Configurational, since it includes most of the clf's having to do with shape. Configurational clf's, besides functioning in the typical |N Num/Clf| frame (numerals and classifiers appear in both orders with respect to each other, depending on the lexical items filling the slots), also are Bound Nouns appearing as heads of compound Nouns. E.g. (impressionistic transcription) bo is clf for long flexible things like snakes, rivers, ropes; it also is the head of compound N's tare bo 'candle' (tare 'wax'), kheh bo 'ladder' (kheh perhaps 'leg'). Many compounds formed with Conf.Clf's take the (same) clf for counting, but some take a different clf. I take it that you would consider these to be clfs that can also be nouns, hence not examples of bare clf constructions. My impression is that Standard Thai doesn't have bare clf constructions, or not extensively, but that many (maybe most) other Tai languages do. They may not always be singular and definite, though. For instance Lungming, a Central Tai language, has cang4 'clf for doors or stories of a building', also appearing in cang4 lyyn4 'an apartment, flat' (lyyn4 'house', /y/ here is the high back unround vowel). On the other had there is kaa5 'a clf of very vague meaning, sometimes roughly equivalent to English "the, that, those"; frequently its function seems to be to mark the following word as a noun)'. This Lungming material is from Wm. J. Gedney, The Tai dialect of Lunging: glossary, texts and translations, T. J. Hudak (ed.), Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia *39 I believe there are many other Tai languages with similar examples. ******************************************************* TZELTAL & WESTERN AMAZONIAN (Mike Maxwell) As for classifiers, I'm familiar (more or less) with two cases. One is Tzeltal (a Mayan language), which has numeral classifiers: the classifiers go on the numerals. I think that is the "standard" sort of classifier, what people mean when they talk about classifiers. The other case occurs in numerous unrelated languages of western Amazonia (and perhaps elsewhere in Amazonia, for all I know). I've looked at languages of the Tucanoan and Boran families, as well as Waorani (Auca), the latter a language of eastern Ecuador with no known relatives. Classifiers function remarkably the same in all of these languages, the only major variation being how many there are. But I would not call them *numeral* classifiers, for they have nothing particular to do with numerals. Why call them classifiers, then? Because they are affixes (for the most part) that represent shapes (or other salient characteristics, but generally shape-related). Unlike Mayan numeral classifiers, these classifiers go on all nouns and adjectives (to the extent that these languages can be said to have adjectives); some of them can also function as nominalizers on verbs. Nearly all inanimate, nonabstract nouns take classifiers, as do all adjective-like words that refer to those nouns. One exception (found in all three language groups I listed above) is plants, which can either take classifiers (in which case they refer to parts of the plants, such as leaves or seeds) or not take classifiers (in which case they refer to the plant in the abstract). There seems to be a gradation between classifiers which are clearly suffixes, and those which are more or less independent nouns but enter into a compound noun construction when they serve as classifiers. Finally, there may not be a clear distinction between classifiers, which go on inanimate nouns, and gender markers, which (in these languages) go on animate nouns. Putting it differently, classifiers in these languages serve as an extended gender system. What distinguishes the extended gender systems in these languages from so-called gender systems in languages like Swahili (I don't really know anything about Swahili, so I could be wrong) is that in Swahili, "gender" classes are largely arbitrary, whereas in these Amazonian languages the classes are semantically based. (The semantic basis can sometimes be a bit obscure, for instance when words for "canoe" and "machete" take the same classifier--apparently referring to the way both curve to a point.) Well, I've rambled enough, and I don't even know if this is what you're looking for. I think you were interested in the syntax: in these Amazonian languages, NPs composed of more than a single word (apart from compounding) are quite rare. Usually if you want to modify a nominal concept with an adjective-like word, you just use the adjective + classifier and leave out the noun, since it's redundant given the classifier. But occasionally you hear modifier + noun constructions, and so far as I know you always get the classifier on both words. I think the reason both Mayan-type classifiers and numeral-type classifiers are called "classifiers" is that both are affixes that denote shapes, and both go on modifiers (although the Amazonian ones go on nouns as well). I would say that the Mayan ones are simply more restricted morphologically, although one could argue that there's more to it than that. As for whether numeral classifiers go on anything other than numerals in Mayan languages, to my knowledge the answer is "no". But I'm not really qualified to say--there are lots of "real" Mayanists out there; I hope some of them will answer! @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ THE THIRD QUERY: In "numeral-classifier languages" such as Vietnamese and Mandarin, it is often claimed that the use of a numeral classifier is "obligatory" when a noun occurs in construction with a numeral. I am interested in knowing whether -- contrary to the above claim -- there may be certain contexts in which the classifier is in fact optional. One likely context is that of restaurants and cafes. In Vietnamese, when a waiter takes an order from a table and shouts it back to the kitchen, s/he will typically omit the classifier, eg. (diacritics omitted) [hai ga ba bo] "two chicken three beef" (at a noodle stall), or [hai ca-phe den mot nuoc cam] "two coffee black one water orange" (at a drinks stall). In contrast, in (the Singaporean dialect of) Mandarin, in similar contexts, it is my impression that the classifier is usually or always present, though, quite often, the numeral-plus-classifier expression will occur after the noun, rather than in its "canonical" position before it, eg. [kafei yi bei] "coffee one cup". My query is thus addressed to speakers of "numeral-classifier languages", or linguists living in communities of "numeral- classifier language" speakers. I would therefore like to hear from speakers of or persons familiar with Japanese, Korean, the various Chinese languages spoken in the PRC, ROC and Hong Kong, Khmer, Thai, Burmese, Nepali, or any other "numeral-classifier language". Specifically, I would like to know whether, in your language, there are contexts (such as restaurants and cafes) in which the numeral classifier can be omitted, as would appear to be the case in Vietnamese, or whether the numeral classifier must indeed always be present, as is perhaps the case in Singaporean Mandarin. I would also appreciate any theoretical comments on this issue, and speculation on what factors might underlie the apparent difference between Vietnamese and Mandarin (eg. maybe the numeral-plus-classifier constituent constitutes two words in Vietnamese but a single word in Mandarin). ******************************************************* SUMMARY OF RESPONSES: The main result to emerge from the responses is that numeral classifiers may be omitted in certain specific contexts, as in Vietnamese, in two additional languages -- Thai and Japanese. The Thai data would appear to be the most robust. With regard to Japanese, some of the putative examples of numerals without classifiers involve the "native Japanese" numbers (hitotsu, futatsu, etc.), which actually do contain a classifier "-tsu". However, the responses do contain additional unquestionable examples of numerals without classifiers. Another possible example of numerals without classifiers -- though apparently more restricted -- comes from the Taibei dialect of Mandarin. However, a purported example from the Singaporean dialect of Hokkien contains no classifier but also no numeral, and so does not satisfy the criteria put forward in the query. >From the responses that came in, the only example of a language in which the classifier can never be omitted is Beijing Mandarin -- which would be consistent with my own impressions vis a vis the Singaporean dialect of Mandarin. Thus, the facts would seem to belie the parenthetical speculation at the end of the query, to the effect that wordhood is the relevant factor: in Japanese, the numeral-plus-classifier constituent would appear, if anything, to be more closely bound than in Mandarin; nevertheless, the classifier is omissible in Japanese but not in Mandarin. Finally, a couple of responses pointed to the omission of the classifier in similar contexts in English, as in "four coffee". One respondent wonders "what general conclusions can one draw from all this?" None so far. But given the presumably equal functional/communicative factors at play in all languages, it would seem to me as though the observed cross-linguistic variation in classifier omissibility could only reflect some (as yet hidden) structural property distinguishing between numeral classifier constructions in different languages. JAPANESE ******************** (Emily Bender) I am an exchange student from UC Berkeley living in Japan for one year. I saw your query on the LINGUIST list, and brought it in to my colleagues in the linguistics department at Tohoku University. As you probably already know, Japanese has a very developed system of numeral classifiers, which is said to be starting to simplify itself (for example, many people don't know that rabbits are "supposed" to be counted like birds). Basically, there are Sino-Japanese numbers (ichi, ni, san...) and native Japanese numbers (hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu...) but the Japanese numbers only go up to 10. Most things are counted by suffixing the classifier to the Sino-Japanese numeral (or rarely to the Japanese number). There are two default counting systems, to be used when the appropriate classifier is not known, or, because it is rare, it would be strange (showing-off?) to use it. These are a) the Japanese numbers and b) Sino-Japanese numbers plus the classifier 'ko'. Everyday objects with well-known classifiers can not usually be counted in this way (books, pens, cups of coffee, etc.) However, as you mention in your query, there are exceptions. When ordering coffee (or anything else in a restaurant) one is *required* to use the Japanese numerals. Thus, "koohii futatsu" would be "two coffees please" while "koohii nihai" ('hai/bai/pai' is the classifier for drinks served in low cups) would imply that the same person was going to drink both cups of coffee. When I first asked the question, to make sure that the classifier is generally required, I used books for an example. Books are usually counted with 'satsu'. If one were to use 'hitotsu, futatsu' it could only be a context where one was referring to the content of the book ("it took him 10 years to write that one book") and not actual objects. If one were to use 'hitotsu, futatsu' for the actual objects, it would "sound like something a three-year-old would say." 'satsu' can be used in either context, and is unmarked in either case. One friend commented that pizzas are ordered with 'hitotsu, futatsu' when one is in the restaurant, but are more likely to be counted with the classifier ('mai' in this case, the classifier for thin, flat things) when ordered over the phone. Other participants in the conversation promptly disagreed. Tickets into museums, movie theaters, etc., can be ordered with 'mai' (see above) or 'ri/nin', the classifier for people. For example, 'gakusei ichimai' "one student (ticket)" or 'gakusei hitori' "one student." It was noted that the classifier may be dropped for numbers over ten, so 'gakusei juugo' "fifteen students" sounds fairly natural. (I didn't ask at the time, but from my own knowledge of the language, I would add that in other cases where one is counting people, the classifier is needed no matter how big the number is. For example, 'kono machi no jinkoo wa gosen-nin desu' "This town's population is 5,000.") Another friend said that software is counted with 'hon/bon/pon' (this classifier originally meant long and skinny object, and is used for pens and pencils, beers, cassette or video tapes, and train lines, among other things). Everyone agreed that one would certainly use 'hon/bon/pon' when requesting a piece of software in a store. Then the person who brought the example up went on to say something else about a particular piece of software that he had two of, and said so using "futatsu" (ie, without the classifier). He was aware of it after he said it, and brought everyone's attention to the fact. So, as usual, the situation is less than clear-cut, and introspection would seem to turn up different results than observation. My impression was that the differences between "koohii hitotsu" (one serving of coffee) and "koohii ippai" (one cup of coffee) and "hon hitotsu" (the content of one book) and "hon issatsu" (one book) had to do with abstractness. The classifiers seem to make the phrase refer to an object while the classifier- less phrases seem to allow for a more abstract interpretation: ie the unit of 'usefulness' of the object. ******************** (Osamu Fujimura) In response to your Linguist query, I am a native speaker of Japanese. In Japanese, the child language often does not specify the classifier, but uses the indigenous Japanese form (Yamato kotoba) like hitotu, hutatu, etc. Also, when the number is high, the classifier is often skipped. The restaurant situation is just as you say; in this context, it does not sound childish. Incidentally, in Japanese, the numeral+classifier as well as other quantifiers come after the noun and the postposition (or in formal or technical contexts between them). There are syntactic discussions available, but I don't have them handy now. ******************** (Mayumi Masuko) In Japanese also, it seems perfectly fine to omit classifiers in restaurant/cafe contexts. I personally think it would be more acceptable if the number is in English; as you may know, there are lots of loan words from English in Japanese and simple numerals like one, two, three (with necessary phonological/phonetic adjustments) are commonly used: 'coffee one, tea two'. In case of the Japanese numerals, I think it more likely that the general classifier would be attached in this context. However, in other shop/ordering contexts, omission of classifiers seem OK. For instance, in a bookshop, when they sort out ordering, the shop clerks may simply say "_Intro to Sociology_ 2, _Advanced Sociology_ 3" etc. ******************************************************* MANDARIN [BEIJING] ******************** (Wally Frick) this is a fascinating topic you got there. Classifiers in Modern Standard Chinese (MSC = Mandarin) are always used when numbers are involved. As you cited "yi bei cafei" or if a waiter orders, obviously postpositioned as would also occur quite frequently in the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, thus "liang bei cafei" or if ordering in a restaurant: "cafei liang bei" is the same. The MSC can almost always substitute the standard classifier "ge" for other classifiers. Thus when going on the tube or subway in Beijing only foreigners shout to the ticketseller behind the glass window " liang zhang " whilst most local Chinese call out "liang ge" leaving out the "piao" for ticket. To simply say liang without the classifier is not possible in this context, although I have heard people say " liang ren " vice grammatically correct "liang ge ren". It is the same with "mei ren" vice " mei ge ren or mei yi ge ren". The subtle difference here certainly exists in the translation: everyone, everybody, every single person. Classifiers are also omitted in simple noun phrases such as: Zhe shi shu (this is book, meaning, this is a book). Question: Zhe shi shu ma? Answer: Bu shi, zhe shi huabao. But when buying dictionaries, e.g. one for myself and one for my friend, I would simply say to the shop assistant : " mai liang ben " (buy two + classifier). Here the classifier cannot be omitted as it is closely linked to the object. And as objects at a stationery counter in a Chinese department store are placed closely together and often in no seeming order, the classifier will make all the difference whether I am handed two pens or two books or two rulers, etc. There are a number of good books out on Chinese classifiers and their use. Should you need their titles, please send me an email message and I'll dig them out of my library for you. 1. Federal Publications (S) Pte Ltd. (1988)."Times Dictionary of Chinese Classifiers". F.P., Singapore. ISBN981 01 3900 4 2. Sorry, oops, the second one refers to radicals rather than to measure words of classifiers. There is a good selection of classifiers listed against the appropriate nouns in Wu Zhaoyi et al. (1988) "The English Chinese Pinyin Pocket Dictionary". New World Press Beijing. ISBN 7-80003-044-0. Apart from that it is difficult to find much literature on Chinese Classifiers, although you'll find some honours, MA and PhD theses that occasionally feature chapters on Chinese measure words. That exhausts my present advice. ******************** (Xiaobo Ren) In Mandarin, theoretically, numeral classifiers cannot be omitted when nouns are quantified by a numeral. Even though the noun is topicalized or omitted, his numeral and classifier are still there. In your example [kafei yi bei], kafei is topicalized. Numeral classifiers can only be omitted in expressions (chengyu) or in the archaic style. In ancient Chinese, numeral classifiers didn't exist. The numeral can be omitted when it is [yi] = one. MANDARIN [TAIBEI] (Hao-yang Wang) In a restaurant in Taipei, once I ordered one niu-rou mian (beef noodle) and one cao-gu tang (mushroom soup). The waiter wrote down on the bill as "1 niu" and "1 cao" and then shouted back to the kitchen exactly the same things as he had just written. Here the waiter omitted the numeral classifiers, but he also reduced "cao-gu tang" into "cao". I think this omission is just a part of their jargon, and not to be found in the daily usage. When the number is used as a part of a proper name, the numeral classifier may be omitted, for example, "bai-xue gong-zhu ji qi ai-ren" (the Snow White and the seven dwarfs). In the Southern Min dialects of Chinese, where one character usually can have two different pronunciations (one "oral", the other "reading"), you can see clearly that whenever a numeral classifier is omitted, the phrase associated with it will be pronounced in the reading form, as an indication of the phrase being a proper name. > (a) concerning the restaurant example that you cite: > what language/dialect is it in? (By asking this I reveal > my ignorance of Chinese.) Is it the Taiwanese dialect > of Mandarin, the Taiwanese dialect of Min, or what? the Taiwanese dialect of Mandarin > (b) In a context where you were sitting at a table with > your friends, and passing on a collective order to the > waiter, would *you* ever omit the classifier, and say > something like two tea one coffee? No. ******************************************************* HOKKIEN [SINGAPOREAN] (Ruby Chua) Being from Singapore, I agree that in Mandarin, the numeral classifier normally follows the noun. However, I have heard numeral classifiers omitted in coffee-shops when there is only one of the item being ordered. Also, I only remember this occurring in Hokkien, a Chinese dialect. For example, the waiter would generally yell back to the kitchen: [kopi o] -black coffee, or [teh see] - tea with milk. If more than one was ordered, the numeral classifier would generally be added. ******************************************************* THAI ******************** (Bob Hvitfeldt) According to The Fundamentals of the Thai Language (5th ed.), Campbell, S. & Shaweevongs ,C., "1. the classifier is always placed after the noun to which it refers and after the adjective if there is one 2. a classifier is always used with the singular form of the noun where an individual thing is specifically referred to unless the noun is qualified by a personal pronoun (when the clsf is omitted) 3. a few adjectives and ordinal numbers come after the clsf 4. a different few adjectives and cardinal numbers usually come between the noun and clsf 5. a clsf is NOT used when the noun is qualified by the adjs 'these', 'those', 'many', 'few', or 'how many' 6. in a large number of cases, where there is no suitable classifier, the noun is repeated and becomes its own classifier" (In reality, spoken Thai omits the classifiers very frequently in, as far as I can tell, almost all environments. Having lived there for several years, I consider myself a "fair' speaker, and once got very interested in these things. ******************** (Peansiri Vongvipanond) Here is a response to your query in Linguist List. Pattern for regular quantified NP's in Thai is However, a pattern is found sporadically in these situations: in road-side restaurants by owners and staffs, in newspapers headlines. Language teachers, being prescriptive of course, frown upon these"deviant" phrases. ******************** (Gwyn Williams) In colloquial spoken Thai numerals are often omitted in such situations, eg., bia iik s>>ng (khuat) beer more two (bottle) "two more beers" where khuat is the classifier (and word) for "bottle" I think such omission depends on the formality of the situation. ******************************************************* INDONESIAN (Roberta L. Mitchell) I believe Indonesian uses numeral-classifiers in a similar way to what you described in your posting. Since I am not a native speaker or a linguist, I would suggest that you might seek some higher authority on the subject, but I will give you as much as I can. Ordinarily classifiers must be used any time one refers to a certain number of anything, for instance: Saya beli empat buah jeruk (or jeruk, empat buah) I bought four [fruits] oranges. (or oranges, four fruits.) Different classifiers are used for all kinds of nouns, depending mainly on shape. One interesting intentional misuse I have heard was: Ada cewek, dua ekor [there are] women, two tails (instead of two people, which would be orang.) Some nouns seem to use classifiers most of the time regardless of number, such as: orang manusia, meaning a member of human kind, as opposed to all human-kind. To say "an orange", one would use the prefix se- (which is short for satu, one) before the classifier, thus: sebuah jeruk. or "a person" is: seorang Interestingly, to say "somebody" it is: se-seorang. I think there may be times when classifiers are not used, for instance I distinctly remember someone saying to me: saya harus baca buku lima. I have to read book[s] five. He could have said something like lima buah buku, but I am positive that he could not have said lima buku. Therefore I think the use of classifiers might have something to do with word order. ******************************************************* NEWARI (Peri Bhaskararao) Your question (on Linguist list) about optionality of classifier usage in certain contexts is interesting. I worked on the classifiers of Newari (with Sunder Krishna Joshi, currently professor of Newari in Kathmandu, Nepal). There are certain cases where classifiers are optional in this language. I am mailing you an offprint of our paper, 'A Study of Newari classifiers' that was published in 1985. You might not have access to this publication. One more interesting point about Newari is that they have verbal classifiers!. This is also explained in the paper. ******************************************************* ENGLISH ******************** (John Cowan) This is not directly relevant, but I have heard waiters, speaking American English natively, omit the "mandatory" plural marker in the same situation. "Two double beef, three cheese, four coffee", to make up an example. Perhaps there is a tendency to pidginize one's own language in such situations, for the purposes of clarity in a noisy environment? ******************** (Stavros Macrakis) Isn't restaurant slang notoriously telegraphic and idiosyncratic everywhere? Not just vocabulary, but also syntax, e.g. "double over easy on a brick" = "an order of two fried eggs flipped on the grill and served on toast" or for that matter "two halibuts with fries" = "two _portions of_ halibut with fried potatoes". Note that this case actually parallels the numeral-classifier case you give, since in standard English, two halibuts means two entire fish, and a classifier is obligatory if you want to talk about any other units, e.g. pounds of halibut, filets of halibut, portions of halibut, orders of cooked halibut, boxes (the wholesale unit) of halibut, etc. An example I recall from a Turkish textbook is "shish kebab" = "sword meat" which according to normal rules for attributive nouns should be "shish kebabi" = "sword meat-of-it". So what general conclusions can one draw from all this? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-466. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-467. Thu 21 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 78 Subject: 5.467 Mainstream Linguistics Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Apr 94 10:10:28 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster-Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Mainstream/Generative 2) Date: Tue, 12 Apr 1994 14:22:12 -0600 (MDT) From: Johanna Rubba Subject: Mainstream ling. -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 12 Apr 94 10:10:28 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster-Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Mainstream/Generative Re: Dick Hudson's remarks about 'generative', is there anyone who still uses it to mean what it originally meant, i.e., 'completely well-defined and used to generate all and only the well-formed sentences of a given language'? I think not, so perhaps it is just as well to allow it to become a purely sociopolitical label. Likewise, 'formal'. Instead, for the precise mathematical terms, perhaps we need to substitute different words, e.g., 'explicit', 'rigorous', 'constructive',, or the like. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 12 Apr 1994 14:22:12 -0600 (MDT) From: Johanna Rubba Subject: Mainstream ling. I'm glad to see that my remark about Lakoff is engendering further discussion, as well as some queries directed to me individually. I don't recall claiming in my original message that the notion that constructions might have semantic content is a new or original notion that has arisen for the first time in cognitive linguistics. A few readers seem to have inferred this; it would clearly be a mistaken notion. There is little new under the sun. As to Paul Deane's correction to my correction, I'm glad to see him draw some finer distinctions among various practitioners of cognitive linguistics. Cognitive Grammar a la Langacker certainly does that thing that Paul said you don't do in any version of generative grammar -- that is, reduce syntax to semantics and apply the same principles to both levels. Although construction grammar does not go as far as Cognitive Grammar in doing so, Lakoff's work certainly applies some principles at both levels, e.g. prototype organization of categories and metaphorical extension as a means of creating polysemy (including among constructions). And I can only second his call for more extensive citation of work done by cognitive and functional linguists on problems discussed in the generative literature. Jo Rubba The University of Montana jrubba@lewis.umt.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-467. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-468. Thu 21 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 140 Subject: 5.468 Qs: Es/esh; Arabic; Spanish in US; Sanskrit Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace REMINDER [We'd like to remind readers that the responses to queries are usually best posted to the individual asking the question. That individual is then strongly encouraged to post a summary to the list. This policy was instituted to help control the huge volume of mail on LINGUIST; so we would appreciate your cooperating with it whenever it seems appropriate.] -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 21:35:01 +0800 From: dalford@s1.csuhayward.edu (Dan Alford) Subject: Q: New es/esh alternation in American English? 2) Date: Thu, 07 Apr 94 14:38:16 CET From: LACINA@PLPUAM11.BITNET Subject: Computational Analysis of Arabic 3) Date: Thu, 7 Apr 1994 11:39:59 -0700 (PDT) From: TONY MATTINA Subject: Percent of speakers of Spanish in NA by 2000 4) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 1994 19:48 GMT From: BJKEEGAN@vax1.tcd.ie Subject: Classification of Compound Words in Sanskrit -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 21:35:01 +0800 From: dalford@s1.csuhayward.edu (Dan Alford) Subject: Q: New es/esh alternation in American English? Is it just me -- is it just that I haven't really been paying attention to actual American English phonetics for the past 25 years since my UCLA linguistics training, or could it actually be that there has been some weird pronunciation shift going on in the United States around certain [st] clusters during the past two or three years? I am constantly hearing the following substitutions of esh for [s] and esh+t for [st], both on tv and on the streets, in the following kinds of words, where 'S' stands for "esh"; notice that there is *usually* an 'r' nearby, usually after but sometimes before, and then a few cases where no 'r' is involved at all: adminiStration, Structure, conStruction, obStruction, deStroy Street, Strictly, , Strike, underStand, induStry, realiStic, reStaurant, chemiStry Straight (Bryant Gumble) ekStra (Pam Moore, Bay Area newscaster) reStrain (Lt. Worf, Star Trek: Next Generation) bookStore, Strong(er), Stripe, moonStruck (Jay Leno) weirder: deScribe, reSpect, anniverSary, State I also note with interest that certain other clusters do/might not alternate in the same way: ?juSt; ?linguiStics; ?intereSt; ?subStitution; ?cluSter; ?conStantly. However, it may just be that I have not yet heard these pronunciations. So this alternation seems to occur initially and medially but *perhaps* not finally, and is likely to occur as assimilation to a nearby retroflex -- except that's obviously not the only environment it occurs in. Thus far I have not been able to see/hear any obvious dialectal/regional similarities among those who have this alternant pronunciation, but I have the sense that it is Southern, even though the Boston Jay Leno does it. Holly Hunter, who is (?) from the South, does this all the time, as does Christian Slater, who is quite prolific at this (one of my students sees him as a chief promulgator of this quirk ("She's doing Christian Slater"), supposedly tied to the tongue-numbing effects of a certain intoxicant, and therefore to 'cool-ness' or whatever the current term is). If so, perhaps we should be talking here about (Drug-) Altered States of Language. Has anyone else noticed this? Listen for it if you haven't heard it yet. Does anyone have any idea how old this alternation is? Why is/should such a shift be happening (silly question)? If the response warrants it, I'll post a summary at a later date. Thanks! -- Moonhawk (%->) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 07 Apr 94 14:38:16 CET From: LACINA@PLPUAM11.BITNET Subject: Computational Analysis of Arabic I'd like to contact the persons who are interested in: 1) computational analysis of Arabic morphology 2) Automatic Arabic - English translation? Dr. Jerzy Lacina A. Mickiewicz University Dept. of Middle and Near Eastern Studies Poznan - Poland e-mail: LACINA@PLPUAM11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Thu, 7 Apr 1994 11:39:59 -0700 (PDT) From: TONY MATTINA Subject: Percent of speakers of Spanish in NA by 2000 I have been asked a question I need help answering: What is the projected percentage of the population of North America that by the year 2000 will speak Spanish. The individual who asked is a journalist and would like as much pertinent detail as possible. Thanks for the help. Tony Mattina -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 1994 19:48 GMT From: BJKEEGAN@vax1.tcd.ie Subject: Classification of Compound Words in Sanskrit I would like to know from anyone of work done on the system of classification of compound words by Panini and other Sanskrit grammarians.At the moment I am trying to judge the position of these classifications in a range of compound typologies. Brian J. Keegan Trinity College,Dublin. BJKeegan@vax1.tcd.ie -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-468. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-469. Thu 21 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 48 Subject: 5.469 TOC: Word Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace ___________________________________________________________________ [Moderators' note: though we don't have a formal "Article Discussion Forum," current journal articles are very appropriate topics for net discussion, and we would like to encourage readers to post such commentary. This year we will publish the tables of contents of current journal issues if they are reduced to 20 lines or less; and we will maintain journal backlists on our listserv. Our resources, however, do not allow us to post the tables of contents of either working papers or books. Available journal backlists include: LI lst (Linguistic Inquiry) compling lst (Computational Linguistics) To retrieve a backlist, simply send the message get linguist For ex: get LI lst linguist to Listserv@tamvm1.tamu.edu (Internet) or Listserv@tamvm1 (Bitnet) ___________________________Table of Contents________________________ Date: Wed, 20 Apr 94 16:51:42 EDT From: Sheila Subject: table of contents, Word, v45n1, April 1994 Table of Contents, WORD, volume 45, number 1, April 1994 All 5 papers in this issue are in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Linguist ic Circle of New York -- International Linguistic Association. "Introduction", by John R. Costello "The International Linguistic Association: A subjective history", by Robert A. Fowkes "The Influence of WORD and the Linguistic Circle of New York on my Intellectual Development", by Joseph H. Greenberg "An Early History of WORD volumes 1 to 25", by Andre Martinet "A Limited Perspective on WORD seen in a Transitional Moment between Paradigms" , by Kenneth L. Pike. In addition, there are 15 book reviews (which of course do not relate to the 50 th anniversary). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-469. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-470. Thu 21 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 53 Subject: 5.470 New Program: MA in Applied Linguistics at Montclair State Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: 18 Apr 94 11:58:00 EST From: "ALICE FREED" Subject: New MA Program at Montclair State -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: 18 Apr 94 11:58:00 EST From: "ALICE FREED" Subject: New MA Program at Montclair State The Linguistics Department at Montclair State College (soon to be Montclair State University) is pleased to announce a new MASTER OF ARTS program in APPLIED LINGUISTICS. The program, which begins in the fall of 1994, will provide graduate instruction in a wide range of topics within Applied Linguistics. An optional specialization in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) will allow interested students to receive New Jersey State certification in ESL as a second teaching field. The program consists of thirty-six credits and requires a Master's thesis. All students will take a required core of seven courses plus an additional five elective courses. The required courses include an introduction to linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Translation Theory, Lexicography, Theories of 2nd Language Acquisition, a course on research design and a seminar for thesis students. A large number of electives will be available. Among these are courses on such diverse topics as Discourse Analysis, Computational Linguistics, Literacy, Forensic Linguistics and the Structure of American Sign Language. For further information, contact: Dr. Mary E. Call, Chair Linguistics Department Montclair State College Upper Montclair, NJ 07043 (201) 655-4286 call@apollo.montclair.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-470. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-471. Fri 22 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 180 Subject: 5.471 Jobs: German - Spanish, - ANU - Academic English/TESOL Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: 18 Apr 94 16:39:00 ES From: Inge DeBleecker/Voice Processing Corp Subject: one time jobs: German - Spanish 2) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 13:55:10 EST From: david.nash@anu.edu.au (David Nash) Subject: Job - ANU - Academic English/TESOL -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: 18 Apr 94 16:39:00 ES From: Inge DeBleecker/Voice Processing Corp Subject: one time jobs: German - Spanish I am looking for: a. a person with a linguistic background and knowledge of German (phonetics); b. a person with a linguistic background and knowledge of Spanish (phonetics) for a one time job in these areas. The project will take a couple of hours and can be entirely done via e-mail. If you are interested, please contact inge@vpro.com. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 13:55:10 EST From: david.nash@anu.edu.au (David Nash) Subject: Job - ANU - Academic English/TESOL ADVERTISEMENT 968/1994 20.04.94 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARTS LECTURER (LEVEL B) NON-CONTINUING ACADEMIC ENGLISH/TESOL Applications are sought for a person whose duty will be to teach units on Academic English for students of non-English speaking background, and in addition to teach a unit on TESOL. The position will be based in the Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts. Applicants should have a PhD in a relevant area, e.g. TESOL, contrastive rhetoric, contrastive learning styles. Experience in teaching English to non-native speakers is essential, and experience in teaching English for Academic Purposes at a tertiary level is highly desirable. Enquiries: Dr H.J. Koch, Head, Department of Linguistics, telephone +61-6-2493026, fax +61-6-2493252, email: admnling@fac.anu.edu.au. Further particulars, which include the selection criteria, are available from the Secretary, Appointments and Academic Staffing, +61-6-249 4566. fax +61-6-249 5011. [Appended] Closing Date: 30 April 1994 Reference: FA 20.4.1 Appointment: The position is available from July 1994 to the end of 1997. Salary: Lecturer: $41,000 - $48,688 p.a. Applications should be submitted in duplicate to the Secretary, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, quoting reference number and including curriculum vitae, list of publications and names of at least three referees. Further information is available from the Secretary, telephone +61-6-2494566, fax +61-6-2495011.The University has a "no-smoking" policy in all university buildings and vehicles. THE UNIVERSITY IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER The Department of Linguistics The Department of Linguistics offers a full undergraduate (including honours) program in Linguistics. In addition it participates in the university's graduate program in Linguistics, which offers Graduate Diplomas in General and Applied Linguistics, a Master of Letters in Applied Linguistics, Master of Arts (by research only or by coursework and research), and PhD. The graduate program has some 50 students. The department hopes to develop a unit in TESOL to be offered from 1994. The ESL lecturer would be expected to participate in the planning and teaching of such a unit. The teaching staff and their main research interests are: Dr Harold Koch : Historical-comparative, Australian linguistics, Indo-European Professor Anna Wierzbicka: Semantics, pragmatics, cross- cultural communication Dr Karl Rensch : Dialectology, Polynesian languages, Romance linguistics Dr Tim Shopen : Syntactic typology, applied linguistics, child language acquisition, semantics Dr Avery Andrews : Syntactic and morphological theory, generative grammar Dr Ulrike Mosel : Grammatical typology, Samoan, sociolinguistics, pidgins and creoles Dr Phil Rose : Phonetics, phonology, tone, Chinese linguistics Dr Cynthia Allen : Historical linguistics, English syntax Professor R.M.W. Dixon : Australian descriptive and comparative linguistics, syntactic typology, English syntax, Fijian, Amazonian languages Dr Anthony Liddicoat : Applied Linguistics, Discourse analysis, Language policy, bilingualism, French linguistics The Department includes further research-only staff working on Australian Aboriginal languages. The Department belongs to the Faculty of Arts, where the following languages are taught: French, Italian, German, Russian, Latin, Greek. The Department is also associated with the Faculty of Asian Studies, which teaches Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Bahasa Indonesian and Malay, Vietnamese, Thai, Sanskrit, Hindi and Arabic. The University has strong departments of Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology and Philosophy. A sister Department of Linguistics in the University's Research School of Pacific Studies has a staff of four academics, who pursue research on Pacific languages. Applied Linguistics programs exist in the Asian Studies Faculty (especially for Japanese). The university is in the process of expanding its graduate programs in applied linguistics, drawing on expertise form the departments of Linguistics and Modern European Languages and the Faculty of Asian Studies. The Faculties The Australian National University has five teaching faculties: Arts, Asian Studies, Science, Economics and Commerce, and Law. The Arts Faculty is organised into 12 departments and offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees with specialisation in traditional disciplines and a variety of cross-disciplinary fields. SELECTION CRITERIA 1. A qualification in TESOL ESSENTIAL 2. Experience in teaching in a tertiary ESSENTIAL setting 3. Ability to communicate effectively ESSENTIAL with students 4. Research achievements in relevant ESSENTIAL areas, e.g. EAP, contrastive rhetoric, contrastive learning styles 5. Experience in teaching English for HIGHLY DESIRABLE Academic Purposes 6. A higher degree in relevant areas, HIGHLY DESIRABLE preferably a PhD 7. Training in general linguistics DESIRABLE 8. Competence in a language other than DESIRABLE English -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-471. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-472. Fri 22 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 185 Subject: 5.472 Calls: LASSO XXIII, MICRO-PARAMETRIC SYNTAX Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 12:20 MST From: Garland Bills Subject: Call for papers: LASSO 2) Date: Fri, 15 Apr 1994 10:11:45 AST From: "VIRGINIA MOTAPANYANE" Subject: -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 12:20 MST From: Garland Bills Subject: Call for papers: LASSO Call for Papers LASSO XXIII 23rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest October 21-23, 1994 Houston, Texas Invited Speaker: Ian Hancock, University of Texas-Austin Proposals for papers in any area of linguistics will be considered. Submissions are particularly encouraged in the areas of the theme of the 1994 meeting: "Minority Languages and Contact Varieties". Papers by graduate students are especially solicited and will be considered for the Helmut Esau Prize, a $250 cash award made annually by LASSO. Presentation time will be limited to twenty minutes plus ten minutes for discussion. *The deadline for receipt of abstracts is June 15, 1994.* Abstracts must be no longer than one page (approximately 250 words) and should summarize the main points of the paper and explain relevant aspects of the data, methodology, and argumentation employed; abstracts of accepted papers will be published exactly as received in a booklet for distribution at the meeting. At the beginning of your abstract place the paper title, and at the end of the abstract (or on a separate page) repeat the title along with your name, affiliation, and mailing address (and e-mail address if you have one). It is preferred that abstracts be submitted by e-mail to: huttar@sil.org In the absence of e-mail, or if your abstract contains any special symbols, send one hard copy (or diskette) of the abstract to: George Huttar S. I. L. 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd. Dallas, TX 75236 Presentation of papers at the LASSO annual meetings is a privilege of membership in LASSO. Annual membership dues for individuals are US$15.00 (or US$7.50 for students, retired persons, and those not employed), which includes a year's subscription to the *Southwest Journal of Linguistics*. To pay dues or for additional information, contact: Garland D. Bills Executive Director, LASSO Department of Linguistics University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131-1196 e-mail: gbills@bootes.unm.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Fri, 15 Apr 1994 10:11:45 AST From: "VIRGINIA MOTAPANYANE" Subject: CALL FOR PAPERS The Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association (APLA) will hold its 18th Annual Meeting at the Saint John Campus of the University of New Brunswick-Saint John, on OCTOBER 28-29, 1994. The theme of the conference is: MICRO-PARAMETRIC SYNTAX (DIALECT VARIATION IN SYNTAX) The conference program has three sections: 1. a section on the conference theme 2. a section open to linguistic topics of each scholar's choice 3. a section for students' papers in linguistics The key-note speakers: Richard S. KAYNE (CUNY) Monique LEMIEUX (UQAM) Contributions, in English or French, to any of the sections are welcome. Abstracts, no longer than one (1) page, should be sent to the Organizing Committee before August 15, 1994. Undergraduate and graduate students are encouraged to participate. We will offer limited financial assistance towards the cost of travel or accommodation. Conference participants must be members of ALPA/APLA. Non-members who wish to participate may join by paying the membership fee (CAN$15) as well as the conference registration fee (CAN$25) on arrival at the conference, or by sending payment to the APLA/ALPA Treasurer with the attached form. Conference participants can have their papers published in the conference proceedings if they provide a camera-ready copy on paper or disc. In addition, papers on the conference theme may be submitted to an editorial committee with a view to refereed publication by John Benjamins in a separate volume. The Organizing Committee Address: Virginia Motapanyane University of New Brunswick Virginia Motapanyane P.O.Box 5050 David Jory Saint John, NB Suzanne Pons-Ridler Canada E2L 4L5 Louis Belanger e-mail: MOTA@UNBSJ.CA MEMBERSHIP FORM: ATLANTIC PROVINCES LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATION/ ASSOCIATION DE LINGUISTIQUE DES PROVINCES ATLANTIQUES The Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association was founded in 1977 to promote the study of languages and linguistics in Eastern Canada. The Association hosts an annual conference each fall at a centre of higher education in the area and publishes the papers presented. Topics cover many areas of linguistics. In addition, the Association publishes a (refereed) journal annually. We welcome inquiries converning the Association and its conference. We hope you will join by completing the form below. Membership entitles you to a copy of the proceedings from the annual meeting, the newsletter, and the journal all for the annual subscription of $15 per annum. We consider this to be one of the best bargains in the scholarly world. ----------------------------- Name........................................................ Address..................................................... Annual dues $15 $10 for students Send to: Dr. A. Steinbergs / e-mail: astein@kean.ucs.mun.ca Treasurer, APLA Department of Linguistics Memorial University of Newfoundland St.John's, Newfoundland Canada A1B 3X9 Inquiries concerning the 1994 conference may be addressed to: Dr. Virginia Motapanyane / e-mail: mota@unbsj.ca APLA 18 Organizing Committee Department of Humanities and Languages University of New Brunswick Saint John, New Brunswick Canada E2L 4L5 Inquiries concerning the journal, Linguistica Atlantica, may be addressed to: Dr. Jim Black / e-mail: jblack@kean.ucs.mun.ca Editor, Linguistica Atlantica Department of Linguistics Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, Newfoundland Canada A1B 3X9 Manuscripts may also be submitted to the editor at the above address. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-472. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-473. Fri 22 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 91 Subject: 5.473 Sum: Go-past Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 94 12:09:29 +0100 Subject: go-past From: Manuel Perez Saldanya -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 94 12:09:29 +0100 Subject: go-past From: Manuel Perez Saldanya Following my request in LINGUIST about the use of "go-past" constructions in languages different from Catalan, I have received the information that is summarized below. Does anyone notice of any other languages which have got a similar "go-past" or "go-narrative". I will be very grateful to have any information about it or any suggestion on the hipotheses formulated below. Concerning the use of the "go-past" in other languages, Karen Watson-Gegeo has pointed out that in Hawai'i Creole English it is possible to use "wen" (went) as a past marker ("ai wen giv da ki to Shalin"= 'I gave the key to Charlene') as well as a go-future ("wi go teik om hom tude" = 'we will take her home today'). In addition, Steven Schaufele and H. Heinrich Hock comment that many Modern Indo-Aryan languages (Hindi, etc.) use verbs of motion as punctual (or telic) aspect markers. On the other hand, John Koontz shows that there could be a parallelism between the Catalan "go-past" and the colloquial American English construction "goes and ..." ("So then he goes and tells me to get lost." = 'Then he told me to get lost.') , used in a continuous oral narrative. I am working on it this same hypothesis. My point is that the Catalan "go-past" origin is similar to that of constructions such as "goes/takes and." frequent in many Western languages. All these constructions share two important features: (1) the use of the historic present (and therefore, the preterite sense); and (2) the function as markers of unexpected event subsequences. This narrative function seems to be the original meaning of the Catalan "go-past", and probably in the Hawai'i Creole English "wen-past" too. I believe that this narrative function could be considered a "space to sequencing" metaphor: the meaning of accomplished motion from a source to a goal that characterizes the use of "go" both in past (as in Hawai'i Creole) and in historic present (as in Catalan) is reinterpreted in a narrative discourse as an emphatic marker of sequencing. If this is true, the Catalan "go-past" should have gone through the following evolution (diachronic path): accomplished motion > narrative marker of sequencing > past marker. I will be very grateful of having any information about languages which have got a similar "go-narrative" or "go-past", or any suggestion on the hypotheses formulated above. Manuel Perez-Saldanya psaldanya@mac.uv.es Universidad de Valencia Facultat de Filologia Avda. Blasco Ibanez, 28 46010, Valencia (Spain) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-473. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-474. Fri 22 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 192 Subject: 5.474 Accents Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 07:34:24 -0500 (CDT) From: d-m-berkley@nwu.edu (Deborah Milam Berkley) Subject: Re: 5.457 Accents 2) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 11:27:44 -0500 (EST) From: "Leslie Z. Morgan" Subject: Re: 5.457 Accents 3) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 94 08:39:33 CDT From: Evan S. Smith Subject: Accents 4) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 09:38:56 -0500 (EST) From: ADGERW@HOPE.CIT.HOPE.EDU Subject: southern accents and film 5) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 94 17:28:33 +0100 From: jgp@ukc.ac.uk Subject: accents 6) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 14:42:27 -0500 (CDT) From: Pete Schult Subject: Re: 5.457 Accents -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 07:34:24 -0500 (CDT) From: d-m-berkley@nwu.edu (Deborah Milam Berkley) Subject: Re: 5.457 Accents In the discussion of American actors failing to get a British accent right, Cathryn Williams writes: > Is the inverse true of British actors immitating American accents? In most of the British television shows I see on PBS here in the US, it seems to me that British actors only do a passable job of imitating an American accent. Many of them seem to try to drawl--perhaps all Americans sound that way to non-Americans? One notable counterexample is Kenneth Branagh in "Dead Again." I was amazed at how well he did the American accent. Deborah Milam Berkley -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 11:27:44 -0500 (EST) From: "Leslie Z. Morgan" Subject: Re: 5.457 Accents For some very specific examples of different accents in practice, the film, "American Accents" and its follow-up (the title of which I forget) about New Orleans gives excellent parallels for both class and location. If you are interested in more info, our A-V center has them and you can telnet in to LNDLIB to look. Leslie Morgan Loyola College in Md. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 94 08:39:33 CDT From: Evan S. Smith Subject: Accents Text item: Text_1 It is often said that English actors can "do a Southern accent" better than some. The late English actor Laurence Harvey sometimes did a "Southern accent" in several movies, incl. WALK ON THE WILD SIDE. In THE ALAMO, filmed over a long period of time with many rewritings and continuity problems, he shifted in and out of his own accent. In a film about the making of the movie, he recites Shakespeare in a hammy "Southern accent" unlike anything he uses in the movie itself. Evan Smith smithe@ext.missouri.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 09:38:56 -0500 (EST) From: ADGERW@HOPE.CIT.HOPE.EDU Subject: southern accents and film I would like to add a few comments about Southern speech. I have lived all my life with an accent derived from my parents who grew up in Charleston, S. C. and were educated there and (in college) in New England. To almost anyone who meets my parents, thir accent appears to be British. (I ink it is the dropped post-vocalic preconsonantal /r/s. All of us children, growing up in N. C., and being asked routinely, when we had arrived from England, found this quite irritating. No doubt this is due to our misassignment to a group by the listener, even though that group is not particularly objectionable (compared to most white Southerners as protrayed in Easy Rider, say) My parents can so speak, or could in their youth, Gullah, at least enough to be unintelligible to a non-low-country ear.Gullah speech was appropriate for them in certain environments for entertainment; singing songs and telling stories, all humorous and stylized, and occasionally for household interaction of an informal type. It is not correct to think of Gullah as an African Ameri non. People who lived on the Sea Islands, regardless of color spoke Gullah if they were of the right social and educational background. Others in the area spoke Gullah, because so many other people did too. It seems impossible for this kind of diaglossia to have occurred among the more educated without their"higher" register being affected. Apropos of Gullah in films, the only attempt I am aware of is "Daughters of the Dust," which actually boasted subtitles for the first few minutes. All the people I know who saw the film and are familiar with Gullah speech found the accents of all but one of the actors terrificly bad attempts. We found out later that all the actors were from New York and Jamaica, except one old woman from Ga., who had the only convincing accent in the bunch. My family and I wer3e a little offended by this treatment, as, despite being white, we regard the Gullah songs and stories and words as part of our culture, and seeing an inaccurate presentation of them was somewhat irritating, though gratifying for its very existence. I would be interested in hearing others' reaction to the accents portrayed in the film. Adger Williams adgerw@hope.cit.hope.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 94 17:28:33 +0100 From: jgp@ukc.ac.uk Subject: accents I can't say I'm particularly surprised at a London accent being mistaken for an Australian one: I'd thought it a relatively common occurrence, though hope I wouldn't do it myself. There would appear to be some credence to be attached to the idea that generic Strine developed from the essentially London brand of English taken over by the criminals deported in the last century. As a mere Midland Pom it would not do for me to make sociological and/or sociolinguistic remarks about provenance, nor to make any reference to the cracks about where there is more criminality - Australia as the recipient of the ones that got caught, or London as either the place where the good ones weren't caught, or where they were not quick enough topick up on the chance of a free passage to the land of the amber nectar, so I won't, but there is surely quite a strong phonological resemblance at a distance- with due respect to Bob Hoskins and Sir Les Patterson. ~r jgp -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 14:42:27 -0500 (CDT) From: Pete Schult Subject: Re: 5.457 Accents Cathryn Williams asks if there are any credible imitations of a British North American accent by United Kingdomian actors. I am reminded of two. In _The Meaning of Life_, one of the sketches takes place in a restaurant in which John Cleese does a decent Texas accent (I'm not a native Texan, but I was living in Austin when I first saw the film, and his accent was not all that far from that of a native friend). The second is also from Monty Python. In the _Flying Circus_ episode in which Eric Idle is looking for the master spy Teddy Salad, his British origins are betrayed only by his pronunciation of 'ballet' as BAL-let rather than bal-LET. Of course, Terry Gilliam had the best North American English accent of any of the Pythons. ;-) Pete Schult University of Minnesota -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-474. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-475. Fri 22 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 214 Subject: 5.475 Accents Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: 20 Apr 94 19:16:00 EST From: "STEVE SEEGMILLER" Subject: RE: 5.457 Accents 2) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 94 10:10:50 CDT From: polyfit@merle.acns.nwu.edu Subject: Re: 5.457 Accents 3) Date: 21 Apr 94 10:33:36 SAST-2 From: ROGER@beattie.uct.ac.za Subject: 5.442 Accents 4) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 1994 11:59 +0100 (MET) From: WERTH@alf.let.uva.nl Subject: RE: 5.457 Accents 5) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 09:20:23 +1000 From: Laurie.Bauer@vuw.ac.nz (Laurie Bauer) Subject: sandwich -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: 20 Apr 94 19:16:00 EST From: "STEVE SEEGMILLER" Subject: RE: 5.457 Accents RE: Cathryn Willaims' question about British actors imitating American accents: Whenever I have seen British actors (e.g. Richard Burton) playing Americans, I have always been impressed with how well they succeeded. Burton played Americans in two or three movies (I don't remember the titles) and got the pronunciation right. Steve Seegmiller -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 20 Apr 94 10:10:50 CDT From: polyfit@merle.acns.nwu.edu Subject: Re: 5.457 Accents Cathryn Williams writes: > Is the inverse true of British actors immitating American accents? > Perhaps someone could shed some light on this... > As a native American, having recently finished a 16+-year stay in London, I can assure Cathryn Williams that British actors who can do a convincing American accent are rare indeed. Perhaps the most striking illustration of this came for me when seeing a Noel Coward play with an American visitor. I mentioned at one point in the play that one of the characters was supposed to be an American. She had had no idea that the accent used by that actress was supposed to convey that. All the English people in the audience knew it, of course, because there is a kind of prototypical "American" accent English people use when joking. Even I managed to learn to do it, and it certainly bore no relation to my own NY-derived speech. But middle-class English people also do imitations of Cockney to be funny, and having lived in Cockney areas, it was not clear to me that they bore any closer relation to real Cockney than Dick Van Dyke's. There are English actors who do convinvingly imitate American accents. I saw Bob Hoskins in the theatre doing one of the David Mamet's plays, and his accent was convincing even there (although his costume was completely inappropriate!). Antony Sher's was not quite up to scratch (but he's a South African, anyway). In my book, Peter Seller's is the most convincing purveyor of accents (even at one remove). His American accents in Dr. Strangelove are practically flawless -- I think I noted only one or two mistakes in his role as the American president. Yours - Stuart Rosen -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: 21 Apr 94 10:33:36 SAST-2 From: ROGER@beattie.uct.ac.za Subject: 5.442 Accents I've been following the discussion on accents with interest, and have a few things to throw in. (a) Brooklyn vs. Bronx. As a native of the former, I remember that one of the stereotypes we had when I was a kind was a 'Brooklyn /r/' which was supposed to be typical: it is a mildly fricative labiodental approximant, with compressed lip-rounding. I know it as a New York feature, but when I was 10 I wasn't into empirical dialectology, so have no real evidence. The point is that the phrase existed, and we Brooklynites took it as (a) locally typical, and (b) if non-users, somewhat infra dig. (b) Why London & Aussie accents get confused. Among the criterial features of both are a very open onset to the FACE diphthong (low central to centralized back open), which is a Cockney stereotype; vocalization of /l/ in codas (so that wells and woes appear to be homophones, though they aren't quite); rather back and unrounded onset to the BOAT diphthong (around centralized 'inverted v': no IPA on my e-mail); lowered and centralized firstmorae in the BITE, OUT diphthongs (around 'barred i' and 'schwa' respectively). What people don't notice (and here the problem of sensitivity to fine detail in other accents comes in) is that the PASS vowel is typically front in AusE (and New Zealand), but back in London. But as long as it's qualitatively different from CAT it counts as 'British', and Antipodean Englishes are sort of a subtype of British for most people. (Incidentally, A J Ellis in the late 1860s classified NZ English under the same regional category as Essex.) (c) South Africans on the other hand are often taken for Australians by Brits who don't listen carefully, since they are clearly not 'English' (i.e. they are colonial), but since most British people have heard fewer cultivated SA accents than Aus/NZ, they don't recognize them. The standard stereotype of an SA accent of course these days is Pres de Klerk, but that is a second-language accent. (d) Southern Jewish accents. I don't know about those, but I would be very surprised if there wern't ones in cities with a long history of Jewish settlement. Of course there are very definite and identifiable ones in New York, as Labov has shown. In South Africa, people claim to recognize Jewish accents, and my impression is that there are reasons for this claim. First-language Jewish speakers in Cape Town and Johannesburg anyhow may have some features that mark them: one is a slightly more dental /t, d/ than non-Jews from the same areas. No work has been done on this that I know of, but it is consistent with my own observations in New York, London, and Leeds. A guess if it's of any interest is that the immigrant languages (Yiddish, Russian and Polish in New York, mainly Yiddish and Lithuanian in SA) have dentals rather than alveolars, and this may have persisted. Roger Lass University of CApe TOwn -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 1994 11:59 +0100 (MET) From: WERTH@alf.let.uva.nl Subject: RE: 5.457 Accents Re Cathryn Williams' posting, I can think of a few cases (other than Bob Hoskins0 of British actors engaging with American accents, with varying degrees of success. The worst case I can think of is Michael Caine's attempt at a Southern accent in a movie whose title I've mercifully blocked. Michael Caine is a Cockney (not an Australian...) - but perhaps no? a lo? a people know tha?. On the other hand, Tracey Ullmann always seems to my British ear to be amazingly accurate when she "does" American accents. (By the way, I thought Robin Williams' admittedly stereotypical Scottish accent in 'Mrs Doubtfire' was rather good, and consistently done). An older example is Joyce Grenfell, who did a sort of Southern belle (Louisiana?) in her monologues - it always convinced me, and I believe she had Louisianan connections. Of course, you also get the cases in which a British actor is so pre-eminent, that Hollywood will change the script to get him or her, accent and all - for example, Sean Connery in 'The Untouchables'. However, there are also wider principles at play in the question of accents, some of which Benjy Wald raises in her posting on stereotypes. This extends not only to different accents of the "same" language, but also to different languages. Thus there is a fixed French parody of English speakers (indifferently British or American) trying to speak French. If anyone has seen any Laurel and Hardy dubbed into French, they'll know what it sounds like. I've once or twice been annoyed by French speakers picking up mistakes of mine (which are usually of gender), and repeating them in this stereotype accent - which mainly consists of exaggerated frictionless continuant 'r's. The point is that inaccurately produced language or dialect sends out mixed signals to its native speakers. My pronunciation of French isn't bad, taken sound by sound, but presumably, some of my enunciation is a bit mixed, between 'le petit accent Bruxellois' and standard French of some kind. This is as big a "sin" as mixing registers or words from different dialects for the ordinary speaker, and presumably results in some sort of cognitive dissonance, which is recognised as some damn foreigner mangling our language. (On the plus side, I'm regularly recognised in France as being from Brussels - which means either that I'm speaking French with a consistent accent, or else, more likely, that the French consign all weird pronunciations to Belgium). Regards, Paul Werth. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 09:20:23 +1000 From: Laurie.Bauer@vuw.ac.nz (Laurie Bauer) Subject: sandwich WFKING in 5.457 mentions 'sangwich' as being (New York) Brooklyn for 'sandwich'. In my phonetics classes, I use this as an example of the fact that [w] has both labial and velar features, either of which may take precedence in assimilation. 'Samwich' is rather more common in English generally than 'sangwich'. But the dialects I've heard of previously that use a velar nasal instead of a bilabial nasal in this word are Scottish. Are there other dialects that use the velar nasal? Laurie.BAUER@vuw.ac.nz Department of Linguistics, Victoria University, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand Ph: +64 4 472 1000 x 8800 Fax: +64 4 471 2070 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-475. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-476. Sun 24 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 101 Subject: 5.476 Chaos linguistics Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 03 Apr 1994 18:50:31 -0600 (CST) From: JIREEM@utxvms.cc.utexas.edu Subject: chaos linguistics 2) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 07:35:42 EDT From: Eleanor Olds Batchelder Subject: Chaos References -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 03 Apr 1994 18:50:31 -0600 (CST) From: JIREEM@utxvms.cc.utexas.edu Subject: chaos linguistics I received a few references on chaos linguistics after my request on LINGUIST two weeks ago, but even more requests to post what I had found. A lot of people -- both online and off -- expressed interest in chaotic modelling and suggested "there may be a lot of work to do." I also received messages from recent PhD recipients who felt that their dissertations addressed this topic; I am not including their names or addresses below because they didn't give me permission to but I would encourage them to post messages of their own. _Physique du Sens_, by Jean Petitot-Cocorda, Paris, editions du CNRS, 1992. "Fields of Attraction in Phonology," by KP Monahan, in _The Last Phonological Rule_, ed. by J. Goldsmith, 1993. _A Dynamics System Approach to Development_, by Linda Smith and Esther Thelen, MIT Press, 1993. _A Dynamics SYstem Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action_, by Linda Smith and Esther Thelen, MIT Press, forthcoming. "Chaotic Dynamics of Linguistic-like Processes at the Syntactical and Semantic Levels: In the Pursuit of a Multifractal Attractor," by John S. Nicolis and Anastassis A. Katsakis, in _Studies of Nonlinear Phenomena in the Life Sciences_, ed. by Bruce West, 1993. "Self-organizing processes and the explanation of phonological universals," by B. Lindblom, P. MacNeilage, and M. Studdert-Kennedy, in _Explanations of Linguistics_, ed by B. Butterworth, B. Comrie, and D. Dahl, 1983. _Linguistic Dynamics_, ed. by T. Ballmer, de Gruyter, 1984. For good introductory explanations of chaos and reviews of work with chaos in their respective fields, see: "Institutional Dynamics, Deterministic Chaos, and Self-Organizing Systems," by Michael J. Radzicki, in Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, 1993. "Chaos, Self-organization, and Psychology," by Scott Barton, in American Psychologist, January 1994. There is probably more material out there than what I have found in the last two weeks. I hope this bibliography is somewhat helpful for people interested in chaos and might initiate some conversations on LINGUIST. Please send me anything else that comes to mind. Thanks to everyone who responded. Michael-Jean Erard Dept. of Linguistics University of Texas at Austin -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 07:35:42 EDT From: Eleanor Olds Batchelder Subject: Chaos References I appreciate M-J Erard's posting on chaos linguistics. In my search for these, I encountered a couple of typos that I can share and save others extra work in locating them: A Dynamic System Approach to Development, by Linda B. Smith and Esther Thelen, MIT 1993 [not 'Dynamics'] The book edited by Bruce J. West is entitled _Patterns, information and chaos in neuronal systems_ (World Scientific, 1993). _Studies of nonlinear phenomena in life science_ is the series title, of which this is Vol. 2. _Explanations for language universals_, ed. Brian Butterworth, Bernard Comrie, Osten Dahl, Mouton 1984. _Linguistic dynamics: discourses, procedures, and evolution_, ed. Thomas T. Ballmer, de Gruyter, 1985. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-476. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-477. Mon 25 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 162 Subject: 5.477 Cognitive grammar Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 16:35:19 BST From: W.Croft@manchester.ac.uk (Bill Croft) Subject: Do cognitive grammarians distinguish syntax from phonology from 2) Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 08:56:14 -0600 (MDT) From: Johanna Rubba Subject: Langacker's Cognitive Grammar -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 16:35:19 BST From: W.Croft@manchester.ac.uk (Bill Croft) Subject: Do cognitive grammarians distinguish syntax from phonology from In LINGUIST 5-461, Larry Gorbet takes issue with Paul Deane's characterization of one of the principles of cognitive grammar. I believe Gorbet is right to do so. Contrary to what many nonfunctionalists appear to believe, cognitive grammarians (and functionalists in general) do distinguish between form and meaning, though they claim a stronger relation between the two than do formalists. Unfortunately, Gorbet's post makes it appear that cognitive grammarians instead abolish the distinction between phonology and syntax. I would like to nip this misimpression in the bud (with Larry's approval)---functionalists have enough problems to deal with already! First, an abbreviated version of the Deane-Gorbet interchange, to provide the context: > >In his generally accurate post in LINGUIST 5.418, Paul Deane appears to >accept a presupposition that I am pretty sure is inaccurate. > >The relevant paragraph begins: > >> Langacker's Cognitive Grammar is unique in its attempt to >> REDUCE syntax to abstract semantic patterns. > >At least as most readers of the list are likely to interpret "semantic", >this is almost antithetical to a central Cognitive Grammmar premise: that >grammar is essentially symbolic.... In his most >recent major work (Foundations of Cognitive Grammar II, 1991) he says (p. >514): > >"The central claim of cognitive grammar is that language is fully >describable is terms of semantic structures, phonological structures, and >symbolic links between the two. Only symbolic structures >need be posited for the characterization of lexicon, morphology, and >syntax, which form a gradation that can be divided only arbitrarily into >discrete components." > >... Langacker goes to considerable effort to >support the claim that linguistic forms (including the form of >grammatical constructions) are essentially phonological...But >the claim that constructions (etc.) have meanings is fully consistent with >regarding their forms as phonological. I think few Langackerian >cognitive grammarians (if any) would claim that constructions consist >solely of or reduce to their meanings. Langacker uses the term "phonological structure" to describe the form side ---"pole"---of a symbolic unit; the meaning side is less controversially called the "semantic pole". However, he speaks of "unipolar organization" vs. "bipolar organization" of phonological structure. The unipolar organization is what most linguists would call "phonology". The bipolar organization is what most linguists would call "syntax"---or more precisely, morphology/lexicon/syntax, since as Gorbet notes cognitive grammar takes that to be a continuum (but that's another issue). Langacker uses the example of "tables". The unipolar organization of its phonological structure would segment this unit tey-blz ---by syllable structure. The bipolar organization of its phonological structure would segment this unit teybl-z ---by its morphological structure as an instance of the schema [NOUN- PLURAL]. These two organizations can exist simultaneously in cognitive grammar, as they do in formal theories of language. "Phonology" and "syntax" are still distinct. This is something that I think formalists and functionalists CAN agree on.* The claim of cognitive grammar, and I think, of functionalism in general---the controversial one that formalists take issue with---is that syntactic organization exists only by virtue of its being the form side of the form-meaning or symbolic organization of language. In cognitive grammar, the symbolic structures that [NOUN] and [PLURAL] are part of are the fundamental units of grammar; the form side is derivative of that. In cognitive grammar, syntax isn't reduced to phonology, nor to semantics; it is reduced to semiology, in the Saussurean sense of that term. Of course, this means demonstrating that most "formal syntactic" units, particularly the important ones like 'noun', 'subject', 'head', 'constituent' etc., have some kind of semantic content so that they can be taken seriously as symbolic units. So cognitive grammarians do a lot of semantics in order to find evidence for their view of "syntax" (= bipolar organization of symbolic units). That was what the original Deane-Gorbet discussion was about. Bill Croft *Hockett gives a straightforward functional explanation for this "dual patterning" of language on p. 16 of "The problem of universals in language", in J. H. Greenberg (ed.), "Universals of Language", MIT Press, 2nd ed., 1966.) Dept of Linguistics, U Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK w.croft@man.ac.uk Phone: +44-161-275 3188 FAX: +44-161-275 3187 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 08:56:14 -0600 (MDT) From: Johanna Rubba Subject: Langacker's Cognitive Grammar Larry Gorbet recently made a posting correcting Paul Deane's posting about the reduction of syntax to semantics in Cognitive Grammar as formulated by Ron Langacker. Larry's claim was that Langacker does not in fact reduce syntax to semantics in this way, because syntax is an aspect of linguistic form, which consists of phonological structures. And phonological structures are not semantic structures, but are distinct. I'm afraid Larry has this last point wrong. Langacker does posit syntactic form as one kind of phonological structure; but phonological structures are in fact claimed to be 'located' in 'semantic space'. I quote from Vol. I of Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (1987, pp.78-79): "sounds (at least for many linguisic purposes) are really concepts ... If sounds are conceptual entities, our previous characterization of symbolic space was oversimplified in treating semantic and phonological space as disjoint fields of cognitive potential; phonological space should instead be regarded as a subregion of semantic space ... Locating phonological space within semantic space is more than a terminological nicety, for it resolves certain actual or potential conceptual problems." All of language is reduced to semantics under this view. Knowledge of language is viewed as those portions of our general conceptual inventory devoted to symbolic expression; these portions include the narrower notion of semantics as the meanings of linguistic expressions, plus the phonological forms which symbolize same, plus the links between the two which accomplish the symbolic function of language. Jo Rubba The University of Montana jrubba@selway.umt.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-477. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-478. Mon 25 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 264 Subject: 5.478 Accents Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 07:44:13 EST From: "George Fowler h(317)726-1482 o(812)855-2829" Subject: Language students' accents 2) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 08:34:42 -0500 (CDT) From: Mary Ann Geissal Subject: Re: 5.475 Accents 3) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 11:08 EDT From: "Dennis.Preston" <22709MGR@msu.edu> Subject: 5.475 Accents 4) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 11:02:34 -0500 (EST) From: ADGERW@HOPE.CIT.HOPE.EDU Subject: southern jewish accents 5) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 10:38:15 MST From: Mary Ellen Ryder Subject: British actors doing American accents 6) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 16:32:03 MST From: Mary Ellen Ryder Subject: Dialects and double modals 7) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 11:48:18 -0500 (EST) From: MARC PICARD Subject: Re: 5.475 Accents 8) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 10:45:10 +0300 (EET DST) From: Deborah D K Ruuskanen Subject: Re: Accents -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 07:44:13 EST From: "George Fowler h(317)726-1482 o(812)855-2829" Subject: Language students' accents I would just like to toss a second-hand observation into the discussion of accents. My former professor, Howard Aronson of the U. of Chicago, observed the following phenomenon back in the days when he still had to teach practical Russian. There would be students in his classes who had terrible Russian pronunciation, apparently deaf to whatever makes Russian sound passably authentic. However, some of the same students could do a dead-on imitation of the English speech of their conversation/drill instructor, an elderly Russian lady with a THICK Russian accent. Since the phonetic habits in the Russian accent in English are basically the same as required for Russian speech, Aronson was amazed that the students couldn't transfer them, since they were obviously picking them up and performing them on that level. George Fowler Dept. of Slavic Languages Indiana University GFowler@Indiana.Edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 08:34:42 -0500 (CDT) From: Mary Ann Geissal Subject: Re: 5.475 Accents Laurie Bauer asks about speakers who use a velar nasal in 'sandwich'. You can hear this in Chicago, too, though in a minority of speakers. Mary Ann Geissal -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 11:08 EDT From: "Dennis.Preston" <22709MGR@msu.edu> Subject: 5.475 Accents Several recent postings mention videos on US language variety; unfortunately, titles and ordering infomration are wrong. 1) The most general (and interesting) is American Tongues; it is available fromNew Day Films, 121 W. 27th St. #902, NY, NY 10001 (212-645-8210; fax 212-645-8652). It can be rented for $85 and purchasedfor $285 (or $150 for a special expurgated high school version which deletes racial slurs). It is a sociolinguistically sophisticated and fun film (almost an oxymoron in educational video!). 2) Yeah You Rite! is an in-depth study of New Orleans lore and language. It is a good film but less linguistically oriented than American Tongues. It is available from The Center for New American Media, 542 Broadway, 2nd Floor, NY, NY 10012, 212-925-5665 (fax 212-925-5692, $150 purchase, $75 rent. Dennis Preston <22709mgr@msu.bitnet> -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 11:02:34 -0500 (EST) From: ADGERW@HOPE.CIT.HOPE.EDU Subject: southern jewish accents This is a message I received from my father, when sending on some of the postings about southern accents. I think of no distinctively Jewish Charleston accents. My Jewish friends there spoke Charleston. Uncle Sam Stoneyused to say that there were five distinguishable Charleston accents, representing five different social groups. The most elevated accent was his, of course; he called it "Mandarin." (One feature of this sicuolect not shared by othe Charlestonese is the yodation of verlars befre /ar/ the word car is pronounced kyar.) Jewish speech patterns did not differ from the standard Charleston, medium-grade, accent. I went to school with Louis Rubin (now a teacher, author, publisher in Chapel Hill, N. C.); Louis never spoke any form that seemed to me different from normal Charleston speech. Your correspondents may not think of Cincinnati as "southern"; if you want southern Jewish, you must look to Atlanta or Birmingham. In the play "Driving Miss Daisy"--when we saw it in London--the accent of Miss Daisy, an Atlanta Jewess, was simple Atlanta (and an excellent rendition of Atlanta-ese it was, even in London). I have not seen the film and cannot speak of that performance. adger williams adgerw@hope.cit.hope.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 10:38:15 MST From: Mary Ellen Ryder Subject: British actors doing American accents Cathryn Williams was asking about British actors doing American accents. I consulted with a film buff in my department (and a native Texan) on this subject and he offered the following comments. Gary Oldham does very believable American accents. Laurence Harvey, who played an American soldier in "The Manchurian Candidate" was pretty unconvincing as far as accent goes, as was Sean Connery in "The Untouchables" (which is not to say anything derogatory about their _acting_). Daniel Day Lewis (spelling?), who is of course a superlative actor, made a very valiant attempt at a believable accent in the quintessentially American role of Hawkeye in "The Last of the Mohicans", and succeeded part of the time, but it tended to fade in and out. And finally, though it's not quite on topic, there was a classic Western movie some years ago called "The Magnificent Seven" in which Yul Brynner and Horst Bucholtz played cowboys with magnificently atrocious accents. A last note. My colleague has spent a fair amount of time in London and has gone to a lot of fringe theater productions there, some of which have (admittedly non-professional) actors playing Americans, and the accent is bad enough to be comical most of the time. One thing that is interesting about it is that the accent of choice, apparently no matter where the characters are supposedly from, is Southeastern. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 16:32:03 MST From: Mary Ellen Ryder Subject: Dialects and double modals The following sentence is from "A Summer Tragedy", a short story by Arna Bontemps, published originally in 1933: You oughta could do a heap mo' wid a thing like that'n me--beingst you got yo' good sight. (Punctuation and spelling as the author had it.) Arna Bontemps (1902-1973) was born in Alexandria, Louisiana. He was one of the authors to emerge from the Harlem Renaissance. I thought this was interesting not just for the discussion on double modals (this one seems relatively rare), but also for the discussion about dialects and perceptions of them in general, since presumably this author chose the phonological characteristics he thought would be most identifiable by his readers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 11:48:18 -0500 (EST) From: MARC PICARD Subject: Re: 5.475 Accents As a biligual who has been teaching phonetics for years, you'd think I'd have some ability to do accents. In fact, I'm about as hopeless as you can get so when I hear someone doing one well, I'm always amazed. When the discussion started concerning British stage and screen stars doing American accents competently, I immediately thought of three people. Two have already been named: Peter Sellers and Tracey Ullmann. The third one I had in mind was the late Benny Hill. I remember in particular a sketch about a murder on a train in which he played simultaneously Kojak, Cannon (or was it Ironside?) and Mannix (Hercule Poirot was also there so he had to do a French accent too). He played Americans in a lot of other sketches (I probably saw each show about five times) and you could see that he was so much better that the other British actors who played Americans. Americans doing stage Irish accents are usually pitiful. I had an Irish friend who used to go nuts when she heard the Irish Spring commercials ("Tis manly but I like it too"). German speakers must go nuts (and probably bananas too) when they listen to those ridiculous Mueslix ads. On the other hand, I've always gotten a laugh out of the Siegfried character (Bernie Koppell?) in Get Smart. Finally, it seems to me that few accents have been done so often and so badly as Italian accents. One exception, it seems to me, is Don Novello doing Father Guido Sarducci. The main reason is probably that he's a native speaker. Can anybody confirm this? Marc Picard -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 10:45:10 +0300 (EET DST) From: Deborah D K Ruuskanen Subject: Re: Accents As a relative newcomer to this list, I have followed the discussion on "accents" with great interest. The Linguist list as a whole has been a godsend to me, stuck out here in the Finnish backwoods, because although I have some of the best linguists in the world as colleagues here in Finland, it is very difficult for me to meet with them in person or even to attend lectures and seminars. SO THANKS VERY MUCH to the people who edit the list, and THANKS to all of you who contribute and by so doing teach me about your interests, too. Regarding accents: one of the first things I tried very hard to do when I came to this country and perforce tried to earn my living teaching EFL was get rid of my southern accent. This was because the Finns who were my students had all been brought up on RP tapes in language labs, and they had difficulties understanding me. My British "friends" and colleagues also made fun of my accent, in a teasing way which nonetheless hurt because I wanted to be accepted by them. Regarding Benji Wald's comments on why people laugh at other people's speech, I think it is because it makes the laughers feel superior - you who speak differently from us are not as good as we are. It is also very much a class thing - in Britain I soon discovered that my fairly good imitation of RP irritated some of my Birmingham (midlands) classmates (no pun intended), and actually got me worse service in most shops, so I reverted to "American". A newly arrived American linguist who came to study and teach in Helsinki has accused me of "putting on airs" by changing my vowels to "fit in" as I thought. I wonder now just what kind of "native American English" my students are getting? Of course, when I visit the Carolinas, especially piedmont and the Smokies, I revert to type precisely so my relatives will not think I'm being snobbish or putting them down. But when I come home to Helsinki, it is back to back vowels, so I won't be called a "ding-dong" because I'm a "Southern Belle". By the way, whatever system you all (y'all is always PLURAL, notice) are using in America to write out sounds phonetically comes out as total garbage on my system. Possibly something to do with my Scandinavian keyboard? I get lots of black boxes and hash marks and exclaimation points, or are you swearing at the bugs in the system??? Anyway, thanks so much for all the fascinating topics and comments. Long live the Linguist list!! Terveisia, kela -- Deborah D. Kela Ruuskanen \ You cannot teach a Man anything, Leankuja 1, FIN-01420 Vantaa \ you can only help him find it druuskan@cc.helsinki.fi \ within himself. Galileo -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-478. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-479. Mon 25 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 456 Subject: 5.479 Sum: Japanese font for the Mac Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 24 Apr 1994 17:29:14 +0008 From: "RANDY J. LAPOLLA" Subject: Summary of responses on Japanese -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sun, 24 Apr 1994 17:29:14 +0008 From: "RANDY J. LAPOLLA" Subject: Summary of responses on Japanese Back in March I posted a request for a Japanese font for use on the Macintosh. I received a number of replies, including some very long ones. I would like to thank Francis Bon , Troy Cox, Sebastian Adorjan Dyhr, Blaine Erickson, Erwin (kloeck@research.nj.nec.com), Susan Fischer, Nancy Frishberg, Greg Kinkley, Hiroaki Kitano, Yuji Nakazato, Thor Sigurd Nilsen, Marc Picard, Malcom Ross, and Thierry J. van Steenberghe for their very helpful replies. Here is a summary of the replies: Thor Sigurd Nilsen (Thor.S.Nilsen@tdh.no) and Thierry J. van Steenberghe (tvs@etal.ucl.ac.be) suggested getting in touch with Ecological Linguistics Ecological Linguistics PO Box 15156 Washinton, D.C. 20003 ecoling@applelink.apple.com Susan Fischer: >Japanese fonts, like Chinese fonts, are two-byte rather than one-byte >characters. This means that you can't just get fonts, but rather must >also get either Kanjitalk (the Japanese version of the operating >system, which costs between $500 and $700) or the Japanese Language Kit >(which costs about $200). Each of these includes at least 2 TrueType >fonts and a couple of bitmapped fonts. Wordprocessors that will work >with JLK include the American versions of WordPerfect and Nisus -- not >MS Word. Troy Cox: >I think your best bet would be to get the Apple Japanese language kit. It >provides a Japanese operating system that allows you to use your current >word processor with the Japanese characters. It seems to me that most of >the other options for using Japanese characters is to buy an actual >Japanese Word Processor, which is quite expensive (I think Japanese Word >Perfect is about $700.00). If I remember correctly, the kit is around >$150.00 with the educational discount. Erwin (kloeck@research.nj.nec.com): >You need the Japanese Language Kit which runs under System 7.1. >It comes with two True Type fonts and is really good. >Price in the US is about $ 180 for university students. Malcom Ross (mdr412@coombs.anu.edu.au) also suggested the Apple add-on module, and adds that >Before System 7 there were various versions of Apple's official Kanji >system and fonts. If I remember rightly, all characters (Kana as well as >Kanji) were two bytes rather than the usual one, so you could not use the >fonts without the system. . . . Again, if I remember rightly, the pre-Sys 7 >stuff doesn't allow ready mixing of Roman and Japanese, whereas >the Sys 7.1 approach should. Yuji Nakazato (YNAKAZATO%GUVAX.Bitnet): > There is no PDS Japanese fonts for the Mac as far as I know. > About the only way to get Japanese fonts is to get KanjiTalk > or Japanes Language Kit (JLK). KanjiTalk is a localized > system (whole system) based on System 7.1. JLK is an > "add-on" to System 7.1. Neither is free. I don't know > about the price of KT outside Japan -- 600 to 700 > dollars in Japan. You can get JLK easily in the States > for about 190 dollars. JLK comes with two TrueType Fonts > (Honmincho & Maru-gothic) as well as one bitmap font > (Osaka). Some mail-order houses carry them > (MacConnection, MacWarehouse, etc). > > There are some poor quality kana fonts for the Mac > as shareware/freeware, but the problem is they all > use their own encoding -- that is, they are all > incompatible with different keyboard layouts. I don't > think it is a good idea to use those for any purposes. Nancy Frishberg (nancyf@seiden.com/NANCYF@AppleLink.Apple.COM) also suggested Apple's Japanese Language Kit, and forwarded the following message from Ker Gibbs, product manager for Chinese and Japanese Language Kits at Apple, about using the JLK on a MacChina system: >MacChina is a bit of a hack that people use to get 2-byte characters to display >using non 2-byte apps...it's not something we gave any thought to as far as >compatibility. However, I don't know of any reason specifically why English >7.1 + MChina + JLK would cause any problems. English 7.1 + CLK + JLK, on the >other hand, is something that I run every day and it works just fine. I don't >see why this person wouldn't prefer this combination -- the TT font version of >MChina is rather pricy. It's certainly not a cost effective solution, >considering CLK has 6 TT fonts for a street price of $184. > >As for the other question, most but not all of JIS level 1 kanji can be >represented by either simplified or traditional Chinese characters. >Again, this strikes me as a difficult way of doing things, but that's >the answer. Marc Picard(PICARD%CONU2.Bitnet) >You can get something called Mac Kana & Basic Japanese Kanji from > >Linguists' Software >PO Box 580 >Edmonds, WA >98020-0580 > >The list price is $49.95. I don't have it myself but I do have their >LaserIPA which is very good quality. Gregg Kinkley (gkinkley@uhunix.uhcc.hawaii.edu): >The University of Hawaii's ftp site has a dandy Japanese font for >the Mac; just go in through gopher, find the general ftp archive for UH, >go into "info-mac" files and search through the general postscript files; >you'll find a nice, brush-stroked complete hiragana that is quite nice. Blaine Erickson (erickson@uhunix.uhcc.hawaii.edu): >Considering the *huge* amount of work that goes into creating a font >which has thousands of characters, I doubt that anyone will ever release >a freeware or shareware Japanese font. There are hiragana and katakana >fonts available; these work by assigning a single keystroke to a single >kana. This is not how "real" Japanese computing works. > >To address a more basic isssue, doing Japanese on a Mac is more than >just getting a Japanese font. You need to have a Japanese-capable >System. If you want to do Japanese on a Mac, there are 4 basic options: > >1. KanjiTalk 7.1 (the current Japanese OS; comes with Macs sold in Japan > and on some APDA CD-ROMs) >2. System 7.1 and the Japanese Language Kit (JLK) (readily available > in the U.S.) >3. KanjiTalk 6.0.7 (or earlier) (the no-cost Japanese OS; very difficult > to obtain although it's supposed to be free (like System 7 and earlier)) >4. GomTalk or SweetJAM (Japanese-capable front-ends to System 6) > >Option 2 is best for native speakers of English or those who want to do >multiple languages on their computers; as far as I know, it's also the >only option readily available world-wide, due to the availability of >7.1 and the JLK through U.S. mail-order companies. I have been very >pleased with the combination myself :-) I must issue the following >caveat, however: you need at least 5 MBs of RAM and a Japanese- >capable word processor or text editor. MS Word does *NOT* work >with Apple's technology for doing Japanese and never will. The programs >I hear recommended are WordPerfect and Nisus. As for Japanese- >capable text editors, there are several available via ftp; my favorite >is Tex-Edit, a very powerful program for the cost (free :-) Other >programs include MBB Text, Word Solution, YooEdit, and Apple's >TeachText Japanese (just as "powerful" as regular TT). > >Two sources I recommend are Ken Lunde's "Understanding Japanese >Information Processing" and the newsgroup sci.lang.japan. The latter >is interactive, of course, and one of the best newsgroups I've ever read. Francis Bond (bond@nttkb.ntt.jp) send a copy of the file Japan.inf (latest version at ), which I think is the same one mentioned by Blaine Erickson. It contains lots of useful information, including how to get some fonts. This file is very long, and should actually be called everything you every wanted to know about computing in Japan and Japanese. I will here only include the author's name, intro and TOC: >Ken R. Lunde ( $@>.NS (J $@7u (J) >Adobe Systems Incorporated >1585 Charleston Road >P.O. Box 7900 >Mountain View, CA 94039-7900 >(415)361-1702 (home) >(415)962-3866 (office) >(415)960-0886 (fax) >lunde@adobe.com > > This article is a description of how to send and receive *real* Japanese >text (i.e., kana and kanji) using electronic mail. I am absolutely delighted >to share this information with others, and I would appreciate any comments on >its content. Since some of the information contained within changes on a >monthly, even weekly basis, I keep the current copy in electronic form. The >current version of this article will be made available at two places: by >anonymous FTP at ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/JIS directory under the >name japan.inf; and by contacting me directly through electronic mail to >request a copy -- my electronic mail address is given above. > >TABLE OF CONTENTS: > WHAT'S NEW > INTRODUCTION > PART 0: THE JAPANESE CHARACTER SET > PART 1: 7-BIT JAPANESE CODES > PART 2: 8-BIT JAPANESE CODES > PART 3: SENDING JAPANESE > PART 4: RECEIVING JAPANESE > PART 5: CONVERSION OF JAPANESE CODES > PART 6: JAPANESE E-MAIL NETWORKS AND ADDRESSING TEMPLATES > PART 7: ACTIVE JUNET DOMAINS > PART 8: JUNET NEWS > PART 9: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS > A FINAL NOTE > ACKNOWLEDGMENTS > BIBLIOGRAPHY > APPENDIX 1: BITNET NODES IN JAPAN > APPENDIX 2: JUNET DOMAINS > APPENDIX 3: JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS Hiroaki Kitano (6500hiro@ucsbuxa.ucsb.edu) send the following FAQ posting from the newsgroup soc.culture.japan. >~Subject: How can I read or write Japanese on my computer? > >This question is broken down into three subsections, Macintosh, IBM >(PC and compatables), and Unix. Unix means mostly X-windows software. > >Reading Japanese on a computer requires a terminal emulator or text >editor program that 1) handles the two byte character set(s) which are >used for transmitting kanji electronically; and 2) Displays the text >in a readable form, at least one kanji font is generally required. > >Writing Japanese requires an input system, which may or may not be >built in to a text editor. The input system takes keyboard input, >usually romaji, converts to kana, and then converts words or phrases >to kanji. > >An article from Ken Lunde which describes character encoding and other >aspects of Japanese language on computers is available at several FTP >sites. > >There are several FTP sites which cary Japanese related software. Try >one near you first before trying one on the other side of an ocean. > >North America > > ftp.uwtc.washington.edu > /pub/Japanese > Lots of stuff for all platforms > > mindseye.berkeley.edu > [128.32.232.19] > /pub/kanji > A few MS-DOS utilities > >Japan > > azabu.tkl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp > [130.69.16.7] > Japanese related programs for PCs > > utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp > [133.11.7.250] > jTeX > > scslwide.sony.co.jp > [133.138.199.1] > a few MS-DOS utilities > > ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp > [131.112.16.39] > > ftp.tohoku.ac.jp > lots of good stuff > >Australia > > monu6.cc.monash.edu.au > pub/nihongo > A few MS-Dos and Mac utilities > many language references including kanjidic and edict > dictionary files > >Europe > > kuso.shef.ac.uk > pub/japanese, pub/news/fj > Mirrors monu6.cc.monash.edu.au as well as other things > > nic.funet.fi > pub/cluture/japan > lots of stuff > > >~Subject: Japanese on the Macintosh > >Contact APDA (Apple Programmer's and Developers Association, >800-282-2732, or 408-562-3910), and ask for Kanjitalk. This is a >kanji version of the Macintosh System and Finder, about $65. Kanji >talk is also said to be a supported product in the U.S. for >considerably more money that $65. Details not available here. > >There is gomTalk, which takes a U.S. system 7.0 or so and probably >a 6.n version of Kanji talk and produces a Japanese system 7. Don't >expect true type fonts. Details not available here. > >Version 7.1 and later of the macintosh operating system is called >"World Script Ready". Different modules for different languages >can be installed and input methods switched from language to language >with a manu or control panel choice. When the Japanese module will >be available in the U.S. is unannounced (as of Jan 1993). > >Once a Japanese OS is installed, you can run many applications on >a U.S. mac and use Japanese input to create Japanese text. However >many U.S. applications make assumptions about single byte characters, >so you will be disapointed. You can use the following: > >free/shareware > ASLEdit an english/kanji text editor, simple terminal emulator > NinjaTerm terminal emulator >commercial > Hypercard > Nisus High end word processor. Japanese version available in U.S. > >Microsoft and Claris, and probably others produce Japanese versions of >their software, but for various reasons, aren't sold in the U.S. You >can bring them back from Japan. Much commercial software in Japan is >very expensive. > >Many programs that won't work correctly for creating text do fine when >reading only. Most word processing programs fit this category. > > >~Subject: Japanese on MS-DOS > >DOS/V is the Japanese version of MS-DOS for PC ATs. It was released in >Japan in 1991, now it's in version 5.0. There are already many >commercial softwares for this OS, including text editors. The V of >DOS/V is from VGA (It only works on VGA), and it is fully compatible >with MS-DOS for IBM-PCs. Actually it's the MS-DOS with some device >drivers for processing fonts and input. It also has commands to switch >quickly between Japanese and English. As an example of commercial text >editor, there is a DOS/V version of Ichitaro the best-selling editor >in Japan. The Dash version which has less functions than the complete >one costs about US$200. There are also many Japanese version of >English programs for PCs such as Windows 3.0, Lotus 1-2-3, MS-Works, >etc. > >Moke 1.1 is a shareware text editor runs on more basic systems than jwp >or njstar. > >Moke 2.0 is a commercial product and is available from >J.J. Edwards, KiCompware, 1812 N. Erb St., Appleton, WI 54911, or >Mark Edwards, #405 Konya manshon 4-12-6 Gono kami, >Hamura-cho, Nishitamagun, Tokyo, Japan 190 > >Hterm - A communication program for MS-DOS which will display ASCII, >JASCII, JIS1, and JIS2. From most of the FTP sites mentioned. > >KD (Kanji Driver) by Izumi Ohzawa >Kanji viewer/ front-end-processor for Kermit. >FTP from mindseye at berkeley. Mr. Ohzawa recommends hterm. > >There is also a high-end word processor called EW+ (about like WordPerfect?) >for the IBM PC available from: >Information Technology Laboratory >415 Madison Ave. >19th Floor >New York, NY 10017 >Tel: 212-832-5300 (Yuki Maruyama) >Fax: 212-832-6677 >Price: $850.00 ($499.00 for Universities). > >There is also a lower-end word-processor called JWP which has gotten a >lot of usenet notice lately. from several FTP sites. Definitely at >ftp.uwtc.washington.edu. > >Something called njstar exists also... > >YKH is a freeware Japanese terminal emulator for MS-DOS computers with VGA. >It has the following features: >o VT320 terminal emulation >o ASCII, JIS, NEW-JIS, SHIFT-JIS, EUC formats >o even when "stripped" by newsreaders, Japanese displayed correctly >o com1 and com2 to 9600 baud >o DECNET LAT, DECNET CTERM network terminal protocols >o roumaji-kana translation >from wuarchive.wustl.edu in mirrors/msdos/modem/ykh.zip > > >~Subject: Japanese on Unix, X-windows > >The standard X-windows distribution contains kanji fonts, Look in the >contrib area of your copy of X-windows. Kinput, kterm (terminal >program) etc. > >Nemacs is a version of Gnu emacs modified to handle double byte characters. >It interfaces to a kanji conversion server that's distributed as part of >the Wnn package. > >Get Nemacs and Wnn from ftp.uwtc.washington.edu > >The full nemacs distribution is available at crl.nmsu.edu in >pub/misc/nemacs-3.3.2.tar.Z > >Nemacs is not supported any more, the new program is MULE, Multilingual >Enhancement to GNU Emacs, currently version 0.9.7.1. Available at least >on etlport.etl.go.jp or sh.wide.ad.jp (faster), and ftp.funet.fi. MULE >is larger and more complex than nemacs, if you only want Japanese, no >other languages, you still may be happier with nemacs. I did a search on an archie and came up with the following sources for the cali-japan.hqx file mentioned in some of the messages above: Host ftp.sunet.se (130.238.127.3) Last updated 15:48 5 Mar 1994 Location: /pub/mac/info-mac/font/tt FILE -r--r--r-- 172538 bytes 23:00 22 Mar 1993 cali-japan.hqx Host sumex-aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) Last updated 12:09 5 Mar 1994 Location: /info-mac/font/tt FILE -rw-r--r-- 172538 bytes 00:00 23 Mar 1993 cali-japan.hqx Host lth.se (130.235.20.3) Last updated 15:22 4 Mar 1994 Location: /mac/info-mac/font/tt FILE -rw-r--r-- 172538 bytes 01:00 27 Mar 1993 cali-japan.hqx Host sics.se (192.16.123.90) Last updated 14:40 4 Mar 1994 Location: /pub/info-mac/font/tt FILE -rw-r--r-- 172538 bytes 01:00 27 Mar 1993 cali-japan.hqx Host ftp.luth.se (130.240.18.2) Last updated 11:09 4 Mar 1994 Location: /pub/mac/system/font/truetype FILE -rw-r--r-- 172538 bytes 01:00 28 Mar 1993 cali-japan.hqx Host ftp.wustl.edu (128.252.135.4) Last updated 12:08 21 Dec 1993 Location: /systems/mac/info-mac/font/tt FILE -r--r--r-- 172538 bytes 00:00 23 Mar 1993 cali-japan.hqx Host uhunix2.uhcc.hawaii.edu (128.171.44.7) Last updated 04:26 24 Jul 1993 Location: /mirrors/info-mac/font/tt FILE -rw-r--r-- 172538 bytes 16:49 23 Mar 1993 cali-japan.hqx Thanks again to everyone who helped out. Randy LaPolla Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-479. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-480. Mon 25 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 111 Subject: 5.480 Sum: This & that Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 18:06:24 -0500 (CDT) From: shetzer heidi Subject: summary-this&that -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 18:06:24 -0500 (CDT) From: shetzer heidi Subject: summary-this&that A couple weeks ago I posted a query asking for references concerning the deictics, "this" and "that." Here is a summary of responses. Thanks to all who responded. Heidi Shetzer hshetzer@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu Division of English as an International Language University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 3070 Foreign Languages Building 707 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 ______________________________________________________________________________ Joachim Knuf (jknuf@ukcc.uky.edu) passed along conference info: TIME, SPACE, AND IDENTITY The First International Colloquium on Deixis December 2-4, 1994 College of Communications and Information Studies University of Kentucky submission deadline May 30, 1994 email listserv for conference has been set up: "if your local host does not support the Rtells command, mail the message Rsub deixis firstname lastnames to listserv@ukcc.uky,edu to receive conference mailings" ______________________________________________________________________________ references/other responses--no particular order: Webber, B. ( May 1991) "Structure and Ostension in the Interpretation of Discourse Deixis." Natural Language and Cognitive Processes 6(2),107-135. (This/That in a comp. linguistics framework) Di Eugenio, B. (1989) "Clausal reference in {I}talian" Proceedings Penn Linguistics Colloquium. Ariel, M. (1990) Accessing NP Antecedents. Routledge. (discusses this/that, and mentions other works) Garcia, E.C. (year?) "A Psycho-linguistic Crossroads: Frequency of Use." Journal of Semantics 7, 301-319. (Henny Klein klein@let.rug.nl) notes: "he/she argues that the choice for a linguistic expression is related to the cognitive category it belongs to..." Lackoff, R. (1974). Remarks on "this" and "that". In M.W. Lagaly, R. A. Fox, and A. Bruck (eds.), Papers from the Regional Meetings, Chicago Linguistic Society. 345-356. Chicago, Chicago Linguistic Society. Maclaran, R. (1980). On two asymmetrical uses of the demonstrative determiners in English. Linguistics, 18 (9-10), 803-820. Johannes Heinecke (heinecke@compling.hu-berlin.de) recommends: B"uhler, Karl. (1934-2nd printing 1965) "Sprachtheorie" In German. Heinecke notes,"B"uhler tries to figure out a "origo" of all deictics..." & works by K. Heger (mainly written in German) from the 60s and 70s--these "concentrate on the underlying nature of deictics" Strauss, S. (1993) paper on "this", "that", and "it", in the proceedings from the annual conferences, Chicago Linguistic Society No. 29. & longer version--MA Thesis from the Dept of Applied Linguistics, UCLA. Romary, Laurent (romary@loria.fr) , part of a team interested in man-machine dialog, has "written a short paper on [the French] "ici", emphasizing the fact that it initiates a paving structure of space which is then possibly re-activated by a word like "l'" [Title unknown, in French]. & Romary has also written a paper which appeared in the French Journal "Languages"--presented at a workshop on Time, Space and Movement. Paper explains the teams methodology concerning referring expressions.[title unknown] Additionally David Lee (dalee@lingua.cltr.uq.ox.au) notes that Jenny Cheshire at Neuchatel, Switzerland is working on a manuscript on the socio-aspects of "that" (cheshire@lettres.unine.ch) Finally, David Denison (d.denison@man.ac.uk) posed an interesting question: "Why, when responding to an unfamiliar voice on the phone, do Americans typically say 'who is this?', British people [always?] 'who is that?'" any takers? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-480. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-481. Tue 26 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 108 Subject: 5.481 Qs: Mac ReNumber, Summer school, German lexis, Metaphor & symbol Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 94 22:03:09 CDT From: molsen@astrid.ling.nwu.edu (Mari Olsen) Subject: Mac ReNumber 2) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 12:21:14 +0200 From: bleses@language.ou.dk (Dorthe Bleses) Subject: q 3) Date: 25 Apr 94 11:15:28 SAST-2 From: ROGER@beattie.uct.ac.za Subject: German lexis query 4) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 11:20:48 CET From: Adam Karpinski Subject: metaphor&symbol -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 21 Apr 94 22:03:09 CDT From: molsen@astrid.ling.nwu.edu (Mari Olsen) Subject: Mac ReNumber At the LSA in Chicago in 1990 (before I had a Mac large enough to run it) there was a product on display called ReNumber. It renumbered examples in a paper, as well as references to them in the text. A couple months ago I wrote to the address given at the LSA, but received no response. Is the software (or something comparable/better) still available? Thanks. Mari Broman Olsen Northwestern University Department of Linguistics 2016 Sheridan Road Evanston, IL 60208 molsen@astrid.ling.nwu.edu molsen@babel.ling.nwu.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 12:21:14 +0200 From: bleses@language.ou.dk (Dorthe Bleses) Subject: q I would like to know if anyone is aware of a sommercourse in psycholingustic which I (as a ph.d.student) can attend to this summer (Im particular interested in speech errors). Dorthe Bleses Language and Communication Odense Universisty Denmark -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: 25 Apr 94 11:15:28 SAST-2 From: ROGER@beattie.uct.ac.za Subject: German lexis query Dear List, At the tip of Africa material on German dialects is a bit thin on the ground, and what I want to know may require someone who is a dialect speaker or dialectologists. Does anybody know of a German word (probably Bavarian) Krell meaning 'bead'? I was once told by a Bavarian that this was the meaning of the word, and that it had a plural in -en. The only place I have come across it is as a surname: Duerer painted a picture of someone called Oswald Krell, and it is my wife's maiden name. I suspect it is in no way related to Afrikaans kraal 'bead' which is presumably a French loan from 'coral', nor to standard German Krelle. Any help would be appreciated. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 11:20:48 CET From: Adam Karpinski Subject: metaphor&symbol Greetings! A friend of mine, who isn't in e-mail, is interested in topics on the border of metaphor and symbol, especially the issue of conventionality. Any sugges- tions, comments, and bibliography will be appreciated. Please, e-mail to me, or write to: MARIA LIBURA, ul. Akademicka 3/47, 02-038 WARSZAWA, POLAND. Thanks in advance. Adam -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-481. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-482. Tue 26 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 163 Subject: 5.482 Qs: Relative clauses, One-anaphora, Esperanto, Spanish Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 17:12:24 BST From: Simon Kirby Subject: relative clauses and universals 2) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 12:08:49 PDT From: Robert Dale Subject: One-anaphora 3) Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 17:45:33 -1000 (HST) From: Maryann Overstreet Subject: Esperanto 4) Date: 23 Apr 94 10:00:00 EST From: "Catherine Vivona" Subject: Latin AMerican Spanish to English Interlanguage questions -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 17:12:24 BST From: Simon Kirby Subject: relative clauses and universals Hi, I'm looking for any information on claims about constraints on the formation of relative clauses across languages. I would like to claim that the following statements are universal: a) If a language has a construction in which a head noun serves as the object of an embedded relative clause and the object of the main clause (OO relative), then it will have a construction in which a head noun serves as the object of the embedded clause and subject of the main clause (SO relative), and vice versa. b) If a language has a construction in which a head noun serves as the embedded subject and the main subject (SS relative), then it will have a construction in which a head noun serves as embedded subject and main object (OS relative), and vice versa. This seems sensible from a theoretical point of view: essentially, it suggests a formal constraint on the form of substantive universals (a meta-constraint). So, there is a universal that rules out languages that have object relatives and don't have subject relatives, but there can be no universal that rules out relative clauses dependent on the head noun's function in the main clause. Are there any counter-examples to this claim? I am aware of one from Hopi (mentioned in a paper by Ken Hale and others in 1977 --- sorry, I don't have the reference with me), which allows RCs of the OO type but not the SO type (eg. "John knew the man who you saw", but not "*The man who you saw knew John"), thus breaking the constraint in (a). Does anyone know of any papers which mention this peculiarity in Hopi, or a similar thing in any other language? Thankyou in advance for any help. If there is any interest I will post a summary, and any conclusions, to the net. Simon Kirby (simon@ling.ed.ac.uk) Department of Linguistics University of Edinburgh Scotland -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 12:08:49 PDT From: Robert Dale Subject: One-anaphora I'm looking at the computer generation of one-anaphoric expressions, as in John had a blue t-shirt Mary had a red one I'm aware of Bonnie Webber's PhD work in this area, but I'm finding it hard to track down any other sources. I'm not so interested in syntactic discussions about whether one is an N-bar substitute, or whatever; I'm more interested in discussions relating to the discourse functions of one-anaphora (eg focussing in on one member of an already introduced set; referring to an entity that shares some properties with an entity already mentioned), so I suspect what I'm looking for may exist in parts of the literature that are outside my normal stomping grounds. Can anyone point me to some useful sources? I'll post a summary to the list if it looks like there's interest. R -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 17:45:33 -1000 (HST) From: Maryann Overstreet Subject: Esperanto I am trying to figure out whether the [ig] morphemes in the following two examples are the same, or whether there is a typo in the data I am looking at: 1. La alta knabo malsanigis. 'The tall boy fell ill.' 2. Cu li grandigis la grandecon de la dormejo? 'Did he increase the size of the dormitory?' In #1, the [g] in malsanigis has a circumflex accent over it; in #2, the form grandigis does not. Is this a way of marking a distinction between 'causative' and 'inchoative' in Esperanto, some other distinction,or is it just a typo? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: 23 Apr 94 10:00:00 EST From: "Catherine Vivona" Subject: Latin AMerican Spanish to English Interlanguage questions I am doing a research project on some specific issues in L2 learning for Latin American (El Salvadorian) immigrants enrolled in ESL classes in the US. I am interested in your observations and about language transfer issues as they relate to: 1. r sounds -- a. How does the /rr/ trill carry over into English b. How does the /r/ tap carry over into English c. How easily does the L2 learner acquire the English /r/ d. How easily does the L2 learner acquire the ENglish flap (in words like little, etc. This appears to me to be the same sound as their ta /r/ tap. So do you agree or disagree (and why) 2. /s/ and /z/ a. My subjects rarely showed any used the /zzz/he /z/ used /z/, even in environments outlined in some spanish texts ANy ideas on why it would not show in any environment? That's it for now. Please excuse extra lines -- I am getting used to the terminal and to the Internet and it is a slow process. Thanks in advance for your ideas and obvservations. Cathy V CathyVivona -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-482. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-483. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 268 Subject: 5.483 Accents Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 12:13:06 CDT From: Mike Picone Subject: Drawl, accents & actors 2) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 02:59:24 -0500 (CDT) From: "Claude M. Steinberg" Subject: Re: 5.478 Accents 3) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 17:32 PDT From: benji wald Subject: Re: 5.478 Accents 4) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 10:57:35 From: koontz@alpha.bldr.nist.gov (John E. Koontz) Subject: Re: 5.478 Accents 5) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 01:14 +0100 (MET) From: WERTH@alf.let.uva.nl Subject: RE: 5.475 Accents 6) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 15:45:39 MST From: Mary Ellen Ryder Subject: Northern Irish dialect sources -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 12:13:06 CDT From: Mike Picone Subject: Drawl, accents & actors Some more on drawl: Recently in Chicago I had the occasion to see the TV add for Polaner jam (I don't know if it's being run in the South, since I don't have a TV). It's a fine example of the use of stigmatized white Southern accent for comic effect. A colleague on ADS-L (Dick Demers) summarized it this way: >From: DEMERS 22-APR-1994 >Subj: more drawl bashing >One of the commercials on 60 minutes last weekend was from the Polaner >Jam company. Several elegantly dressed people are sitting around what >looks like a dinner table. Several of the people ask for the Polaner >jam to be passed using almost Received P English. Suddenly you hear >a Gomer Pyle type voice saying "Would someone pass the jelly." >One lady almost faints at the use of the word "jelly" in describing >Polaner. The point is that the creators of the commercial felt >the need to underscore the person's lack of social awareness and >good breeding by giving him a southern accent. Somedays it all >seems hopeless. Dick Let me add to the above another example a la Cokie Roberts of a Southerner (raised in Georgia) who buys into the general convention of drawl stigmatization. This comes from a very interesting piece on the post-Civil War white Southern identity crisis compared with the search for African-American identity. Interestingly, apart from the concession to drawl bashing, it is in every other way sensitive to Southern issues (and possibly helps shed light on Cokie Roberts' adverse reaction to the senior Southern politician who she chose to ridicule for his linguistic habits): "Defeat in civil war cast whites in the region as inferior, certainly second- class American citizens. Moreover, white Southerners, by virtue of their emphasis on racial solidarity, lost touch with their European origins in the procrustean bed of racial politics. They became Whites, or what George Tindall called ethnic Southerners. ... As a self-conscious minority, white Southerners have behaved curiosly in our republic. For much of their history they have been as un-American as any group one might find. Thought of by the dominant culture as lazy, ignorant, and mentally slow, their manner of speech, the ungrammatical Southern drawl, only confirmed the suspicion. Their leaders were worse. Knowing after Appomattox that none among them would ever be elected president (a sure sign of second-class citizenship), Southern politicians adopted a rhetoric and style that at its uproarious best was called demagogic. ... Though the African-American experience defies comparison, and indeed might be thought a gross affront even to attempt, might not close scrutiny reveal the same comedy, tragedy, meanness and generosity found in the white South?" - E. Culpepper Clark, Executive Assistant to the President, University of Alabama, in a recent address to the Phi Beta Kappa honorary, as reprinted in the Tuscaloosa News, April 24, 1994. Finally, in reference to accents & actors, I overheard a relevant conversation among theater goers last Friday at a Univ. of Alabama student production. Two female students were comparing how "bad" their accents were. It seems that one was not able to suppress hers enough to be considered good acting foddor and so opted for set design as her area of concentration. All the baggage that comes with a Southern accent is acutely felt in this kind of a situation and can go far to frustrate a chosen career that is media related. Mike Picone University of Alabama ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 02:59:24 -0500 (CDT) From: "Claude M. Steinberg" Subject: Re: 5.478 Accents Regarding George Fowler's finding that people can imitate foreign accents perfectly without being able to pronounce the words of the foreign language, I was struck by how consistent it seemed with Mark Liberman's (and many other speech perception researchers') investigations of how people attend to different information depending on whether they think they are hearing speech or non-speech. Perhaps being a good mimic of accents involves treating speech sounds as something else in order to attend to information one would usually ignore or neutralize in an effort to better understand the unfamiliar sounding speech. If speakers of a dialect expect speakers of a different dialect either to hear the peculiarities of a non-native dialect as paralinguistic or to ignore differences altogether, this lends support to the notion that dialect may serve a more expressive purpose than merely signaling cultural identity. Anyone done any experiment on this? Claude @Northwestern -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 17:32 PDT From: benji wald Subject: Re: 5.478 Accents My eyes and mind are going around and circles at this point in my e-mail (I let it accumulate for a week before I get to it), but I would like to add my 2cents to some of the substantive questions which have been raised on the accents. 1. Australian/London accents. Similar and historically related diphthongal systems, particularly the counterclockwise rotation of the nucleus of y glides (compared to American and other British accents) account more than ANYTHING ELSE for the confusion of the two accents by Americans (and some Northern British!!!) The differences are in the treatment of short "i" and "e" in Australian, the former centralised and the latter raised and tensed. Very distinct from London, but not necessarily from the other "Southern Hemisphere" dialects, such as New Zealand and South Africa. Interesting, but I don't control all the details is variation in Australia in the nucleus of /ahr/ words like "car", "hard", "slip a shrimp on the BARBY" etc. Stereotypically fronted, while Cockney is very back (same position as nucleus of "tie" > "toy" etc) The fronting of /ahr/ etc in Britain occurs in many Northern British dialects, e.g., Lancashire, Mersey (where it's a stereotype of "hard"ness, i.e. "tough masculinity") but those dialects are otherwise incompatible with Australian varieties (with its obvious Southern British base). I could go on, but you now have enough information to unequivcally distinguish Australian from London accents if you are not deaf. By the way, very appealing (don't ask me why) is the little girl on TV selling Australian muffins because it makes her mouth "water", check out how open the final unstressed vowel of "water" is, almost an [a] sound. 2. Kac wanted to know about geographical variation in NY, I think particularl y betweenm Bronx and Brooklyn. He raised the oft mentioned notion that dialect differences in NY are more social and ethnic than geographical. The "more" is crucial to making the statement true. In general, the NY dialect fits into a series of trends by which some areas are more advanced in some of those trends than others, sometimes who's more advanced depends on the feature. For example, I found Flatbush to be rather conservative in raising of short "a" and oh (the latter, as in coffee, the latest stereotype of New York City speech with a nucleus at the height of the vowel of "who", the older stereotype focussed on short "a" at the height of "hey" or even "he", (used for humour by using the high vowels in expressions like "he ain't got no clAss", where the pronunciation of the vowel in "class" implied that the speaker had no "class". There are of course stereotypes in NY now of various areas, esp "the Island", meaning Long Island minus Queens and Brooklyn, mainly about the active vowels being very advanced in the direction of change. These are the Queens stereotypes. Manhattan applies the same stereotypes to Queens, as one might expect. The areas of the Bronx which fit into the general New York City pattern, as opposed to relatively radical modifications of the pattern from ethnic substrata of Puerto Rican (closer to the general pattern but also accomodating to Black English as spoken in NYC) and Black speakers (with some NYC patterns such as raised "oh" as in coffee, but often not backed "ay" as in fly etc) do have a widespread distinctive feature, the fronting of short"o" as in "got", "Bronx" etc., so that it sounds similar to the Rochester-Detroit- Chicago axis pronunciation of the same words. In a city as large and complex as New York it would indeed be odd if there were no local innovations. Let's forget about Staten Island, just as everybody else does. According to what I've read in the papers, if the Republicans have their way, it won't be part of New York City much longer anyway. 3. There was something else, but I forgot what it was. Probably something about stereotypes. Maybe next week, if I remember. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 10:57:35 From: koontz@alpha.bldr.nist.gov (John E. Koontz) Subject: Re: 5.478 Accents > Cathryn Williams was asking about British actors doing American accents. > ... as was Sean Connery in "The Untouchables" (which is not to say > anything derogatory about their _acting_). I believe Connery was attempting an Irish accent, though I am not qualified to judge his success at it. He generally takes this tack in American movies, and is presumably hired in part for his presumed ability to do that. My own suggestion would be to watch the Mystery series on PBS, etc., where there are often (I think) British actors playing Americans or Australians, with varying degrees of success. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 01:14 +0100 (MET) From: WERTH@alf.let.uva.nl Subject: RE: 5.475 Accents A P.S. on the question of accents. The British media have been somewhat agog recently about the so-called birth of a new kind of accent in Britain, which has been dubbed 'Estuary English'. This is because, geographically, it seems to have some affinities with the Essex, Kent and London accents spoken along the Thames estuary (allegedly) - although sociolinguistically, its speakers seem to come from all kinds of social and regional backgrounds. It's a kind of yuppy-speak which has grown up in the 80s. I myself would associate it with suburban London. It seems to have a certain number of relatively fixed linguistic characteristics, such as use of glottal stops for medial and final /t/, vocalised final /l/ (as in Cockney), and a Great Vowel Shift-like fronting and raising of the vowel system. Commentators also point at the extended use of the word 'basically'! Has anyone else heard of this phenomenon, or indeed of any serious work which captures and analyses it? Regards, Paul Werth. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 15:45:39 MST From: Mary Ellen Ryder Subject: Northern Irish dialect sources I have a request from a colleague of mine in the theatre department that seems especially apropos, given the on-going discussion about actors butchering (or not) other dialects. The Idaho Shakespeare Festival (they don't do just Shakespeare) is putting on a play this summer in which the actors need to speak in a Northern Ireland dialect, preferably County Ulster/Belfast. My colleague is the dialect coach for this play, and she would very much like titles of any of the following as soon as possible (rehearsal starts in three weeks and she needs lead time to prepare): videos of films with speakers from this dialect area audio tapes for this dialect area detailed linguistic descriptions of this dialect area Here's our chance to get some actors well-prepared! Thanks very much, Mary Ellen Ryder -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-483. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-484. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 113 Subject: 5.484 Qs: Tone change, Etymology, Singular for plural, Reference Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 22:07:22 -1000 (HST) From: Enid Wai-Ching Mok Subject: Query:tone change 2) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 21:06:30 -0500 From: Michael Kac Subject: Etymology of English 'one', 'two', 'three' 3) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 09:41:38 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Query: Singular for Plural in any language 4) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 94 16:05:26 BST From: David E Newton Subject: Reference required -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 22:07:22 -1000 (HST) From: Enid Wai-Ching Mok Subject: Query:tone change Dear netters, I'm in desperate need of help from some tone experts on the following issues: 1. Has anyone proposed some kind of a hierarchy for tones or tone languages? 2. Is anyone aware of any discussion of interaction between vowels and tone or stress and tone in the literature? 3. Is "tone neutralizaton" found in languages or dialects other than Beijing Mandarin? 4. Where and how is "tone reduction" defined in the literature? 5. Would a change from a contour tone to a level tone be considered a "reduction" phenomenon? And what about from low to high? I would be grateful if someone could direct me to some references addressing any of the above questions or give me examples of tone reduction from the languages they've worked on or are familiar with. Thanks in advance. Enid Mok Dept. of Linguistics Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 21:06:30 -0500 From: Michael Kac Subject: Etymology of English 'one', 'two', 'three' This week's New York Times Magazine contains an Endpaper by Bruce Handy, a senior editor at TIME, in which he claims that the English words 'one', 'two' and 'three' are believed by some linguists to derive from first, second and third person pronouns in PIE. This seemed very odd to me, but then I'm not an Indo- Europeanist. Would anyone care to comment? Michael Kac -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 09:41:38 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Query: Singular for Plural in any language I recall often coming across descriptions of languages where plural marking is not obligatory and so you get the apparently singular forms used for the plural. Southern Paiute is a good example. However, I cannot find in anything I have readily available a good example of a sentence in which both overtly plural and singular (i.e. number-neutral) pronouns are used to refer to the same plural entity. Anybody? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 94 16:05:26 BST From: David E Newton Subject: Reference required I've got hold of an article by J Ellis, entitled "General Linguistics and Comparative Philology", which runs from page 134-174. However, I've got no other information about it at all. Can anyone help fill in the missing gaps. I think it's *fairly* old... Cheers David E Newton Department of Linguistics University of Edinburgh den@ling.ed.ac.uk -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-484. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-485. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 162 Subject: 5.485 Sum: Basque, Kolami gender Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 14:17:07 +0200 (cedt) From: Steven Schaufele Subject: Sum: Basque 2) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 14:18:19 +0200 From: Ann Lindvall Subject: Summary Kolami gender -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 14:17:07 +0200 (cedt) From: Steven Schaufele Subject: Sum: Basque A little over a week ago, i posted the following query in LINGUIST 5-445. I'm passing on to the List a request from one of my students who has expressed an interest in studying Basque. He would like to know about any good descriptive grammars of the language. I have a few references i could give him, but i want to cast the net wider, partly because i myself know next to nothing about Basque and therefore don't know what would be a *good* (i.e. reliable) descriptive grammar of the language, and partly because i'm concerned about what he might be able to get his hands on here in Budapest (he's Hungarian; his English is good. Don't know whether he can handle Spanish). So any suggestions of good descriptive grammars of Basque would be appreciated. Send them to me and i will pass them on to him, and if there's interest i'll post a summary to the List. First of all, i would like to thank the following linguists for their helpful responses: Jon Aske , Ursula Doleschal , Steve Helmreich , Maitena Garcia Iragorri , J. Carlos Ruiz , Raphael Salkie , Larry Trask , and Henk Wolf The books i and my student were referred to: Aprenda el Vasco: metodo sencillo y agradable para iniciarse en el aprendizaje de la lengua mas antigua de occidente. Zarauz: Icharopena (1969). Campion, Arturo. 1884. Gramatica Bascongada. Tolosa: Eusebio Lopez. Grammaire basque pour tous. (2 vols.) Hendaye: Haize Garbia (1981). King, Alan R. 1994? Basque Grammar. Reno: University of Nevada Press. Lafitte, Pierre. 1944. Grammaire basque, reprinted 1979 San Sebastian: ELKAR. Saltarelli, Mario. 1988. Basque. London: Croom Helm/Routledge. More theoretical and focussed items: Lueders, Ulrich. ???? The Souletin Verbal Complex: New Approaches to Basque Morphophonology. Munchen: LINCOM. Martin-Callejo, Esmerelda M. 1984. Some Aspects of Basque Morphology and Syntax. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Arizona. Ortiz de Urbina, Jon. 1989. Parameters in the Grammar of Basque. Dordrecht: Foris. Comments: >From Larry Trask: 'Good grammars of Basque are rare ... [Saltarelli's] has the usual format for [the Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars] series, with its chief weakness being that it's practically impossible to look up any particular topic. [King's is] a textbook with a descriptive orientation about to be published by the University of Nevada Press. The book has been forthcoming for years; the last i heard, it was to come out this month. Both of these describe the central dialect of Guipuzcoa, on the Spanish side. For French Basque the main source is still [Lafitte's]. This book is very traditional, linguistically uninformed, extremely detailed, and confined to literary varieties of French Basque.' >From Jon Aske: 'University of Nevada Press has a 2-vol. Basque-English-Basque dictionary which i highly recommend, and a $15 paperback abridged version which is quite good too. The E-B dictionary has a short grammar summary. Of course, the best grammars are the ones published in the last 10 years by the Basque Academy, but those are in Basque.' Henk Wolf gave me the addresses of the Spanish language bureau, which have a Basque department: Secretaria General de Politica Linguistica Duque de Wellington 2 E-01011 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Alava) Spain and of the Spanish contact of the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages: Aureli Argemi i Roca Pau Claris, 106 1er, 1a Barcelona, Spain. Once again, thanks to all respondents from me and my student! Sincerely, Steven -- Dr. Steven Schaufele fcosws@nytud.hu Room 119 Research Institute for Linguistics (Department of Theoretical Linguistics) Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Eotvos Lorand University) P. O. Box 19 1250 Budapest Hungary *** O syntagmata linguarum liberemini humanarum! *** *** Nihil vestris privari nisi obicibus potestis! *** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 14:18:19 +0200 From: Ann Lindvall Subject: Summary Kolami gender To the Linglist readers Some weeks ago I posted a query about Kolami gender. I received some helpful answers and was asked to publish a summary. The references I got was: - Corbett, Greville. 1991. Gender. Cambridge University Press 1991 - Emeneau, M.B. 1955. Kolami: a Dravidian Language. University of California Publications in linguistics, 12, University of California Press, Berkley and Los Angeles I also had information about two other related languages, Telugu and Tamil, as well as about Finnish, which is of typological interest. Thank you for your kind help and comments: Roy H Ogawa Edmund Grimley Will Fitzgerald Deborah D K Ruuskanen Maronoff Datalab Greville G Corbett Prathima Christdas Yours Ann Lindvall -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-485. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-486. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 140 Subject: 5.486 Qs: Translating, Ape language, Equative comparison, Videophone Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 94 11:46:35 CDT From: david@utafll.uta.edu (David Silva) Subject: Inclusive Language Translating 2) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 18:16:03 -0500 From: Michael Kac Subject: Ape Language 3) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 13:32:40 +0000 (GMT) From: martinha@fub46.zedat.fu-berlin.de (Martin Haspelmath) Subject: equative comparison 4) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 11:06:49 WET From: MURPC88@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Subject: videophone test -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 94 11:46:35 CDT From: david@utafll.uta.edu (David Silva) Subject: Inclusive Language Translating I've recently been asked to do some simple translations of English-language materials into Portuguese. The English materials I'm working with have been written so as to remove gender bias (to the extent possible). In translating into Portuguese, however, I've run into the problem of inclusifying a language with overt gender markers at every turn. As a novice translator, I'm looking for sources that argue for and against possible strategies for handling such a problem: alternating female/male terms; using "slashed" structures (e.g., _delegada/-o_ for 'delegate (f/m)'); etc. I'd also be interested in knowing the range of strategies and the extent to which speakers/writers of individual languages (or lang families) are in agreement with regard to which strategies they might use. If there's interest, I'll post a summary to the list. Many thanks. --David (David Silva: david@ling.uta.edu) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 18:16:03 -0500 From: Michael Kac Subject: Ape Language On behalf of someone not on the net I'm writing to inquire about recent literature (if any) on the question of whether apes can learn language. My impression is that since the publication of the article by Terrace et al. in Science (ca. 1980, if I remember correctly) a consensus quickly developed to the effect that earlier claims were exaggerated and that the question is widely considered to have been settled in the negative. I'd be interested in knowing to what extent the debate is still alive and, if there's still life in it, what things to recommend to the person who came to me with the question. If there's enough to report back on I'll post a summary. Please reply to me personally at the following address: kac@cs.umn.edu Michael Kac -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 13:32:40 +0000 (GMT) From: martinha@fub46.zedat.fu-berlin.de (Martin Haspelmath) Subject: equative comparison A colleague and I are working on the typology of constructions expressing equative comparison, as in (1)-(3). (1) Linguistics is as fun as dancing. (2) He is not so naughty as he was. (3) She turned pale as a ghost. For comparison of inequality there exist numerous descriptive and theoretical studies, including a major typological work (Leon Stassen, 1985, Comparison and universal grammar. Oxford: Blackwell). It is much more difficult to find references to studies on equative comparison. We'd be grateful for any pointers to relevant work, recent or older. We are interested in syntax, semantics, morphology, diachrony, and especially in the relation between meaning and form. Some relevant questions are: --Why is the marker of the standard of comparison often identical to the question word 'how'? (e.g. German _wie_, Russian _kak_) --Why is _so_ allowed only in the negative sentence (2), but not in (1)? --Under what circumstances can the first _as_ be omitted (cf. 3)? --What is the relation to similarity expressions such as _She is like her sister_? --What is the relation to role expressions such as _We gave it to you as a gift_? I'll post a summary if there is enough interest. Martin Haspelmath, Free University of Berlin -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 11:06:49 WET From: MURPC88@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Subject: videophone test I want to organise a test of the effectiveness of videophones for lip- reading deaf people. What I had in mind was a set of english sentences that would contain some sounds that would be 'ambiguous' for lipreaders such as 'p'/'b'. Has anyone out there organised such a test and does anyone have any advice as to how I should set about designing this test? I'm a bit in the dark about this! Feargal Murphy, MURPC88@IRLEARN.UCD.IE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-486. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-487. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 128 Subject: 5.487 FYI: Basque, ICLA membership, SCHOLAR has been WAISindexed Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 13:50:19 +0200 From: johannes@compling.hu-berlin.de (Johannes Heinecke) Subject: Re: Basque 2) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 14:27:57 +0200 From: Subject: ICLA membership 3) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 21:07:23 EDT From: Joseph Raben Subject: SCHOLAR has been WAISindexed -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Tue, 19 Apr 94 13:50:19 +0200 From: johannes@compling.hu-berlin.de (Johannes Heinecke) Subject: Re: Basque I have comme across three grammars of Basque I'd like to mention. A rather good and short grammar of Basque is the "Gramatica Elemental Vasca" by Michel Sag\"u\'es. Its fourth edition was published in 1987, but I have seen a fifth edition (All appeared with Editorial Txertoa in Donostia/San Sebasti\'an) This book is written in Spanish. For the northern (in France) variety of Basque there is the older Grammar, written in french by Pierre Lafitte, Grammaire Basque, Bayonne 1962. In my opinion this book is less easy to get through, espacially if you do not know anything about Basque yet And there is (in English) a book I by Mario Saltarelli, Basque, Croom Helm 1988 Johannes Heinecke -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 14:27:57 +0200 From: Subject: ICLA membership from: Marjolijn Verspoor subject: ICLA (International Cognitive Linguistics Association) date: 26 April 1994 As secretary of ICLA, I would like to inform former and pros- pective members that I am updating the mailing list for the COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS journal. I would appreciate it very much if members who have not res- ponded to our circular yet would let me know as soon as possi- ble whether they want to continue their membership or not. Also anyone who would like to have information about an ICLA membership is welcome to send me a message by e-mail or snail mail. Marjolijn Verspoor ICLA Secretary English Department University of Groningen Postbus 716 9700AS Groningen The Netherlands Fax: + 31 50 63 58 21 e-mail: verspoor@let.rug.nl -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 21:07:23 EDT From: Joseph Raben Subject: SCHOLAR has been WAISindexed P L E A S E P O S T SCHOLAR has been WAISindexed Thanks to the efforts of Peter Batke at Johns Hopkins University, it is now possible to do a full-text search of the entire SCHOLAR database, which contains a large variety of information relating to natural language processing: book and journal abstracts, notes on hard- ware, software and databases, and similar items of val- ue to researchers and instructors. To access this information, gopher to select miscellaneous select SCHOLAR select search The search terms can be single words ("French"), phras- es ("machine translation," which will return either term), or boolean combinations (with and, or, or not). Registered subscribers to SCHOLAR sending requests from their registered addresses may then download items by sending requests to as fol- lows: get xxxxx xx . If not already subscribed, send a request to as follows: sub scholar Firstname Lastname . Problems should be addressed to Lusi Altman . Comments and suggestions regarding this index should be sent to Peter Batke . -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-487. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-488. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4885. Lines: 119 Subject: 5.488 Generative Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 16:19:40 +0930 From: Penny Lee (Penny Lee) Subject: 'generative' 2) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 08:23:19 +0200 (cedt) From: Steven Schaufele Subject: generativity and well-formedness conditions -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 16:19:40 +0930 From: Penny Lee (Penny Lee) Subject: 'generative' Re Alex Manaster-Ramer's comment about Dick Hudson's comment about 'generative': >Re: Dick Hudson's remarks about 'generative', is there anyone >who still uses it to mean what it originally meant, i.e., >'completely well-defined and used to generate all and only >the well-formed sentences of a given language'? I think >not, so perhaps it is just as well to allow it to become >a purely sociopolitical label. Likewise, 'formal'. Instead, >for the precise mathematical terms, perhaps we need to substitute >different words, e.g., 'explicit', 'rigorous', 'constructive',, >or the like. doesn't Chomsky say quite explicitly, both early and relatively late, that 'generative' only means 'explicit' in his usage? (e.g. Aspects p 4, p 8, Knowledge of Language p 3). On p 9 of Aspects he says: The term "generate" is familiar in the sense intended here in logic, particularly in Post's theory of combinatorial systems. Furthermore, "generate" seems to be the most appropriate translation of Humboldt's term *erzeugen*, which he frequently uses, it seems, in essentially the sense here intended. Since this use of the term "generate" is well established both in logic and in the tradition of linguistic theory, I can see no reason for a revision of terminology". As a naive user of the German dictionary, I find this comment confusing. 'Erzeugen' seems to me to be defined in a way which is compatible with my ordinary language use of 'generate' in the sense of 'engender' etc. As this is something which has puzzled me for years, I'd be most appreciative if someone could enlighten me further on the matter. Penny Lee. (Dr P. Lee, School of Education (Soc Sci S), Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001. Australia.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 08:23:19 +0200 (cedt) From: Steven Schaufele Subject: generativity and well-formedness conditions In LINGUIST 5-418, Dick Hudson raised the issue of 'the tendency [of 'Chomskyan' linguists] to hijack the term "generative", which is often used (only by Chomskyans) to refer to Chomskyan linguistics'. Presumably in response to this, someone last week (i forget who, and seem to have lost the reference) raise the question of whether in modern theoretical linguistics the word 'generative' has any value other than as an essentially empty political label. I thought about it over the weekend, and for what it's worth here's how i would like to use the word myself. I think a 'generative grammar of a language L' should be understood to be a set W of well-formedness conditions such that one can say 'a string of linguistic elements is language L is well- formed iff it meets the conditions in W.' Be it noted that these conditions may be partial; W might be a set of *phonological* conditions applying to *phonological* strings only, not strings of 'meaning-bearing' elements. More importantly, note that in this proposed definition i am not making any a priori stipulations about the nature or form of the well-formedness condtions. Although i like working with frameworks that address hierarchical constituent structure and constituent order explicitly, and am quite willing to work with transformational frameworks, i am not committed to any particular type of well- formedness condition. The appropriate conditions may be global or local, formal or functional, or any combination, in principle. I think the quest for a fully formal theory of grammar is worth pursuing in at least the sense that the Neogrammarian Regularity Hypothesis is valid: Even if it should prove to need amendment, qualification, or restriction, the effort necessary to amend, qualify, or restrict it will teach us a lot about language. But note that by my proposed definition even a purely functional framework such as (certain versions of) Cognitive Grammar would qualify as 'generative'. Driven into me from the very beginning of my time as a grad student in linguistics over 10 years ago was the belief that what we as linguists are principally looking for are well-formedness conditions. A theory that further explains why a particular set W of well-formedness conditions, as opposed to a logically possible but unattested set W', exists, is of course a highly desirable extra bonus. Sincerely, Steven -- Dr. Steven Schaufele fcosws@nytud.hu Room 119 Research Institute for Linguistics (Department of Theoretical Linguistics) Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Eotvos Lorand University) P. O. Box 19 1250 Budapest Hungary *** O syntagmata linguarum liberemini humanarum! *** *** Nihil vestris privari nisi obicibus potestis! *** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-488. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-489. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 214 Subject: 5.489 Confs: SCIL 6 & SALT 4 Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 12:37:06 -0400 From: scil6 Subject: conferences at the U. of Rochester -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 12:37:06 -0400 From: scil6 Subject: conferences at the U. of Rochester Sixth Annual Student Conference in Linguistics SCIL 6 University of Rochester Rochester, NY May 8-9 The newly independent Department of Linguistics at the University of Rochester is hosting two conferences in linguistics: the Sixth Annual Student Conference in Linguistics (SCIL 6) and the Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference (SALT 4). SALT will take place from Friday May 6th through Sunday May 8th. For further information on SALT, please contact the organizers at slt2@troi.cc.rochester.edu. SCIL begins just after SALT, on Sunday May 8th, and continues on Monday May 9th. For information on the program, please contact the organizers at one of the addresses below. SCIL will feature student speakers on all areas of linguistics, including semantics, syntax, phonology, and acquisition. All are invited. Most talks will be interpreted in ASL. For further information on ASL interpreting, please contact us (see address below). Registration is currently taking place, and will also be held on site. The registration fee is $5, in advance and at the door (see registration form below). Limited crash space is also still available, but will be assigned on a first come-first served basis, so hurry! Fill out the form below and send it to the address shown, or contact us for further information. email: scil6@ling.rochester.edu snail mail: SCIL6 Department of Linguistics Hylan Building University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 =========================================================================== SCIL6 Sixth Annual Student Conference in Linguistics University of Rochester Rochester, NY May 8-9, 1994 PRE-REGISTRATION FORM Name:____________________________________________________________ Affiliation:_____________________________________________________ Address:_________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ E-mail Address:__________________________________________________ Fees: $5.00 (US Currency) Please make checks payable to SCIL 6 Conference. ASL Interpreting: For any participants who desire ASL interpreting, we ask that you please contact us as soon as possible so that we may be sure to have interpreting services available. Some talks have already been scheduled to have interpreting. If possible, please indicate any talks which you would want interpreting for. Send this completed form to: SCIL 6 Department of Linguistics Hylan Building University of Rochester or contact: scil6@ling.rochester.edu =========================================================================== HOUSING INFORMATION-- SCIL '94 UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MAY 8-9 Housing possibilities: -Crash space. If you need crash space, please e-mail scil6@ling.rochester.edu or see the form below. -Goler House (University of Rochester). Campus housing with shuttle service to the University Buildings. Rate: $45 for a single $49 for a double. Double rooms can accommodate 4 (they come with an extra chair that can be turned into a bed and an extra cot can be added upon request). If you are interested in this kind of arrangement, please e-mail scil6@ling.rochester.edu and we will reserve the room for you. -Comfort Inn. Close to the airport (and to campus). Shuttle service to campus from 6 a.m. to midnight. Rate: $39 for either a single or a double. 395 Buell Road Rochester, NY 14624 Phone: (716) 436-4400 -Days Inn. Downtown. Shuttle service. Rate: $55 for a single $58 for a double 384 East Avenue. (corner Alexander) Phone: (716) 325-5010 -Howard Johnson. Close to the airport and campus. Shuttle service upon request, for groups. Rate: $59 for a double that can accommodate 4. Phone: (716) 235-6030 -Motel 6. Close to the airport and to campus. No shuttle service. Rate: $40.99 for a double room that can accommodate 4. $34.99 for a single. 155 Buell Rd. Rochester, NY 14624 Phone: (716) 436 2170 =========================================================================== SCIL 6 University of Rochester May 8-9 QUESTIONAIRE FOR HOUSING Please answer the following questions if you need crash space and return this form to us (SCIL6, Dept of Linguistics, University of Rochester, Hylan Building, Rochester, NY 14627) or email this information to scil6@ling.rochester.edu as soon as possible. Name: Sex: 1. Would you mind sleeping on someone's floor? Yes No 2. If you answered 'no' to question 1, can you bring a sleeping bag? Yes No 3. Are you coming to SCIL only, or do you intend to attend SALT also? (SALT takes place from the 6th to the 8th of May at the University of Rochester.) 4. Will you have transportation of your own while in Rochester? Yes No 5. Are you a smoker? Yes No 6. Are you allergic to any pets? Yes No If so, to which ones? 7. Anything else you want to tell us? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-489. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-490. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 163 Subject: 5.490 Confs: 18th Congress on Education of the Deaf, ACL 1994 Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 09:52:39 IST From: wendy sandler Subject: conference announcement 2) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 11:55:41 -0400 From: Judith Klavans Subject: Workshop on The Balancing Act - July 1, 1994 -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 09:52:39 IST From: wendy sandler Subject: conference announcement 18th International Congress on Education of the Deaf Tel, Aviv, Israel, July 16-20, 1995 First Announcement This is the first announcement for the conference, held once in five years, this time in Israel. The conference program includes a wide variety of topics. Topics of potential interest to LINGUIST subscribers include: Linguistics, communication, language development, literacy, and cognition and learning Abstracts must be received by November 15, 1994. All abstracts must be submitted by regular mail on the form provided in the announcement booklet. To receive a booklet, please contact Wendy Sandler by direct email, and send your regular mail address: RHLE702@HAIFAUVM.BITNET -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 11:55:41 -0400 From: Judith Klavans Subject: Workshop on The Balancing Act - July 1, 1994 ACL-1994 WORKSHOP ANNOUNCEMENT THE BALANCING ACT Combining Symbolic and Statistical Approaches to Language 1 July 1994, just after ACL '94 New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA Organized by: Judith Klavans (Columbia), Philip Resnik (Sun) A renaissance of interest in corpus-based statistical methods has rekindled old controversies -- rationalist vs. empiricist philosophies, theory-driven vs. data-driven methodologies, symbolic vs. statistical techniques. The aim of this workshop is to set aside a priori biases and explore the balancing act that must take place when symbolic and statistical approaches are brought together. PROGRAM INVITED TALK : Qualitative and Quantitative Designs for Speech Translation Hiyan Alshawi The Noisy Channel and the Braying Donkey Roberto Basili, Maria Teresa Pazienza, and Paola Velardi Study and Implementation of Combined Techniques for Automatic Extraction of Terminology Beatrice Daille Parsing with Principles and Probabilities Andrew Fordham and Matthew Crocker Do we Need Linguistics When We Have Statistics? A Comparative Analysis of the Contributions of Linguistic Cues to a Statistical Word Grouping System Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou Complexity of Description of Primitives: Relevance to Local Statistical Computations Aravind K. Joshi and B. Srinivas The Automatic Construction of a Symbolic Parser Via Statistical Techniques Shyam Kapur and Robin Clark Integrating Symbolic and Statistical Approaches in Speech and Natural Language Applications Marie Meteer and Herbert Gish Combining Linguistic with Statistical Methods in Automatic Speech Understanding Patti Price Exploring the Statistical Derivation of Transformational Rule Sequences for Part-of-Speech Tagging Lance A. Ramshaw and Mitchell P. Marcus Bootstrapping Statistical Processing into a Rule-Based Natural Language Parser Stephen D. Richardson Statistical versus Symbolic Parsing for Captioned-Information Retrieval Neil C. Rowe Learning a Radically Lexical Grammar Mary McGee Wood REGISTRATION Registration fees are $25 for participants who register by 15 May 1994. Late registrations will be $30. Registration includes a copy of the proceedings, lunch, and refreshments during the day. Acceptable forms of payment are US$ cheques payable to "ACL" or credit card (VISA/Mastercard) payment. Please submit the following form along with payment: name:_________________________________________________________________ institution: (for name tag)___________________________________________ address: (postal address)_____________________________________________ email:________________________________________________________________ payment: (specify cheque or credit card)______________________________ credit card info: (name on card, card number, expiration date)________ ______________________________________________________________________ dietary requirements: (vegetarian, kosher,etc.)_______________________ Please send to: Philip Resnik Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Inc. Mailstop UCHL03-207 Two Elizabeth Drive, Chelmsford, MA 01824-4195 USA Email: philip.resnik@east.sun.com Fax: (508) 250-5067 This announcement can be found on the World Wide Web at http://crl.nmsu.edu/acl94/acl/postconference.html, and full information about ACL-94 (plus some great photos of attractions around Las Cruces!) can be found at http://crl.nmsu.edu/acl94/Home.html. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-490. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-491. Wed 27 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 147 Subject: 5.491 Calls: Language Quarterly, Machine Translation Special Issue Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 7 Apr 1994 15:16:29 -0400 (EDT) From: Jacob Caflisch Subject: Language Quarterly 2) Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 18:14:05 -0400 From: Judith Klavans Subject: Machine Translation Special Issue - call for submissions -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 7 Apr 1994 15:16:29 -0400 (EDT) From: Jacob Caflisch Subject: Language Quarterly Thanks to everyone who responded to my recent call for reviewers. The response was quite overwhelming, and I have not been able to give everyone a review; nor have I been able to respond to everyone individually -- for which, my apologies. We still have a few books left: John Goldsmith, "The Last Phonological Rule" Kenneth Hyltenstam and Ake Viberg, eds, "Progression and Regression in Language: Sociocultural, Neuropsychological, and Linguistic Perspectives" Alexandra Rowe Henry, "Second Language Rhetorics in Process" I would also like to take this opportunity to issue a call for papers for the next issue of Language Quarterly, to be published in December. We accept articles on all linguistic matters, but are particularly interested in those dealing with less-commonly-taught languages and second language acquisition. Please send an abstract by e-mail to , and include brief biographical material and a snail-mail address. Thanks again. Mark Adderley Language Quarterly -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 18:14:05 -0400 From: Judith Klavans Subject: Machine Translation Special Issue - call for submissions THE MACHINE TRANSLATION JOURNAL SPECIAL ISSUE ON BUILDING LEXICONS FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION Editor: Sergei Nirenburg Guest Editors: Bonnie J. Dorr and Judith L. Klavans The Journal of Machine Translation is planning a Special Issue on the Lexicon in Machine Translation (MT). The lexicon plays a central role in any MT system, regardless of the theoretical foundations upon which the system is based. However, it is only recently that MT researchers have begun to focus more specifically on issues that concern the lexicon, e.g., the automatic construction of cross-linguistically valid lexical-semantic and knowledge-based representations for use by multi-lingual systems. The need for large dictionaries is overwhelming in any natural language application, but the problem is especially difficult for MT because of cross-linguistic divergences and mismatches that arise from the perspective of the lexicon. Furthermore, scaling up dictionaries is an essential requirement for MT that can no longer be dismissed; researchers need to move from toy-dictionary MT systems into larger-scale MT systems so that they will be in a better position to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical underpinnings of their systems. The intent of this Issue is to address critical issues concerning the automatic and semi-automatic acquisition of lexical representations for MT dictionaries. Among traditional approaches to constructing dictionaries for natural language applications has been the massaging of on-line dictionaries that are primarily intended for human consumption. Given that many natural language applications have focused primarily on syntactic information that can be extracted from the lexicon, these methods have constituted a reasonable first-pass approach to the problem. However, it is now widely accepted that natural language processing in general, and MT in particular, requires language-independent conceptual information in order to successfully process a wide range of phenomena in more than one language. Thus, the task of lexicon construction has become a much more difficult problem as researchers endeavor to extend the concept base to support more phenomena and additional languages. Added to this is the standard size, coverage, efficiency trade-off, combined with the fundamental question of anticipated vs actual functionality. High-quality original research papers are invited on issues relevant to this topic including, but not limited to: - Lexical levels required by a machine translation (syntactic, lexical semantic, ontological, etc.) and interdependencies between these levels. - Automatic procedures for the construction of lexical representations. - Semi-automatic methods for the acquisition of lexical knowledge. - Use of existing resources and aids for transforming these resources into appropriate representations for MT. - Augmentation of statistically driven corpus analysis with linguistically motivated techniques for extracting lexical knowledge. - Role of bilingual dictionaries, including example sentences and phrases. Extraction of information from pairwise data in dictionaries. - MT mappings (transfer, interlingual, statistically based, memory-based, etc.) and the effect of these mappings on the representation that is used in the lexicon. - Language universals in the lexicon and the construction of an interlingua for MT. - Incorporation of lexical/non-lexical knowledge for selection of suitable candidates for target constructions in MT. - Accommodation of MT divergences and mismatches in the lexicon; implication for automatic construction of lexicons. ============================================================================ DEADLINE for submission of articles: July 15, 1994 Articles may be submitted in hard-copy, electronic (either plain text or .ps format) to either guest editor. If submitting hard-copy, please send four copies of the paper. Bonnie J. Dorr Judith L. Klavans Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science A.V. Williams Building Mudd Building Room 420 University of Maryland 520 W. 120th Street College Park, MD 20742 New York, New York 10027 Email: bonnie@umiacs.umd.edu Email: klavans@cs.columbia.edu Fax: 301-314-9658 Fax: 914-478-1802 ============================================================================ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-491. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-492. Thu 28 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 147 Subject: 5.492 Qs: Ristad review, Idiom dictionary, Linguistic knowledge Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 09:20:28 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Q: Reviews of Ristad's 'Language Complexity Game' 2) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 11:52:04 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Queries: What's the latest on ... 3) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 18:08:48 EST From: luvthang!talmage@uunet.UU.NET (David W. Talmage) Subject: Looking for idiom dictionary 4) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 09:46:08 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Query: Boundary between Language and Other Faculties -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 09:20:28 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Q: Reviews of Ristad's 'Language Complexity Game' I am writing one, and I was wondering if there have been others, or if anybody else is writing one. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 11:52:04 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Queries: What's the latest on ... (1) Ape sign language? (2) The claim of a gene for grammatical endings? (3) Alingual adults (farm workers, I think) who can very well learn sign language? (4) Manual babbling? I am wondering if anybody has been following up on these and would be willing to send me the latest references? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 18:08:48 EST From: luvthang!talmage@uunet.UU.NET (David W. Talmage) Subject: Looking for idiom dictionary [I'm posting this for a colleague who is not on the Linguist list. Please reply to me at dwtal@ideas.com. I'll forward any replies to him. Summary: Ideas, Inc. wants lists of English idioms to use in an information retrieval benchmark. ] Subject: Use of Idiomatic Processing and Idiom Dictionary for Full Document Subject: Use of Idiomatic Processing and Idiom Dictionary for Full Document Text Retrieval Processing Please indicate whether you know of any on-going work in the linguistics or text retrieval fields pertaining to the analysis of text to identify and/or count idiomatic phrases, any public domain idiom dictionaries, or any potential sources of information in this area. We are participating in the development and implementation of a Boolean benchmark test for full-text document retrieval products. The model for the Boolean benchmark exercise will be Samuel DeFazio's Full-Text Document Retrieval (FTR) Benchmark, hereafter referred to as the FTR Benchmark. The DeFazio FTR benchmark depends on the identification and statistical analysis of tokens within the body of textual data to be accessed under the FTR benchmark test, including counting of each and every token appearing within the body of text. Subsequent analysis throws out the 50 most frequently occurring tokens (on the theory that these are articles such as "a," "and," or "the," and as such are not candidate tokens for search) and categorizes each remaining token as high use, medium use, or low use, depending on the token's count, or number of occurrences within the body of text. During execution of the FTR benchmark, query search expressions are generated from the list of tokens by category, randomly forming Boolean expressions by combining tokens and Boolean operators (AND, AND NOT, OR, etc.). Some modern, state-of-the-art text retrieval products perform idiomatic processing based on dictionaries of commonly used idioms, or phrases, and as such, are able to process queries for idioms within the text database. We are therefore exploring the feasibility of including idiomatic phrases in the FTR benchmark test by incorporating an idiom dictionary and idiom identification capability in the token/phrase analysis part of the FTR benchmark test. Therefore we request that you please identify any on-going work in the linguistics or text retrieval field of which you are aware, pertaining to the analysis of text to identify and/or count idioms, any public domain idiom dictionaries, or any potential sources of information in this area. Thanks in advance for your assistance and cooperation. [1] Full-Text Document Retrieval Benchmark, Version 1.1, November, 1992, Samuel DeFazio, Sequent Computer Systems, Inc. =============================================================================== David W. Talmage (uunet!aquin!luvthang!talmage) "Once more. This is deixis. This is your brain on deixis. Any questions?" -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 94 09:46:08 EDT From: Alexis_Manaster_Ramer@MTS.cc.Wayne.edu Subject: Query: Boundary between Language and Other Faculties Suppose we have the following discourse: John's brothers are Harry, Mike, and Phil. John's brothers both want to be pilots. As compared to John's brothers are Harry, Mike, and Phil. John's brothers, except for Mike, both want to be pilots Does anybody know of any discussion of where the boundary between linguistic knowledge and other kinds of reasoning abilities comes in in deciding the the first is "deviant" and the second not? Or if not, would anybody care to contribute any ideas on this? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-492. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-493. Thu 28 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 136 Subject: 5.493 Jobs: Associate Professor, Luce Professor of Language Learning Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 16:05:25 +0200 From: Subject: Job announcement, Professorship in Comp. Ling./AI 2) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 1994 09:11:52 EDT From: "Ellen F. Prince" Subject: job announcement -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 22 Apr 94 16:05:25 +0200 From: Subject: Job announcement, Professorship in Comp. Ling./AI UNIVERSITY OF KOBLENZ-LANDAU INSTITUTE OF COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS (KOBLENZ) Applications are invited for the position of Associate Professor (tenure, pay scale C3) for Computational Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence. The applicants are expected to have proven competence in the application of artificial intelligence techniques to natural language processing (as shown by a "Habilitation" or equivalent research). The language of instruction is German, and excellent spoken und written fluency in German is required. For further details please read the German language announcement which follows or contact: Prof. Dr. I. S. Batori Institute of Computational Linguistics University of Koblenz-Landau D-56075 Koblenz Germany Email: batori@informatik.uni-koblenz.de (German announcement follows) Universitaetsprofessur (C3) fuer Computerlinguistik/Kuenstliche Intelligenz im Diplom-Studiengang Informatik (Kennziffer 11/94) Bewerberinnen und Bewerber sollen im Gebiet der sprachorientierten Kuenstlichen Intelligenz (KI) in der Lehre und in der Forschung ausgewiesen sein. Besonderes Gewicht wird hierbei auf eigene Erfahrungen bei der Entwicklung und Realisierung komplexer Systeme der sprachorientierten KI gelegt. Organisatorisch ist die Professur dem Institut fuer Computerlinguistik zugeordnet und komplettiert die Lehre des Anwendungsfaches Computerlinguistik innerhalb des Diplom- studiengangs Informatik. Das Curriculum des Faches Computerlinguistik umfasst Grundlagen der Kommunikation, Mensch- Maschine-Interaktion, Semantik natuerlicher Sprachen und deren formale Modellierung, formale Grammatiken, Parsingmethoden fuer Syntax, sprachorientierte KI-Forschung sowie linguistische Anwendungen: maschinelle Uebersetzung, Dialogsysteme und Evaluierung von Sprachsoftware. Die wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der Bewerberinnen und Bewerber sollen hierzu in Beziehung stehen. Darueberhinaus wird erwartet, dass der/die Stelleninhaber(in) bezueglich der KI-Veranstaltungen mit dem Fach Kuenstliche Intelligenz im Institut fuer Informatik kooperiert. Einstellungsvoraussetzungen: Abgeschlossenes Hochschulstudium, Promotion, Habilitation oder vergleichbare wissenschaftliche Leistungen. Die Universitaet Koblenz-Landau strebt eine Erhoehung des Anteils der Frauen im wissenschaftlichen Bereich an und fordert deshalb auch entsprechend qualifizierte Wissenschaftlerinnen zur Bewerbung auf. Schwerbehinderte Bewerber/innen werden bei gleicher Qualifikation bevorzugt. Bewerber/innen senden bis zum 25.05.1994 unter Angabe der Kennziffer ihre Unterlagen, die insbesondere eine Uebersicht ueber den Bildungsweg und die bisherigen Taetigkeiten enthalten sollen, an den Praesidenten der Universitaet Koblenz-Landau Praesidialamt Hegelstrasse 59 D-55122 Mainz -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 1994 09:11:52 EDT From: "Ellen F. Prince" Subject: job announcement Luce Professor of Language Learning The School of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania invites applicants for a professorship funded by the Luce Foundation. The Luce Professor of Language Learning will strengthen the ties between theoretical and practical aspects of language teaching and language research at Penn, both through his or her own activities, and also by providing a focus for interests and strengths already present among Penn's large and diverse language community. Within the broad scope of this mandate, the Luce Professor's research interests may be in any language-related area, and the academic appointment may be in any language-related department. The Luce Professor will provide intellectual leadership for the Penn Language Center (PLC) by serving as its academic director. The PLC, founded in 1990, now teaches more than 1000 students in courses covering more than 35 languages. In collaboration with the eight SAS departments offering language instruction, and Penn's Institute for Research in Cognitive Science (an NSF Science and Technology Center), the PLC offers a unique opportunity for pedagogical innovation and experimentation. Applicants should send a Curriculum Vitae, with copies of selected publications, by September 15, 1994, to Luce Search Committee Penn Language Center 401 Lauder-Fischer Hall University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 101-4-6330 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-493. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-494. Fri 29 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 157 Subject: 5.494 Confs: FLSM 5 pre-registration, 3rd Annual Workshop Slavic Ling Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 00:43:43 -0500 (CDT) From: FLSM 5 Subject: reminder of FLSM 5 pre-registration deadline 2) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 94 18:06:56 EDT From: USERHEEM@um.cc.umich.edu Subject: conference on slavic syntax--announcement -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 00:43:43 -0500 (CDT) From: FLSM 5 Subject: reminder of FLSM 5 pre-registration deadline *** FLSM 5 Pre-Registration Reminder *** Pre-registration for the fifth Formal Linguistics Conference of Mid-America is due by April 30. But we'll take registration datemarked by Monday, May 2. Fees are as follows: student $10 non-student $15 After this date (including at the conference), fees are: student $15 non-student $20 Checks can be made to: University of Illinois. If anyone who expected a registration package still has not received one, please contact us. This registration was mailed to all who submitted abstracts, to all reviewers and every department in the country involved in some sort of linguistics. All packages were mailed together about three weeks ago, but there have been some inexplicable snags (some rather long!) in the university-internal mail system before the packages reached the US Post Office. address: FLSM 5, Dept. of Linguistics, University of Illinois, 4088 Foreign Languages Building, 707 S. Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 94 18:06:56 EDT From: USERHEEM@um.cc.umich.edu Subject: conference on slavic syntax--announcement The 3rd Annual Workshop Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics will be held at the University of Maryland at College Park, May 14-15, 1994 For details and pre-registration contact : David Lightfoot Department of Linguistics, Marie Mount Hall 1401 University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 e-mail: dwl@umdd.bitnet Directions College Park is served by three airports: Washington National, Washington Dulles and Baltimore-Washington International. Washington National is connected to College Park by metro (College Park is on the green line) and there is a shuttle service from Baltimore-Washington International. For those coming by car: from the north, come down I-95 from Baltimore. As I-95 joins I-495 (the infamous Washington Belt-way), follow signs to Route 1 and College Park. The University is 2.2 miles inside the Beltway on the righthand side of Route 1. From the south, come up I-95, round the Beltway, to Exit 25B. Go 2.2 miles south on Route 1 to College Park. We have reserved a block of rooms at the Quality Inn at a special price of $44 for a single room and $49 for a double. The motel is on Route 1, about half a mile south of the main entrance to the campus. The address is 7200 Baltimore Boulevard, College Park, MD 20740; phone 301-864-5820. Reservations should be made by May 3, 1994; tell them that you will be attending FASL. The motel is a 5 minute walk from Marie Mount Hall, where the meeting will be held. There will also be a limited amount of crash space for students; if interested, contact Lee Slack at ls95@umail.umd.edu or 301-405-4936. FASL 3 - Program Saturday, May 14, 1994 Q Maryland Room 8:30 Coffee and registration 9-9:10 Opening remarks 9:10 Loren Billings (Princeton U) & Catherine Rudin (Wayne State Coll.): Optimality and Superiority: A new approach to multiple wh-ordering 9:50 Natalia Kondrashova (Cornell U): The Russian copula: A unified approach 10:50 Zvjezdana Vrzic (New York): Categorial status of the Serbo-Croatian "modal" da. 1:30 Carson T. Schutze (MIT): Serbo-Croatian clitic placement: An argument for prosodic movement 12:10 Tracy Holloway King (Indiana U): Structuring negation in Slavic Afternoon Session Q Room 1400 2:00 Yuki Takatori (Yale U): Havlik's Law and phonological constraints 2:40 Giuliana Giusti (U of Venice) & Mila Dimitrova- Vulchanova (U of Trondheim & U of Venice): Functional and lexical determiners in Bulgarian 3:30 Zeljko BoSkovic (University of Connecticut): V-Movement in Serbo-Croatian and related issues 4:10 John F. Bailyn (Cornell U): Short Verb Movement in Russian 5:00 GUEST LECTURE Ian Roberts (University of Wales) Second position clitics Saturday, May 15, 1994 Q Room 1400 Morning Session 8:30 Steven Franks & Martina Lindseth (Indiana U): Expletive Types and Slavic Clause Structure 9:10 Hana Filip (University of California at Berkeley): Integrating telicity, aspect and NP semantics: the role of thematic structure 9:50 Tracy Holloway King and Michael Yadroff (Indiana U): SpecAspP and Case Assignment 10:40 Lily Grozeva (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen): A Minimalist view on binding in Bulgarian 1:20 Cynthia Vakareliyska (Georgetown U): Evidence from aphasia for a deep-structure subject slot in Bulgarian null-subject sentences 12:00 Roumyana Slabakova (McGill University): Bulgarian psych-verbs Afternoon Session 2:00 Christopher J. Pinon (Stanford U): Paths and imperfective verbs of motion in Polish 2:40 George Fowler (Indiana U): An articulated theory of aspect and prefixation in Slavic 3:30 Gilbert C. Rappaport (U of Texas at Austin) Animacy effects in Russian inflectional morphology 4:10 Leonard H. Babby (Princeton U): Inflectional morphology and theta role supression -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-494. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-495. Fri 29 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 126 Subject: 5.495 Sum: English A(P) of DP Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 12:38:04 +0000 (GMT) From: Frits.Stuurman@let.ruu.nl Subject: sum: English A(P) (of) DP -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 12:38:04 +0000 (GMT) From: Frits.Stuurman@let.ruu.nl Subject: sum: English A(P) (of) DP On April 7 LINGUIST posted two queries which I submitted under the heading of 'English AP of NP'. I am interested in cases like _too big of a hurry_ and/or _big of an error_ alongside _too big a hurry_, _big an error_. Following Abney's Ph.D. dissertation, I assume that _a hurry_ is a DP rather than an NP; and I suppose that for _big_ on its own it might be argued whether it is just an A or a full-blown AP. Hence the new heading, A(P) (of) DP. This is to acknowledge the reactions I have had; and, while continuing to welcome any ideas / suggestions / ..., below I will summarize what has emerged so far. Apart from a respondent who wishes to remain anonymous, I would like to thank for their reactions Steve Abney, Lori Altmann, Tim Beasley, Sherri Condon, John Cowan, Michael Fearn-Wannan, Nancy Frishberg, David Johns, Nigel Love, John Phillips, Christer Platzack, David Powers, And Rosta, Geoffrey Simmons, David Solnit, and Stephen Spackman. I apologize to them if I misrepresent any of their points below. About [AP of DP], in my query I referred to a case I had come across in Donna Tartt's _The Secret History_, and to its discussion in Abney's 1987 MIT dissertation, _The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect_, pp 324-326. I asked for any (further) literature on the construction, but noone came up with any references. I myself have been unable to find any discussion in the encyclopedic grammars of English like Jespersen, Poutsma, or Quirk et al, either. I should add, however, that Abney refers to Bresnan, J.W. (1973), 'Syntax of the comparative clause construction in English', _Linguistic Inquiry_ 5, 275-343: where, indeed, she (p. 298) notes "that one sometimes hears _too good of a man_ or _How good of a player is he?_". In his 1993 Utrecht MA thesis, Stijn Hoppenbrouwers also briefly discusses the construction with _of_. Although I hadn't asked for any judgments on this point, many respondents confirmed that alongside of _too big a hurry_ it is also possible to have _too big of a hurry_; only one respondent rejects the latter. A few respondents suggested that _too big of a hurry_ might owe its existence to some kind of mixing or analogy with _too much of a hurry_, with Q instead of A (which, indeed, is also the point Bresnan 1973:298 makes). Accordingly, it was specifically suggested to me that [AP of DP] might be best with a 'quantifying' A like _big_; cf. ? _too nice of a man_. I was also reminded that with Q one also gets an alternation between presence and absence of _of_: _she was too much (of) a scholar to fall into the trap_. About [A (of) DP] only one respondent was prepared to countenance [A DP], in a "high literary" style, no longer really prevalent today. I had one or two requests for a reference to my paper, and just in case there is a wider interest, I give the details here: Frits Stuurman (1985), 'Big a puzzle', pp. 177-185 in H. Beukema & P. Coopmans (eds) _Linguistics in the Netherlands 1985_, Dordrecht: Foris. In my paper, I provided an account of the cases I found in Jespersen's _MEG_, Vol. II [1914], pp. 365 & 509 (also Vol. III [1926], p. 176, & Poutsma _GLME_ I-II, 2nd edition [1929], p. 710): EXCELLENT A WOMAN as she is, I would not like to live in lodgings where there was a lady so addicted to playing (from W.M. Thackeray, *The Newcomes*, [1853] 1901:139) BIG A PUZZLE as it [= the affair of the water-power] was, it hadn't got the better of Riley (from George Eliot, *The Mill on the Floss*, 1860, Ch. III, p. 9) Whatever possessed you to let her pump you, BRIGHT A GIRL as you are (Sinclair Lewis, *Main Street*, [1920] 1923:371) At the time I wrote the paper, I was not aware of P. Christophersen (1974) 'A note on the construction "adjective + _a_ + noun"', _English Studies_ 55, 538-541; which cites: Pusey ... ventured to say that GREAT A MAN as Luther might have been he could not absolutely submit his judgement to that of a man who had not only broken his own vows but had induced a nun to break hers (J.A. Froude, about 1856, in W.H. Dunn, *James Anthony Froude*, 1961) ADVENTUROUS A CHARACTER as Colonel Richardson undoubtedly is, the phlegm of the classic London policeman is the basic quality here (*TLS*, 1959) The State Department is not satisfied ... that mutual peril -POWERFUL A COHESIVE though it is - is sufficient (*Times* leader, 1957) Given the Sinclair Lewis 1920 example in Jespersen and the 1950s examples in Christophersen, I am not sure that the structure is now entirely obsolete; but even if it is, I suppose one should still be able to account for its viability between the 1850s and 1950s. Also, given 'informal' features like contraction and perhaps _get the better of_ in George Eliot's example, and _pump you_ in Sinclair Lewis', I am not entirely convinced that the structure was / is indeed a 'high literary' one. If it isn't, then this would also dispose of the suggestion that [A DP] with A = _big_ would be a clash of registers, so that it should become better with a literary A like _grievous_: cf. _grievous an error as it was, ..._. Even the respondents who dislike [A DP] overwhelmingly felt that [A of DP] is even worse. Nor have I found any examples in Jespersen, Poutsma, ..., or Christophersen. Of course, if the presence of _of_ is a colloquial feature, and the construction [XP _as/though_ ...] is literary, one could again have recourse to a conflict between registers. But if my hunch is right that [XP _as/though_ ...] is not really all that literary, then perhaps there might be a case for saying that [A DP] and [A of DP] cannot be headed in exactly the same way: if [XP _as/though_ ...] is OK, and [YP _as/though_ ...] is bad, then presumably X =/= Y. In other words, tenuous as the empirical evidence evidently is, I would like to suggest that if [A DP] is headed by A, then [A of DP] is not headed by A (or the other way around). And, if such extrapolation be admissible, perhaps the same goes for [AP DP] vs. [AP of DP]. One of my respondents writes "I'd dislike trying to draw neat binary trees to represent these [structures]". Unlike her/him, that is precisely what I would LIKE to (be able to) do; and I will work on solving the puzzle. If I ever manage to come up with a solution, it will be thanks to the LINGUIST list and my respondents. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-495. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-496. Sat 30 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 127 Subject: 5.496 Qs: Count nouns, Verb movement, Japanese corpus, Reaction-Time Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 94 22:57:25 JST From: jewellgp@numazugw.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp (Gregory Jewell) Subject: +/-Countable in English 2) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 02:38:55 -0400 From: Jairo Morais Nunes Subject: verb movement in infinitivals and clitic duplication 3) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 1994 16:09:48 -0500 (CDT) From: Michele Weinberg Subject: queries 4) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 94 16:28:58 +0100 From: "Christian Kissing" Subject: QE: Reaction-Time software, esp. MEL -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 94 22:57:25 JST From: jewellgp@numazugw.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp (Gregory Jewell) Subject: +/-Countable in English I'm searching for/trying to produce the most concise explanation possible for why some nouns in English are countable, others are uncountable, and still others may be either. My purpose is pedagogical, for teaching Japanese students of English. Many have difficulty grasping the concept, as Japanese of course does not make such a distinction and instead attaches units for counting when needed. The use of plural markers and articles, and the choice of quantifying expressions and verb inflections all depend on grasping the countable/uncountable distinction first. The explanations I've seen are either vague or involve a considerable amount of detail. The simple question "Can you count it?" doesn't always work. If you ask a Japanese if tofu is countable, the answer may be "Yes" (ichoo, nichoo, sanchoo ...). Detailed explanations (e.g., mass, aggregate, abstract, etc. nouns are uncountable) don't seem to capture the "essence" of why these seemingly unrelated categories are those of uncountable nouns. Wouldn't there be some feature or characteristic of English nouns that would distinguish them as countable, uncountable, or either (depending on what they refer to)? (Bananas are countable, but the flavor by itself isn't). Could someone please give me a lead on this, perhaps something in lexical theory? Thanks. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 02:38:55 -0400 From: Jairo Morais Nunes Subject: verb movement in infinitivals and clitic duplication I am trying to find out whether the Italian dialects (or any other language) that allow clitic duplication of the type shown in (1) also allow verb movement within infinitival clauses. In other words, can these dialects allow a sequence corresponding to (2)? (1) Lo voglio farlo it I-want do-it (2) acc. clitic (restructuring verb) infin.verb+acc.clitic adverb indirect obj I would appreciate any information about this matter. Thank is advance. Jairo Nunes Department of Linguistics University of Maryland -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Thu, 28 Apr 1994 16:09:48 -0500 (CDT) From: Michele Weinberg Subject: queries Does anyone know of an online romaji Japanese dictionary, either freeware/shareware or commercially available? Also, does anyone know if the /r/ in Japanese ever occurs as a geminate? Thanks for any help; I'll post a summary of replies if there's interest. Michele Weinberg shelli@babel.ling.nwu.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 94 16:28:58 +0100 From: "Christian Kissing" Subject: QE: Reaction-Time software, esp. MEL Dear List! In a new project at the Department of Linguistics of Duesseldorf University we want to do reaction-time experiments on German inflectional morphology, and do desperately need software to run on MS-DOS-machines (and the appropriate interface-devices for voice acivated response). We have heard about the MEL Professional Experimental Software Package being quite a powerful tool for doing RT and priming experiments. Can anyone on the list tell us the European/German distributor of the program and/or provide more information on how the package works and how (in)convenient it is to set it up, how reliable the support is? Thanks in advance, Yours Christian Kissing Seminar fuer Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf Please direct your replies to either kissing@ze8.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de or eisenbei@ze8.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-496. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-497. Sat 30 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 155 Subject: 5.497 Accents Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 21:15:53 -0500 (EST) From: ALICE FABER Subject: Accents 2) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 22:27:11 -0500 (CDT) From: Charles F Juengling Subject: Re: 5.483 Accents 3) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 21:18:34 -0700 (MST) From: WFKING@CCIT.ARIZONA.EDU Subject: Re: 5.483 Accents 4) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 14:49:13 +0200 From: Duncan.Markham@ling.lu.se From: Deborah D K Ruuskanen Subject: Accent, imitation and impersonation -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 21:15:53 -0500 (EST) From: ALICE FABER Subject: Accents Unlike Benji Wald, I'm not QUITE ready to read Staten Island out of NYC (and the issue's disappeared from the NY local news of late). In line with the observation that some NYC speakers are starting to show evidence of some Chicago/Rochester (aka Northern Cities) phenomena, particularly with regard to fronting of /a/ in HOT, I've recently started hearing scattered instances of backing of /^/ in BUS and CUT. Labov has some very striking recordings of Chicago speakers producing BUS so that it sounds like BOSS in isolation (at least to me). These NY examples aren't as extreme, but they were outside my suburban /^/ category, and so produced a double take. The speakers I heard on the radio are most likely from Staten Island; the context was a story about a bus accident on Staten Island in which the bus had to be cut open in order to extricate passengers and the speaker was male. On another note, various people have offered Tracy Ullman as an example of someone who can adequately imitate non-native dialects. I can't comment on all of her vocal guises, but a year or so ago she made a series of radio ads for Virgin Atlantic airlines in which she "did" various New York City accents. None of them sounded particularly authentic to me. The target accents were identifiable more on the basis of social stereotypes associated with them. The one I recall was supposed to be a "Jewish mother" and was identifiable on the basis of the guilt trip. There were other ethnicities also, but that's the only one I remember. Alice Faber Faber@Yalehask.bitnet -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 22:27:11 -0500 (CDT) From: Charles F Juengling Subject: Re: 5.483 Accents for Paul Werth-- The latest editon of _English Today_ (I forget the author's name) has an article on "Estuary English." for Mary Ellen Ryder-- The article entitled "English in the North of Ireland" by John Harris in Trudgill, Peter. _Language in the British Isles_ Cambridge UP, 1984. is excellent. For audio samples, see (hear): "In a Manner of Speaking" is the audio tape which accompanies J.C. Wells' 3 vol. set _Accents of English_ Cambridge UP, 1982. Trudgill, Peter and Jean Hannah. _International English_ University Park Press. New edition has just come out. Audio tape is available. _English with a Dialect and Irish, Scottish and Welsh Accents_. BBC 1971 record. Those items should do the trick. cfj -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Date: Wed, 27 Apr 1994 21:18:34 -0700 (MST) From: WFKING@CCIT.ARIZONA.EDU Subject: Re: 5.483 Accents It's very shaky business comparing Puerto Rican and African-American accents in the Bronx. Regarding raising in New York and in the Great Lakes Region, I would like to bring up two points. First, the raising in both areas may be indigenous. It would be fascinating to see (hear) some early recordings from the various regions. Has anyone done such research? Second, the accents may be quite different aside from that. It would be good to hear from some Buffalo and Detroit people regarding this, but I think I should subscribe to the list frequented by the American Dialect Society for such discussion. Please tell me if I can take this thread elsewhere. Bill King University of Arizona -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Date: Mon, 25 Apr 94 14:49:13 +0200 From: Duncan.Markham@ling.lu.se Subject: Accent, imitation and impersonation From: Deborah D K Ruuskanen Whilst the discussion on accent and imitation is still fresh in everybody's mind, I wish to repeat a request for info which I first made approx two months ago (and yielded barely a handful of responses). I am desparately seeking info/references regarding imitation and impersonation, primarily from a phonetic, phonological, lg acqusition and cognitive/ neurolinguistic perspective. This request is made after hours and hours of searching to little avail, and some help from a few on linguist list (thank you). There must (?!) be more research out there, or is this area still only regarded as amusing coffee-table lingo-chitchat? A number of relevant issues have popped up in comments by contributors to the 'Accents' discussion, such as: * misidentification of specific elements of an accent as being another accent, * conscious and subconscious adaptation of accent, * failure on the part of actors to identify all characteristics of an accent and there are, of course, a multitude of other issues (especially relating to impersonation -- speaker recognition). Any suggestions would be appreciated. Duncan Markham. PS: Laurie Bauer asked about 'sangwich' -- In Australian English the full word is usually said with the bilabial nasal, but an abbreviated form with the velar exists: 'sanga'. Duncan.Markham@ling.lu.se Dept of Linguistics and Phonetics, Lund University, Sweden. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-497. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-498. Sat 30 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 97 Subject: 5.498 Jobs: Lecturer: Phonetics & Psycholing, Iowa Visiting Position Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 94 14:24 BST From: FEBH23@ujvax.ulst.ac.uk Subject: Job announcement 2) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 09:26:54 -0500 (CDT) From: "W. Davies" Subject: Visiting Position at Iowa -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 94 14:24 BST From: FEBH23@ujvax.ulst.ac.uk Subject: Job announcement CARDIFF INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION Faculty of Community Health Sciences Lecturer/Senior Lecturer: Phonetics & Psycholinguistics Post No: SL/167 The School of Human Sciences provides teaching for a number of advanced level courses, including BSc (Hons) Psychology & Communication, BSc (Hons) Speech and Language Therapy, and a Masters degree in Interprofessional Studies. You should hold an Honours Degree which includes a significant component of Phonetics, Linguistics and Psycholinguistics, a higher degree and preferably experience in both teaching and research in a relevant area. You will teach mainly in the area of Phonetics, Linguistics and Psycho- linguistics, supervise student research projects and have a major involvement in the development of current and projected courses, including a Masters degree which will include Forensic Phonetics, Linguistics and Psychology. The Institute is currently expanding its research profile and research activities will be actively encouraged. Duties to commence 1 September 1994. Salary: #Stg 11,067-24,894 pa. The starting point on the scale is dependent on the candidate's qualifications and relevant experience. Informal enquiries may be made to Dr Pam Harris, Head of School or Martin Duckworth, Subject Leader in Linguistics & Phonetics, at the Llandaff Centre. Telephone +44 (0)222 551111 ext 4238 or 4259. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from the Personnel Section, Cardiff Institute for Higher Education, Central Management Unit, Llandaff Centre, P O Box 377, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2SG. Telephone +44 (0)222 551111 ext 4368/4356/4330 Closing Date for applications: 20 May 1994 The Institute is committed to equality of opportunity in employment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 09:26:54 -0500 (CDT) From: "W. Davies" Subject: Visiting Position at Iowa VISITING POSITION IN PHONOLOGY The Department of Linguistics at The University of Iowa solicits applications for a one-year, non-tenure track position for a phonologist for the 1994-95 academic year. Candidates should be able to teach courses in phonology at all levels as well as introductory phonetics and introductory historical linguistics. Ph.D. preferred. Send letter of interest, CV, and one sample of work, and have three letters of reference sent to: W.D. Davies, Chair Department of Linguistics The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242-1408 Screening will begin immediately and continue until the position is filled. THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA IS AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-498. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-499. Sat 30 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 226 Subject: 5.499 Calls: Grup de Recerca en Lingistica Matematica i Computacional Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------Directory------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 10:42:08 +0200 (MET DST) From: cmartin@trivium.gh.ub.es (Carlos) Subject: call for papers -------------------------Messages-------------------------------------- 1) Date: Fri, 29 Apr 1994 10:42:08 +0200 (MET DST) From: cmartin@trivium.gh.ub.es (Carlos) Subject: call for papers ************************* **************** ********************* X CONGRESO DE LENGUAJES NATURALES Y LENGUAJES FORMALESi X CONGRES DE LLENGUATGES NATURALS I LLENGUATGES FORMALS Sevilla, 26-30 de septiembre de 1994 Facultad de Filosofia Universidad de Sevilla Av. San Francisco Javier, s/n 41005 Sevilla Organizado por: Grup de Recerca en Lingistica Matematica i Computacional (GRLMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona Universidad de Sevilla Abril de 1994 COMITE ORGANIZADOR Carlos Martin Vide (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Lletres), Presidente Angel Nepomuceno Fernandez (Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Filosofia), Secretario Jose Antonio Alonso Jimenez (Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Informatica) Joan Busquets i Rigat (Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Filologia) Carmen Hernandez Martin (Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Filosofia) Joan Miquel Verges (Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Filologia) Rudolf Ortega i Robert (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Lletres) Mario de Jesus Perez Jimenez (Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Matematicas) Francisco Jose Salguero Lamillar (Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Filologia) Jesus Vidal Villalba (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, I.C.E.) OBJETIVOS Los Congresos de Lenguajes Naturales y Lenguajes Formales han constituido, desde 1985 hasta hoy, una oportunidad de reunion de los mas diversos especialistas interesados en el tratamiento formal de las lenguas naturales. Esta reunion ha ido adquiriendo una cierta tradicion y celebra este a$o su decima edicion, que pretende mantener el espiritu tradicional de apertura y dialogo. Los Congresos de Lenguajes Naturales y Lenguajes Formales (Barcelona, 1985; Blanes, 1986; Sitges, 1987; Lleida, 1988; Vilafranca del Penedes, 1989; Tarragona, 1990; Vic, 1991; Girona, 1992; Reus, 1993) aspiran a ser un foro de encuentro de profesores, investigadores y estudiantes avanzados de Ling istica Matematica, concebida como Teoria Abstracta de Lenguajes o, de otra manera, como Teoria Formal del Conocimiento. Se trata de un campo interdisciplinario donde confluyen las aportaciones no solo de ling istas, sino tambien de matematicos, logicos, filosofos, metodologos, especialistas en ciencias de la computacion, en ciencias sociales o ingenieros. El nucleo comun de todos ellos es la preocupacion por el analisis formal del lenguaje, dentro del amplio marco de la ciencia cognitiva. Nos proponemos una doble tarea: por una parte, contribuir al progreso del conocimiento en este terreno; por otra, actuar como elemento de dinamizacion intelectual. MARCO TEMATICO Las areas de interes son las siguientes: Sintaxis formal; Semantica formal; Ling istica algebraica; Ling istica cuantitativa; Ling istica computacional, Procesamiento del lenguaje natural e Inteligencia artificial; Formalismos en ling istica; Logica y teoria de modelos; Filosofia del lenguaje; Teoria de gramaticas formales y automatas; Computabilidad, recursividad y complejidad; Tecnicas de modelizacion matematica; Metodologia, Epistemologia y Teoria e Historia de la ciencia; Problemas de fundamentos; Ciencia cognitiva; etc. LENGUAS Las lenguas del Congreso son: castellano, catalan e ingles. ESTRUCTURA El Congreso se articula en torno a las siguientes secciones: 1. `Tutorial' "Matematicas para la ling istica II": Se desarrollaran las siguientes presentaciones introductorias de algunos aspectos de la sintaxis formal y de la semantica formal: Joan Busquets i Rigat (Universitat de Barcelona), Jesus Vidal Villalba (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya), "Semantica de los nombres de masa y del plural". Carlos Martin Vide (Universitat Rovira i Virgili), "Teoria de categorias para ling istas". Joan Miquel Verges (Universitat de Barcelona), "Gramaticas contextuales". Rudolf Ortega i Robert (Universitat Rovira i Virgili), "Introduccion al concepto de unificacion en las teorias gramaticales". 2. Ponencias y seminarios invitados: Se ha invitado a ocho prestigiosos especialistas, cuatro de ellos extranjeros y cuatro espa$oles. Cada uno de los primeros se hara cargo de una ponencia de 1 hora y de un seminario de 2 horas. Cada uno de los segundos se hara cargo de una ponencia de 1 hora. Los nombres confirmados hasta ahora son los siguientes: Josep Lluis Blasco Estelles (Universitat de Valencia), "Problemas epistemologicos de los condicionantes preling isticos". Luis Fari$as del Cerro (Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse), "Condicionales". J rg Flum (Universit t Freiburg), ponencia "Complexity and Formal Languages". Luis M& Laita de la Rica (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), "Verificacion de bases de conocimiento". Alexis Manaster Ramer (Wayne State University, Detroit): ponencia "Uses and Abuses of Mathematics in Linguistics; seminario "Normal Linguistics and Formal Linguistics". Francisco Marcos Marin (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid), "Analisis cuantitativo y percepcion de lo literario". Petr Sgall (Universita Karlova, Praha), ponencia "A Specification of Dependency-Based Sentence Structures"; seminario "Topic-Focus Articulation as a Hierarchy Specific to Natural Languages". 3. Comunicaciones: Se admiten comunicaciones, dentro del marco tematico, de no mas de 30 minutos de duracion. El comite efectuara la seleccion oportuna. 4. Seminarios libres: Son exposiciones en profundidad de un tema concreto de investigacion durante 1 hora y media, que pueden proponer los interesados. 5. Mesas redondas: Se admiten propuestas relacionadas con cualquier aspecto de la tematica del Congreso. PROPUESTAS Quien desee presentar una comunicacion o un seminario libre ha de enviar, antes del 30 de julio de 1994, el texto completo en las condiciones tecnicas especificadas en el parrafo siguiente. Quien desee proponer una mesa redonda ha de enviar, lo antes posible, una relacion de las personas que habrian de intervenir. La organizacion contestara oportunamente sobre la aceptacion de las propuestas. ACTAS Al inicio del Congreso, los participantes recibiran el volumen de Actas, que incluira todos los trabajos recibidos dentro del plazo y aceptados. Los textos habran de ser enviados por correo (1 ejemplar en papel + disquete de 3+ en Word Perfect para ordenador PC-compatible), seran "camera-ready" y habran de respetar completamente la siguiente estructura (se recomienda la consulta de los volumenes recientes): Extension maxima: comunicaciones, 8 paginas; seminarios libres, 16 paginas. En ambos casos, no numeradas. Formato: a doble columna. Tama$o y tipo de letra: cualquier tipo de letra (preferentemente Times) de 11- 12 puntos en impresion laser. Titulo, autor, adscripcion profesional, direcciones de contacto y resumen en ingles (sin la palabra "Abstract"): en este mismo orden centrados al comienzo del articulo. Notas y bibliografia: en este orden al final del articulo, tambien en columnas. Es posible solicitar en cualquier momento las Actas de los anteriores Congresos a los precios siguientes: I: 2.310 ptas., II: 2.110 ptas., III: 4.640 ptas., IV: 4.930 ptas., V: 3.990 ptas., VI: 5.195 ptas., VII: 3.350 ptas., VIII: 3.360 ptas., IX: 2.585 ptas. Precio conjunto: 25.975 ptas. DERECHOS DE INSCRIPCION General Estudiantes (de 1' o 2' ciclo) Hasta el 30.7.94 15.000 7.500 Despues del 30.7.94 18.000 9.000 Los estudiantes han de acreditar su condicion mediante una fotocopia del carnet o del resguardo de matricula. Es posible inscribirse solo para recibir las Actas, sin asistencia. En este caso, la cuota unica es de 3.000 ptes. BECAS La organizacion otorgara un numero limitado de becas a estudiantes, preferentemente de 1' o 2' ciclo, de cualquier Universidad, que cubriran los gastos de alojamiento. Quienes deseen optar a ellas han de enviar, antes del 16 de julio de 1994, una fotocopia de su expediente academico junto con un breve "curriculum vitae", de una pagina de extension. Oportunamente se comunicara a los interesados el resultado de la seleccion. ALOJAMIENTO El comite organizador local de Sevilla propone las siguientes alternativas de alojamiento para los asistentes, quienes deberan ponerse en contacto directamente con el establecimiento elegido, especificando su condicion de participantes en el Congreso, a fin de beneficiarse de los precios especiales que se ofrecen. Los precios son por noche: Residencia Monteolivos: Monte Olivete, 5 (junto Estacion FFCC). 41007 Sevilla. Tf.: (95) 457.57.77: 1.750 ptas., alojamiento en habitacion triple (compartida), ba$o comun, sin desayuno. 2.450 ptas., alojamiento en habitacion doble (compartida), ba$o propio, sin desayuno. En ambos casos no esta incluido el IVA. Hotel Derby (***): Pl. del Duque (sector Centro). 41003 Sevilla. Tf.: (95) 456.10.88. Fax: (95) 421.33.91: 3.750 ptas., alojamiento y desayuno en habitacion doble (compartida). 6.100 ptas., alojamiento y desayuno en habitacion de uso individual. En ambos casos no esta incluido el IVA. Hotel 5lvarez Quintero (***): 5lvarez Quintero, 9-13 (sector Centro). 41004 Sevilla. Tf.: (95) 422.12.98. Fax: (95) 456.41.41: 4.500 ptas., alojamiento y desayuno en habitacion doble (compartida). 6.700 ptas., alojamiento y desayuno en habitacion de uso individual. En ambos casos no esta incluido el IVA. Hotel Melia (****): Doctor Pedro de Castro, 1 (junto Parque de Maria Luisa-Pl. de Espa$a). 41004 Sevilla. Tfs.: (95) 441.45.01 y 441.45.51: 7.500 ptas., alojamiento en habitacion de uso individual, sin desayuno. En este caso esta incluido el IVA. DIRECCION PARA LA CORRESPONDENCIA Carlos Martin Vide Apartado de Correos 32.077 08080 Barcelona E-mail: cmartin@trivium.gh.ub.es Fax: (977) 55.95.97 Tf.: (977) 55.95.43 -------------------------------------------------------------------- recortar LINGUIST List: Vol-5-499. ________________________________________________________________ LINGUIST List: Vol-5-500. Sat 30 Apr 1994. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 81 Subject: 5.500 New Books: Syntax, Literacy Moderators: Anthony Rodrigues Aristar: Texas A&M U. Helen Dry: Eastern Michigan U. Asst. Editors: Ron Reck Brian Wallace -------------------------------- Note --------------------------------- Additional information on the following books, as well as a short backlist of the publisher's titles, may be available from the Listserv for some of the publishers listed here. Instructions for retrieving backlists appear at the end of this issue. ------------------------------New Books------------------------------ SYNTAX Dechaine, Rose-Marie. (University of Massachusetts, Amherst); Predicates Across Categories: Towards a Category-Neutral Syntax, Pb. xviii + 548 pp. Ph.D. diss., 1993. $16 + S/H. Graduate Linguistics Student Association (GLSA), University of Massachusetts, Amherst. This work attempts a principled and coherent account of the Aristotelian sentence within modern generative grammar. Predication is understood as a licensing relation, and a category-neutral theory of predication is proposed, with consequences for two domains of grammar: 'inside' and 'outside' the predicate. For further information, contact glsa@linguist.umass.edu "BARE PHRASE STRUCTURE" by Noam Chomsky. April 1994. MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics #5. 51pp. Available from MITWPL, 20D-219, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 02139, USA. e-mail: mitwpl@mit.edu Price $3 + shipping (slow $1 in US, elsewhere $1.50; Airmail/1st Class $2 in US, N.America $3, Europe $4, Asia/Africa $5). *Prepayment* in US $$ drawn on US bank required. Sorry, NO CREDIT CARDS. The minimal-er program. Contents: 1. Leading ideas in the study of language; 2. The Minimalist Program; 3. The Computational System; 4. Phrase Markers in a Minimalist Program; 5. Properties of the Transformational Component; 6. Order; 7. Some residual problems. LITERACY Ellsworth, Nancy (Fordham University) Hedley, Carolyn (Fordham University), Baratta, Anthony (Fordham University); LITERACY: A REDEFINITION; 0-8058-1454-X [cloth] $69.95; 0-8058-1455-8 [paper] $32.50; approx. 312pp. The concepts of the past, centered on traditional ways of learning to read and write, no longer suffice in a society that requires higher level skills. This volume offers a revitalized perspective of literacy, focusing on the forms that literacy will take in the future, the influence of changing technologies and multimedia on curriculum and instructional practices, and on effective learning environments. Email:orders@leahq.mhs.compuserve.com Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. -----------------How to get a publisher's backlist------------------------ Simply send a message to: Listserv@tamvm1.tamu.edu (Internet) or Listserv@tamvm1 (Bitnet) The message should consist of the single line: get publishername lst linguist For example, to get more information on a book published by Mouton de Gruyter, send the message: get mouton lst linguist At the moment, the following lists are available: benjamin lst (John Benjamins) erlbaum lst (Lawrence Erlbaum) kluwer lst (Kluwer Academic Publishers) mouton lst (Mouton de Gruyter) sil lst (Summer Institute of Linguistics) ucp lst (University of Chicago Press) uma-glsa lst (U. of Massachusetts Graduate Linguistics Association) osuwpl lst (Ohio State Working Papers in Linguistics) cornell lst (Cornell University Linguistics Dept.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LINGUIST List: Vol-5-500.