LANGUAGE AND GENDER SYLLABI: PART 5 (of 6) 22. BAMBI B. SCHIEFFELIN, New York University Language in Everyday Life Spring 1993 Tues. 6:10-7:50 Liberal Studies Bambi B. Schieffelin 509 Rufus Smith Hall Articles* available for purchase at NYU Bookstore. Books available for purchase at NYU Bookstore: Gumperz, J.J. 1982. Discourse strategies. NY: CUP. Gumperz, J.J. (ed.) 1982. Language and social identity. NY: CUP. Coupland, N., H. Giles & J. M. Wiemann. 1991. "Miscommunication" and problematic talk. Tannen, D. 1990. You just don't understand. NY: Morrow. Hewitt, R. 1986. White talk black talk: Inter-racial friendship and communication amongst adolescents. NY: CUP. Philips, S. 1993. The invisible culture: Communication in the classroom and community on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. Waveland. Requirements: Please do all of the readings in the order listed below. Four short critical writing assignments will be due during the semester which will help sharpen your analytic skills and make class discussion more engaging. All are 5 pages typed double-spaced and handed in at the end of class for a grade. There are 2 Book Reviews - Philips due week 2; Hewitt due week 9; and 2 essays - one on the concept of Cross Talk due week 8, and one on Language and Gender due week 14. Each will count for 20% of the final grade. Focus questions will be handed out a week before the assignment is due. In order to provide a reality check and give you some familiarity with conversational data, there is also a Transcription/Conversation Analysis Project. This will involve taperecording and transcribing 15 minutes of conversation, and analysing it according to procedures from conversation analysis. Details will follow. This project is due on week 6 and consists of the transcript and a report of findings (19 pages max). This project counts for 20% of the grade. I. LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL LIFE 1. The nature of language in social life 1/26 * Sapir, E. 1929. The unconscious patterning of language. In D. Mandelbaum ed, Selected writings of Edward Sapir. Berkely: UC California. pp. 544-559. * Ochs, E. & Schieffelin, B.B. 1984. Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. Schweder & R. Levine (eds) Culture Theory. NY: CUP. * Jackson, J. 1974. Language identity in the Colombia Vaupes Indians. In R. Bauman & J. Sherzer eds, Explorations in the ethnography of speaking. NY: CUP pp. 50-64. * Cohn, C. 1984. Sex and death in the rational world of defense intellectuals. Signs 12, 4: 687-718. 2. Variation in language use across social groups 2/2 * Basso, K. 1970. To give up on words: Silence in Western Apache culture. In P. Giglioli (ed.), Language and social context. Penguin. pp. 67-86. Philips, S. 1993. The invisible culture. Waveland Press. 3. Speech stereotyping 2/9 American Tongues (video) * Haarman, H. 1984. The role of ethnocultural stereotypes and foreign languages in Japanese commercials. Intl. J. Soc. Lang. 50: 101-21. II. THE ORGANIZATION OF TALK 4. Taking turns 2/16 * Edelsky, C. 1981. Who's got the floor? Language in Society 10, 3. * Zimmerman, D. & West, C. 1975. Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation. In B. Thorne & N. Henley eds., Language and sex: difference and dominance. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House. 5. Sequencing in conversation 2/23 * Merritt, M. 1980. The use of OK in service encounters. In R. Shuy & A. Shunkal eds., Language use and the uses of language. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. * West, C. 1983. Ask me no questions...An analysis of queries and replies in physician-patient dialogues. In S. Fisher & A. Todd (eds.), Social organization of doctor patient communication. Washington, DC: CAL. * Cicourel, A. 1981. Language and medicine. In C. Ferguson & S. Heath (eds.), Language in the USA. Cambridge: CUP. pp. 407-429. West, C. & Frankel, R. 1991. Miscommunication in medicine. Chap. 9 in Coupland et al. 6. Misunderstandings - Pre's and Repairs 3/2 Ochs, E. 1991. Misunderstanding children. In Coupland et al. * West, C. 1984. Medical misfires: Mishearings, misgivings and misunderstandings in physician patient dialogues. Discourse processes 7, 107-134. Varonic, E. & S. Gass. 1991. Miscommunication in nonnative speaker discourse. In Coupland et al. Drummond, K. & R. Hopper 1991. Misunderstanding and its remedies. In Coupland et al. III. CROSS-TALK: SPEAKING THE "SAME" LANGUAGE 7. Crosstalk 1 3/9 Crosstalk video tape. Gumperz, J.J. 1982. Discourse strategies. Chapter 6 Contextualization conventions Chapter 7 Socio-cultural knowledge in conversational interference Chapter 8 Interethnic communication Chapter 9 Ethnic style in political rhetoric 8. Crosstalk 2 3/23 In Gumperz, J.J. (ed) 1982. Language and social identity. Chapter 4 Young, L. Inscrutability revisited. Chapter 8 Akinnaso, N. & Ajiotutu, C. Performance and ethnic style. Chapter 13 Jupp, T. C. et al. Language and disadvantage. *Chick, K. 1985. Interactional accomplishment of discrimination. Language in Society. 14, 299-326. 9. Interracial communication 3/30 Hewitt, R. 1986. White talk black talk: Inter-racial friendship and communication amongst adolescents. NY: CUP *Kochman, T. 1986. Strategic ambiguity in Black speech genres. Text 6, 2: 153-70. IV. LANGUAGE SOCIALIZATION 10. Educational consequences 4/6 *Byers, P. & H. Byers 1972. Nonverbal communication and the education of children. In Functions of language in the classroom. C. Cazden, V. John & D. Hymes (eds.), NY: TC Press. *Heath, S. 1984. What no bedtime story means. In Language socialization across cultures. B.B. Schieffelin & E. Ochs (eds.), NY: CUP. *Michaels, S. & C.Cazden 1986. Sharing time. In The Acquisition of literacy: Ethnographic perspectives. B.B.Schieffelin & P. Gilmore (eds.), Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. V. LANGUAGE AND GENDER 11. Language and Gender 1 "politeness" 4/13 *Goffman, E. 1967. On face-work. In Interaction ritual: Essays on face to face behavior. NY: Pantheon. (orig. 1955 Psychiatry 18:213- 31) *Brown, R. & A. Gilman 1960. The pronouns of power and solidarity. In T.A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in language. MIT, 253-76. *Lakoff, R. 1973. Language and women's place. Language in Society 2, 45-80. *Brown, P. How and why are women more polite: some evidence from a Mayan community. In Women and language in literature and society. S. McConnell-Ginet, R. Borker, & N. Furman (eds.). NY: Praeger. 12. Language and Gender 2 "two cultures" 4/20 Maltz, D. & R. Borker. 1982. A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication. In Gumperz (ed.), Language and social identity. Chapter 11. Tannen, D. 1990 You just don't understand. NY: Morrow. 13. Language and Gender 3 "power/prestige" 4/27 *O'Barr, W. & B. Atkins. 1980. "Women's language" or "powerless language" In Women and language in literature and society. S. McConnell-Ginet et al. *Trudgill, P. 1983. Sex and covert prestige. In On dialect. NYU Press. pp. 169-185. *Sattel, H. 1983. Men, inexpressiveness and power. In Language, gender and society. B. Thorne, C. Kramarae and N. Henley (eds.). *Gal. S. 1991. Between speech and silence. In M. di Leonardo (ed.), Gender at the crossroads of knowledge. Univ Cal Press. 14. Language and Gender 4 4/4 Henley, N. & C. Kramarae. 1991. Gender, power and miscommunication. In Coupland. *Goodwin, M. 1980. Directive-response speech sequences in girls' and boys' task activities. In Women and language in literature and society. *West, C. 1990. Not just 'doctors' orders: directive-response sequences in patients' visits to women and men physicians. Discourse & Society 1, 1: 85-112. *Ochs, E. & C. Taylor 1992 Family narrative as political activity. Discourse & Society 3, 3: 301-340. 23. RON SOUTHERLAND, The University of Calgary southerl@acs.ucalgary.ca Fall Session Department of Linguistics 1992 Linguistics 309 (01) Language and Power MWF 1400-1450 Instructor: R. H. Southerland. Office: SS846. Hours: T 1330-1600, or by appointment. Department of Linguistics General Office (SS820) telephone 220- 5469. Required texts: (1) Lakoff, Robin. 1992. Talking Power. Harper/Collins. (Available in the University Bookstore) (2) Sources and Selected Readings in Language and Power. (Available at cost from the Department of Linguistics during the first week of classes. Students who purchase the reader and drop this course by the last date for changing registration in Fall Session half courses (17 September) may receive a refund of the purchase price if there is no writing at all in the reader. Refunds are not available after 17 September.) [Reader] Reserved items: The following books have been placed on reserve in the Reserve Reading Room in the University Library. Assigned portions of them are required reading. A few articles (not listed in this outline) will be placed on reserve in the University Library from time to time. (1) Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language and Power. Longman. (2) Ricks, Christopher, and Leonard Michaels. (Eds.). 1990. The State of the Language. California. (3) Wilson, John. 1990. Politically Speaking: The Pragmatic Analysis of Political Language. Blackwell. Evaluation of Student Performance: (1) Midterm test, Friday, 23 October 1992, 30% of course grade (2) Team project: Groups of three-to-five students will combine their efforts to produce a presentation to the class on a topic of relevance to the course. This topic must be approved by the instructor in advance. The presentations will be 15-20 minutes in length and will be scheduled at various times throughout the course. [Volunteers are solicited earlier rather than later in the course. A schedule will be made available as soon as possible.] Subject matter of the project may be drawn from the sources in the course bibliography (in the Reader) or the reserved items. The grade on the presentation will be based on content, level of interest stimulated in the rest of the class and degree of participation by all members of the team. Students are encouraged to combine secondary sources with current happenings (political, gender or ethnic relations and the like). 10% of course grade. (3) Term paper: Paper proposal and sample bibliography must be submitted to the instructor in writing no later than Wednesday, 14 October 1992. Students will not proceed with their term papers until their proposals and bibliographies have received written approval from the instructor. Any subsequent changes in paper topic must be approved in writing by the instructor as well. Students are strongly urged to begin considering term paper topics early in the course. An examination of all texts and the course bibliography will give an idea of the range of suitable topics. Papers may be based primarily on secondary sources or may involve observation/analysis of language in social context; in the latter case, work with human subjects will be involved. In either case original thought and critical analysis together with a clear and succinct writing style are highly valued. All materials taken or adapted from other sources must be appropriately acknowledged in the paper. Students should be aware that plagiarism (whether through conscious intent or carelessness) is a serious matter which can have grave academic consequences. Term papers may be presented orally in class in the form of a five-to- ten-minute precis during the last week or so of term. The instructor will ask for volunteers for the oral presentation in late November. Final versions must be turned in at the last class meeting (9 December 1992). Papers will not be accepted late for other than medical or similar reasons. Any such reasons must be supported by a written excuse from a qualified professional. 30% of course grade. (4) Final examination to be scheduled by the Registrar's Office during the Examinations Period (14-23 December 1992) 30% of course grade. Note: The Midterm and Final will consist mainly of essay questions with a small number of questions on terminology (e.g., definitions, comparisons and the like). Students who miss the Midterm and present what the instructor regards as a valid excuse for so doing will have the weighting normally assigned that test transferred to the Final. Students who miss the Midterm and do not present an acceptable excuse will receive a grade of 0 for that test. There are no make-ups in this course. Regulations regarding deferred Final Examinations are on page 68 of the 1992-93 Calendar. Course content: The topics covered in a course of this nature are all interrelated and are all linked to the notion of power. No particular structure or sequence of topics necessarily imposes itself on the subject matter. One could start with any of the topics listed below (or others not treated in this course) and proceed in almost any order. The sequence chosen partially reflects that in the Lakoff text but is also ordered to allow relevant topics to coincide with the fall election campaigns, referenda and the like. Note that readings below from the Fairclough text are suggested (encouraged even) but not required. That volume will provide you with a more theoretical overview of (and a somewhat different perspective on) the topic area of language and power. 9-11 Sep Introductory, course overview Lakoff: introduction [pp. 1-7] 11-18 Sep The micropolitics of language: discourse types, politeness, directness vs. indirectness, verbal aggression (cursing and swearing). Lakoff: Part I [chapters 1-3] 21-25 Sep Language and the law: the explicit encoding of power in the courtroom. Lakoff: chapters 5 and 6 Reader: Conley, J. M., W. M. O'Barr, and E. A. Lind. The power of language: presentational style in the courtroom. 28 Sep - 2 Oct Language and medicine. Power in public and power in private: therapy and courtroom compared. Medical and dental interviews. Lakoff: chapters 4 and 7 Reader: Coleman, H., and J. Burton. Aspects of control in the dentist- patient relationship. 5-14 Oct Language and minorities. Language across cultural and social groups. Language and "illness". Lakoff: chapters 9 and 10. Reader: Greenberg, J., S. L. Kirkland and T. Pyszczynski. Some theoretical notions and preliminary research concerning derogatory ethnic labels. Ricks and Michaels: Grover, Jan Zita. AIDS: Keywords. [pp. 142- 162]; Kostenbaum, Wayne. Speaking in the Shadow of AIDS [pp. 163- 170]; Callen, Michael. AIDS: The Linguistic Battlefield [pp. 171-181]. 16-21 Oct Persuasive language. Lakoff: chapters 12 and 13. Reader: Geis, Michael. The strength of a claim. Fairclough: suggested additional readings. 26 Oct - 4 Nov Language and politicians. Lakoff: chapter 14. Wilson: chapters 1 and 2. Fairclough: suggested additional readings. 6-20 Nov Language and gender: Lakoff: chapter 11 Reader: West, Candace, and Don Zimmerman. Small insults: a study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted persons. Ricks and Michaels: Algeo, John. It's a Myth, Innit? Politeness and the English Tag Question. [pp. 443-450]. Additional readings on reserve (for assignment over Reading Days). 23-25 Nov Academic discourse. Lakoff: chapter 8. Fairclough: suggested additional readings. 27 Nov - Language "authorities". Lakoff: chapter 15. Reader: Fries, Charles C. Other attempts to determine what language matters to teach. Ricks and Michaels: Nunberg, Geoffrey. What the Usage Panel Think [pp. 467-482]. Fairclough: suggested additional readings. 24. DEBORAH TANNEN, Georgetown University Linguistics 684 Gender Differences in Language Use Spring 1989 Note: I last taught this course in Spring 1989, while I was working on You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. Some of the readings are outdated, but some are classics. If I were to teach the course again now, I'd probably assign my own book and also the one I just finished editing: a collection of papers entitled Gender and Conversational Interaction to be published by Oxford University Press in a few months. I would also make Lakoff's Language and Woman's Place required, for historical and foundational reasons. I would not use any of the other collections, but would put a packet together from recent publications. The outline of the course and its concerns would probably not change. Linguistics 684 Gender Differences in Language Use Spring 1989 Time: Thursday 2:40 - 5:10 Prerequisite: Linguistics 484 Discourse Analysis: Conversation Requirements: Attendance in class and participation in discussion Required reading (texts and packet) Outside reading (and oral & written summaries) Taping and transcribing conversation Research project and class presentation Written research paper (c. 15 pages) Texts, Required: Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men, and Language. Longman, 1986. Thorne, Barrie, Cheris Kramarae, & Nancy Henley (eds.). Language, Gender, and Society. Newbury House, 1983. Philips, Susan, Susan Steele, and Chris Tanz (eds.). Language, Gender, and Sex in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 1988. Goffman, Erving. Gender Advertisements. Harper & Row, 1976. Lakoff, Robin. Language and Woman's Place. Harper & Row, 1976. Tannen, Deborah. That's Not That What I Meant! Ballantine, 1986. Recommended Subscriptions and Memberships: Women and Language News Organization for the Study of Communication, Lg & Gender Goals: 1. To survey and evaluate the research that has been done on gender differences in language use. 2. To do original research to clarify, verify, build on, and/or otherwise contribute to that research. This is an advanced course in conversational analysis. Our concern is gender differences in ways of speaking. Topics include: Power and solidarity (Lakoff; Tannen; others) Turntaking (Is it true that men interrupt women? Zimmerman & West and critics, including Schegloff & Murray) Topic (Is there a difference in what women and men talk about?) Genres (anthropological work on men's and women's speech genres; Greece: Caraveli on women's laments; Herzfeld, The Poetics of Manhood; Ochs on Malagasy; Schieffelin on religious rites; American genres (tall tales, gossip, joke-telling, family stories, baseball stories, etc. etc.) the role of conversation in relationships public vs. private Domains communicative styles (cooperation vs. competition; message vs. metamessage; indirectness; use of questions, tag questions, polite forms, other syntactic types) the interaction of styles (complementary schismogenesis?) men and women as listeners and speakers (Do men and women talk differently to men and women? Do they listen differently?) gender and sexual orientation Research paper: A paper of at least 15 pages analyzing conversational tapes and transcripts, including relevant literature review. Topics may be chosen from the following list, or be approved by me: --Compare men's and women's personals ads: What do women and men say they want? --Compare male and female callers to talk shows on topics of interest to women and men --Compare male and female questioners at meetings, in class --overlaps and interruptions --topic --storytelling in conversation --who talks more? --uses of talk --dominance: what linguistic strategies have been seen as showing dominance? How valid are these evaluations? --exploring particular women's or men's genres (laments, joke- telling, etc.) --evaluation of women and men who use the same linguistic forms --response to problems Spring 1989 Ling. 684 Gender Differences in Language Use (Tannen) Contents of Required Packet 1. Cover Sheet: List of Readings 2. List of Assignments (with due dates) 3. Bibliographies: Interruptions, Topic, Gossip, Books 4. Required readings in order of assignment: Fishman, Pamela M. 1978. What do couples talk about when they're alone? Women's language and style, ed. by Douglas Butturff, 11-22. Akron, Ohio: Department of English, University of Akron. Maltz, Daniel N., & Ruth A. Borker. 1982. A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication. In: John J. Gumperz (ed.), Language and social identity. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, pp. 196-216. Henley, Nancy and Cheris Kramarae. 1988. Miscommunication - Issues of gender and power. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Women's Studies Association, Minneapolis. Aries, Elizabeth. 1976. Interaction patterns and themes of male, female, and mixed groups. Small Group Behavior 7:1.7-18. Aries, Elizabeth. 1982. Verbal and nonverbal behavior in single-sex and mixed-sex groups: Are traditional sex roles changing? Psychological Reports 51.127-34. Leet-Pellegrini, H. M. 1980. Conversational dominance as a function of gender and expertise. Language: Social psychological perspectives, ed. by Howard Giles, W. Peter Robinson, and Philip M. Smith, 97-104. Oxford: Pergamon. Murray, Stephen O. 1985. Toward a model of members' methods for recognizing interruptions. Language in Society 13:31-40. Murray, Stephen O. 1987. Power and solidarity in "interruption": A critique of the Santa Barbara School conception and its application by Orcutt and Harvey (1985). Symbolic Interaction 10:1.101-110. Murray, Stephen O., and Lucille H. Covelli. 1988. Women and men speaking at the same time. Journal of Pragmatics 12:1.103-11. Talbot, Mary. 1988. The operation was a success; unfortunately, the patient died: A comment on 'Women and men speaking at the same time' by Murray and Covelli. Journal of Pragmatics 12:1.113-4. Murray, Stephen O. 1988. The sound of simultaneous speech, the meaning of interruption: A rejoinder. Journal of Pragmatics 12:1.115-16. Goffman, Erving. 1979[1976]. Gender display. Gender advertisements, 1-9. New York: Harper & Row. Spring 1989 Ling. 684 Gender Differences in Language Use (Tannen) List of Assignments Date Reading Due WEEK 3: CONVERSATIONAL COHERENCE ACROSS AGES 1/26 I: Lecture and Video Presentation You: Tape conversations and begin transcribing WEEK 4: BEGINNING AT THE BEGINNING: RESEARCH ON CHILDREN 2/2 Tanz, Introduction, Pt II (163-77) (PST) Sachs, Preschool boys' and girls' lg use (PST) Goodwin & Goodwin, Children's arguing (PST) Schieffelin, different worlds/ different words? (PST) WEEK 5: KIDS CONT'D & GENDER AS CULTURE VS. POWER 2/9 Berko-Gleason, Men's speech to young children (TKH) Berko-Gleason, Sex diffs in parent-child inter. (PST) Fishman, Interaction: The Work Women Do (TKH) Fishman, What do couples talk about ... (packet) Maltz & Borker, A cultural approach ... (packet) Henley & Kramarae, Miscommunication ... (packet) WEEKS 6 & 7: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES 2/16 Philips, Introduction, Pt. I (15-25) (PST) Shibamoto, The womanly woman (PST) Ochs, The impact of stratification ... (PST) 2/23 Philips & Reynolds: The interaction of ... (PST) Sherzer, A diversity of voices (PST) Hill, Women's speech in modern Mexicano (PST) WEEK 8: SMALL GROUP INTERACTION (EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES) 3/2 Aries, Interaction patterns and themes ... (packet) Aries, Verbal and nonverbal behavior ... (packet) Leet-Pellegrini, Conversational dominance ... (packet) WEEK 9: INTERRUPTIONS AND SILENCE 3/16 West & Zimmerman, Small Insults (TKH) Murray, Toward a model of members' methods (packet) Murray, Power and solidarity in "interruption" (packet) Murray & Covelli, Women & men speaking ... (packet) Talbot, The operation was a success ... (packet) Murray, A rejoinder (packet) Sattel, Men, inexpressiveness, & power (TKH) Spring 1989 Ling. 684 Gender Differences in Language Use (Tannen) List of Assignments p. 2 WEEK 10: SUMMING UP: NATURE/NURTURE ETC. 3/30 McConnell-Ginet, Intonation in a man's world (TKH) Goffman, Gender display (packet) Thorne, Kramarae, Henley, Lg, Gender & Society (TKH) Philips, Introduction (1-25) (PST) WEEKS 11-14 PRESENTATION OF FINAL PROJECTS (We may have guest speakers on 4/6) FINAL PAPERS DUE on the date for which a final exam is scheduled. No late papers or incompletes, for any reason. END OF PART 4 (of 5)