Key References

Tropical Freshwater Ecosystems

Fink, W. L. and S. V. Fink. 1979. Central Amazonia and its fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 62A:13-29.

Goulding, M. 1980. The Fishes and the Forest. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Goulding, M., Caravalho, M. L. and Ferreira, E. G. 1988. Rio Negro, Rich Life in Poor Water: Amazonian diversity and foodchain ecology as seen through fish communities. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Kramer, D. L., C. C. Lindsey, G. E. E. Moodie, and E. D. Stevens. 1978. Respiratory ecology of the fishes of the central Amazon basin. Can. J. Zool., 56(4):717-729.

Lowe-McConnell, R. H. 1975. Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters. Longman, Inc., New York.

Lowe-McConnell, R. H. 1979. Ecological aspects of seasonality in fishes of tropical waters. Symp. zool. Soc. London, 44:219-241.

Lowe-McConnell, R. H. 1987. Ecological studies in tropical fish communities. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Lundberg, J. G., A. MachadoAllison and R. F. Kay. 1986. Miocene characid fishes from Colombia: evolutionary stasis and extirpation. Science 234:208209.

Machado-Allison, A. and C. Garcia. 1986. Food habits and morphological changes during ontogeny in three serrasalmin fish species of the Venezuelan floodplains. Copeia 1986:193-195.

Nico, L. G. and D. C. Taphorn. 1988. Food habits of piranhas in the low llanos of Venezuela. Biotropica, 20(4):311-321.

Roberts, T. R. 1972. Ecology of fishes in the Amazon and Congo basins. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 143(2):117-147.

Roberts, T. R. 1973. Ecology of fishes in the Amazon and Congo basins. Pp. 239-254. In: Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review. Meggars, B. J., E. S. Ayensu, and W. D. Duckworth, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press.

Saul, W. G. 1975. An ecological study of fishes at a site in upper Amazonian Ecuador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 127(12):93-134.

Simpson, B. B. and J. Haffer. 1978. Speciation patterns in the Amazonian forest biota. Am. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 9:497-518.

Winemiller, K. O. 1989. Ontogenetic diet shifts and resource partitioning among piscivorous fishes in the Venezuelan llanos. Env. Biol. Fish. 26:177-199.

Winemiller, K. O. 1990. Spatial and temporal variation in tropical fish trophic networks. Ecological Monographs, 60:331-367.

Winemiller, K. O. and E. R. Pianka. 1990. Organization in natural assemblages of desert lizards and tropical fishes. Ecological Monographs, 60:27-55.