Bibliography:

Barnett, Pamela E.  “Figurations of Rape and the Supernatural in Beloved.”  PMLA 112 (May 1997):  418-427.

Beloved.  Dir. Jonathan Demme.  Perf. Ophrah Winfrey, Danny Glover, Thannie Newton.  Touchstone Pictures, 1998.

Horvitz, Deborah. “Nameless Ghosts:  Possession and Dispossession in Beloved.”  Studies in American Fiction 17 (Autumn 1989): 17-29.

Morrison, Toni.  Beloved.  New York:  Penguin Books, 1987.

Morrison, Toni.  E-mail interview.  8 March 2003.

Spargo, Clifton R.  “Trauma and the Specters of Enslavement in Morrison’s Beloved.” Mosaic 53 (March 2002): 113-131.

Tibbets, John C.  “Oprah’s Belabored Beloved.”  Literature/Film Quarterly 27 (March 1999):  74-76.