INTRODUCTORY ESSAY TO OUR EXPLORATION OF MONSTROSITY
Explanation of Color Scheme/Spatial
Metaphors of Site
Glossary of Terms
The Oxford English Dictionary
lists five definitions for monster:
1. Something extraordinary
or unnatural; a prodigy, a marvel.
2. An animal or
plant deviating in one or more of its parts from the normal type; spec.,
an animal afflicted
with some congenital malformation; a misshapen birth, an abortion.
3. An imaginary
animal (such as the centaur, sphinx, minotaur, or the heraldic griffin, wyvern,
etc.)
having a form either
partly brute and partly human, or compounded of elements from two or more
animal forms.
4. A person of
inhuman and horrible cruelty or wickedness; a monstrous example of (wickedness,
or some particular
vice).
5. An animal of
huge size; hence, anything of vast and unwieldy proportions.
The word 'monster' in America today can mean all
of these things, though in the common vernacular it is
generally used as 3 and 5 above: 'Monsters' are creatures we become on Halloween;
we drive 'monster' trucks
and look for jobs on 'Monster.com.' 'Monster' implies largeness, a quality almost
universally admired in
American culture. But what does the existence of monsters (as 'imaginary' animals)
in a culture signify?
A culture's monsters emblematically
embody its most acute anxieties. Cultures create and ascribe meaning
to monsters, endowing them with characteristics derived from their most deep-seated
fears and taboos.
The body of the monster, then, becomes the site of these cultural proscriptions,
representing the taboos of the
societies that spawn them: "the monster's body quite literally incorporates
fear, desire, anxiety, and fantasy
. . . , giving them life and an uncanny independence" (Cohen 4). A monster cannot
be contained. A monster
disobeys its master, overspills its margins, consumes its benefactors. We make
scapegoats of our monsters,
attributing to them our own misdeeds and faults while using them as vehicles
for intergenerational transfers of
taboos and morals.
The monster becomes a way of explaining
the seemingly inexplicable. The humanoid form most monsters
assume is our own--familiar yet unfamiliar--and transgressions performed by
the monster reinforce its status as
'other:' "In its function as dialectical Other or third-term supplement, the
monster is an incorporation of the
Outside, the Beyond--of all those loci that are rhetorically placed as distant
but originate Within" (Cohen 7).
A monster dwells on the fringes of what is culturally acceptable (Grendel).
Banished to the physical and social
hinterlands, he is also border guard (Sasquatch). Whoever crosses into the monster's
realm has also transgressed,
broken the taboo, courted contamination. The transgressor must then encounter
the monster on its own terms.
In Totem and Taboo, Sigmund
Freud writes that taboo, originally a Polynesian word, means something
that is simultaneously sacred and profane (821). Taboo does not solicit silence
nor encourage ignorance, but
demands rather an awareness and deliberate avoidance of the sacred/profane object
or action. Taboo is
characterized by a "dread of physical contact . . . . [and a conviction] that
violation will be followed by
unbearable disaster," which is not necessarily "external" or physical (828).
The violator of a taboo likewise
becomes taboo and must be avoided. Freud writes that the transgressor "has the
dangerous property of
tempting others to follow his example . . . . He is therefore really contagious
[emphasis mine], in so far as
every example incites to imitation and, therefore, he himself must be avoided"
(832).
Acknowledging that any system of categorization
is somewhat arbitrary, subject as it must be to the
caprices and whims of its creators, we propose four categorical rubrics of origination
for our discussion of
monstrosity, with the premise that each monster symbolizes one or more cultural
taboos: Reanimated
Monsters (once-dead monsters revived); Ecological Monsters (monsters with environmental
origins);
Human Monsters (genetic freaks and psychotics); and Technological Monsters (monsters
coming into being
through the (mis)application of technical knowledge). Such a taxonomy allows
for the cross categorization
of monsters with multiple narratives of origin (thus the vampire might be viewed
as both a human and a
reanimated monster). A table of taboos and monsters is included within
this site, encouraging comparisons
and debates about the meanings of the monsters and their relations to one another.
Furthermore, each over-
view contains a "Monster Blender" which visually depicts the melding
of related creatures, reinforcing the
similarities of the monsters and ourselves. Perhaps the horror derived from
cinematic and literary monsters
stems from the latent monstrosity that lurks within each and everyone of us.