The Birth of the VTR

RCA at the same time was developing model VTR, but the major difference in its design compared to what Ampex was working on, was that David Sarnoff ordered a VTR that would record color. This forced Jack Mullin and his associates to modify their system to a single channel model. "We didn’t have any choice ... We had the order from God himself that the system we put on the air would have to precisely satisfy the NTSC standards for color." (Wolpin p.58) Sarnoff was able to view this system on December 1, 1953 at the labs in Princeton. The color system called the Simplex used a half-inch tape and more than a mile of it was used to record four minutes. Mullin continued to experiment while Ampex’s engineers worked on different projects.

In September 1954, Ginsberg and Anderson were authorized to continue to develop VTR technology and the experiments began once again. The two major changes that occurred in the VTR’s design were firstly changing the seep configuration of the tape across the head from being an arc to a straight line. The second was to an automatic gain control system that neutralized the amplitude fluctuations. (Ginsberg p.5) By December 1954 the new system was up and running, but a major problem was the noise that was generated by the mechanical system. The VTR ran on a AM signal, but Charles Anderson suggested to try using a FM modulation. FM was advantageous since it could handle noise over 100 times greater than in normal recording, so the loud machine noise made no difference in the recording. (Warner p.54) By February 1955, the new FM system had been incorporated into the VTR.

By this time Dolby came back from his military duty and immediately began to modify the FM system and made it even better by using a multivibrator that enabled the recorder to be adjusted through a control panel instead of opening up the machine manually. (Ginsberg p.9) By April 1955, the Ampex board of directors saw the model and were convinced to continue funding for the project. They scheduled the VTR to be ready for commercial release a year from then. There were some minor adjustments to the design, the largest being varying the tape tension which allowed tapes to be played from one machine to another. By the next year the VRX-1000 (later renamed the Mark IV) was ready to be sold to the public.

On April 21, 1956 the VRX-1000 was publicly shown at the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters in Chicago. The final model used a two-inch wide tape and a quadruplex four head system. This model, however, was not for the average consumer since its price tag was $30,000. However, this was perfect for the television industry who had the resources to invests in such a machine. The orders flooded in and on November 30, 1956 the Mark IV was used to record and delay as broadcast of CBS’ television show Douglas Edwards and The News in Los Angeles, California. Soon after this the other networks joined in and most broadcasting became taped and it still remains this way today. The era of live television was officially over, however the era of video was just beginning as the Japanese would enter the market..

Sources:
--Ginsberg, Charles P. "The Ampex Videotape Recorder: An Evolution." a talk given on Oct. 5, 1957 at the 82nd Convention of the SMPTE, pp. 1-18. Philadelphia, Penn.
-- Warner, R. M. Jr. "Earl Masterson: a fresh slant on videorecording." IEEE Spectrum, Feb. 1996, pp. 51-57.
-- Wolpin, Stewart. "The Race to Video." Invention & Technology, Fall 1994, pp.52-59.

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