• Finish Lemba, cults of affliction during the era of the slave trade
• consider dreams and trauma
• African disease ecologies
• Guinea surgeons

• Organizational, 10 min.
• New overview, 5 min.
• lemba and nkisi slides, 15 min.
• in-class writing, 10 min.
• disease ecologies, 20 min.
• Guinea surgeons and discussion, 10 min.

• midwifery and medicalization in colonial Sudan
• comics and AIDs
• hygiene films

***This section is also on the class outline for Wednesday, January 20***

• How did Africans cope?
• What were the biological consequences?

• Partly through nkisi
• "things that do things"
• one very important nkisi was lemba

• TIRIKO, health of king, well-being of land, growth of crops, luck of merchants and fisherman
• BOESSI-BATTI, bring trade goods home without contaminating one’s household domain
• KIKOKOO, protects the dead against witches who are said to drag off the souls of the dead to slavery and forced labor

• Cult of affliction
• form of ngoma (drum of affliction)
• "a medicine of government"
• "Lemba was the government"
• "Lemba was the sacred medicine of governing"
• "Lemba is the government of multiplication and reproduction"
• Lemba "calms the villages," "calms the markets," "perpetuates the family."

• North of the Congo river
• astride major trade routes

• Regional healing/political network
• important state functions
• worked through healing rituals and initiations
• exchange of ceremonial wealth

• Local chiefs, judges, healers
• rich merchants and traders
• prosperous slaves

• "affected head, heart, abdomen, and sides"
• "near moral illnesses from which one recovered miraculously"
• "possession by Lemba’s ancestors"

• "That which was a stitch of pain has become the path to priesthood"
• sufferer participated in a healing ritual
• paid high entrance fees
• fictive paternity
• in time, became a nganga

• kings lose control of the export trade
• increasing number of mafouk do not represent kings by 18th c.
• power assumed by mercantile elite = Lemba priesthood

• alliances between key families
• control of trade
• peaceful trading in markets
• adjudication
• thief-finding
• witch-finding
• fertility

***New outline material follows***

• Karl Laman

• 3, learn major rivers (Zaire=Congo)
• 4, sunshine and storms
• 5, soils
• 6, vegetation: where is the forest?
• 42, traditional economic systems
• 22, modern states (Zaire=Democratic Republic of Congo)
• 10, languages (Bantu-speaking)

• 15, pre-European history
  • Bantu migration
  • Kongo, 16th c.
• 16, European penetration to 1880
  • Portuguese
  • Livingstone
• 17, slave trades

• African disease ecologies

• malaria
• yellow fever
• onchoceriasis (river blindness)
• schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
• trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
• cholera, plague, TB, polio, AIDs

• exceptionally rich, why?
• Long history of human evolution
• copious wildlife
• numerous insect vectors

• parasite of wildgame
• 4.4 million years old

• spread of agriculture
• commercial contacts with Moslem world
• contact with European world
• establishment of colonial rule

• proximity
• diseases of crowds
• disposal of wastes
• breeding sites
• animal husbandry

• in the variety and frequency of infectious disease

• intestinal parasites
• dysentery
• smallpox
• waterborne infections
• malaria
• yellow fever
• yaws and leprosy
• gonorrhea
• trypanosomiasis

• spread with land clearance
• antiquity of falciparum: sickle cell
• protected from vivax: lack Duffy antigen

• where tsetse live
• prevented stock-raising in forest
• savanna bush pockets: known and avoided

• not indigenous to western coast until 17th c.
• role of ships

• no postcontact pattern of mass death in Africa
• shared enough of Old World disease pool
• not depopulated by slave trade

• high death rates
• prevented serious European military activity
• gave Africans a commercial advantage

• Africa more important as donor
• falciparum malaria
• yellow fever

• dysentery and smallpox
• drought and famine linked