Figure 2. Bowstroke with the bent endpin (left) and the straight endpin (right). Body segments shown are the upper arm, forearm, and hand. The direction of motion is from right-to-left. The black squares represent reference markers.
The entire bowstroke for both types of cello setups started with abduction of the shoulder and extension of the elbow. The cycle was complete when the shoulder and elbow returned to the starting position. The downbow phase began with simultaneous shoulder abduction and elbow extension. The upbow phase began with the wrist deviating in a flexed position. The total time that it took to complete a cycle with a bent endpin (6.5s) was shorter than the straight endpin (6.73s). The downbow phase with bent endpin utilized 53% (3.6s) of the movement compared to 56% (3.63s) from the straight endpin. The upbow phase with bent endpin was 47% (3.13s) of the cycle and the straight endpin was 44% (2.87s) of the cycle.
The complete bowstroke was composed of two phases: downbow and upbow. The downbow phase consisted of simultaneous abduction of the shoulder and complete extension of the elbow. Throughout the movement, wrist deviation was evident. The upbow phase involved the wrist slowly returning to its original position. At the same time, adduction of the shoulder and flexion of the elbow returned the entire arm back to the starting position.
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Figure 2. Bowstroke with the bent endpin (left) and the straight endpin (right). Body segments shown are the upper arm, forearm, and hand. The direction of motion is from right-to-left. The black squares represent reference markers. | |