Segment angle. The trunk motion was similar between male and female subjects. Both the male and female subjects had the same minimum trunk angle (-5 deg). The maximum trunk angle for the male subject (67 deg) was 16 degrees larger than that for the female subject (51 deg). This difference in maximum trunk angle allowed a greater range of motion for the male subject (72 deg) than for the female subject (51 deg).
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Figure 3. Trunk angle during the male broad jump (left) and the female broad jump (right). Trunk angle is calculated from the vertical axis about the hip. Anatomical position corresponds to 180 degrees. Increasing values represent clockwise rotation. | |
Joint angle 1. The range of motion between male and female subjects differed at the hip joint due to a difference in maximum flexion. The maximum flexion for the male subject (68 deg) was 30 degrees less than that of the female subject (98 deg). The male and female subjects achieved a similar maximum extension during the jump at 185 and 186 degrees, respectively. The range of motion for the male subject (117 deg) was 20 degrees larger than the range of motion for the female subject (89 deg).
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Figure 4. Hip angle during the male broad jump (left) and the female broad jump (right). Hip angle is calculated as the angle between the trunk and the thigh. Anatomical position corresponds to 180 degrees. Increasing values represent extension. | |
Joint angle 2. The general motion of the knee angle was similar between subjects as shown in the graphs below. The range of motion for the male subject (67 deg) was comparable to that of the female subject (61 deg). The male subject had a maximum degree of flexion (103 deg) and extension (170 deg) of the knee. The female subject achieved similar measurements of maximum flexion (111 deg) and maximum extension (172 deg). Despite the similarities in the values presented, a discrepancy existed in the amount of knee flexion during the flight phases of the two subjects. This was shown by the differences beginning at time 1.0 seconds on the graphs below.
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Figure 5. Knee angle during the male broad jump (left) and the female broad jump (right). Knee angle is calculated as the angle between the thigh and the shank. Anatomical position corresponds to 180 degrees. Increasing values represent extension. | |
Joint velocity. The joint velocity of the knee during the broad jumps of the male and female subjects was similar with a few variations. During the preparation phase, the male and female subjects had similar velocity profiles. The male subject reached his maximum extension angular velocity at the end of the flight phase (683 deg/sec). He achieved maximum flexion angular velocity during the landing phase (-582 deg/sec). The female subject was at maximum extension angular velocity during the middle of flight (451 deg/sec) which was 232 deg/sec slower than the male subject. The maximum flexion angular velocity was 29 deg/sec slower for the female subject (-611 deg/sec).
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Figure 6. Knee angular velocity in the male broad jump (left) and the female broad jump (right). Positive values represent extension. | |
Angle-Angle Plot. The coordination of the knee and hip joints was similar for both male and female subjects. Both the male and female subjects, appear to have in-phase coupling of the joints during preparation and flight. During the landing phase, the male subject had pronounced decoupling of the knee and hip joints with the knee flexing while the hip remained stable. The female subject showed mild coupling during the landing phase.
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Figure 7. Coordination of hip angle and knee angle in the male broad jump (left) and female broad jump (right). Arrow tails are placed at the beginning of the movement and the heads point in the direction the motion proceeds. | |
