Incorporation of Pollution Prevention Principles
Into Chemical Science Education

Abstract

A project submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Master of Science degree, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Industrial Health, University of Michigan.

July 1996

Committee chair: Stuart Batterman, Ph.D. Committee members: Thomas Dunn, Ph.D., and Gregory Keoleian, Ph.D. Reviewer: Tracy Williamson, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. NPPC editorial staff: Rebeccah J. Kamp and Nancy A. Osborn

Partial funding for this thesis was provided by a grant from the U.S. EPA and the New Jersey Institute of Technology.

I. Introduction 6K Acrobat file

II. Background 36K Acrobat file
A. Role of Chemistry in Society
B. Chemistry and the Environment
C. Principles of Pollution Prevention
D. Life Cycle Analysis and Chemical Stewardship
E. Evaluation of Chemical Reactions
F. Importance to the Field

III. Green Chemistry Literature Review 28K Acrobat file

A. Introduction
B. Alternative Chemical Synthesis
C. Alternative Chemical Design
D. Alternative Reaction Conditions

IV. Evaluatory Framework 38K Acrobat file

A. Introduction
B. Scope and Definition of System Boundaries
C. Impact of Production and Utilization
D. Quantification of Reaction Inputs and Outputs
E. Properties of Reaction Inputs and Outputs
(1) Physical and Chemical Characteristics
(2) Quality and Performance Criteria
(3) Recycled vs. Virgin Resources
(4) Renewable vs. Non-renewable Resources
F. Reaction Economics
G. Regulatory Requirements

V. Case Study:
Comparison of Ethylene Glycol Versus Propylene Glycol-Based Antifreeze Solutions
79K Acrobat file

A. Introduction
B. Data Collection Methods
C. Theoretical Needs Analysis
D. Production Summary
E. Quantification of Reaction Inputs and Outputs
F. Energy Requirements
G. Residuals Associated with Production and Utilization
(1) Solid Waste
(2) Atmospheric and Waterborne Industrial Emissions
(3) Disposal Scenarios for Spent Antifreeze Solution
(4) Recycling and Reuse Scenarios for Spent Antifreeze Solution
H. Properties of Reaction Inputs and Outputs
(1) Physical and Chemical Characteristics
(2) Toxicity and Health Effects
(3) Feedstock Purity
(4) Performance Criteria
I. Reaction Economics
J. Regulatory Requirements
K. Discussion of Data Interpretation
L. Conclusion and Recommendations

VI. Appendices 18K Acrobat file

Appendix 1: Principles of Life Cycle Assessment
Appendix 2: Measures of Synthetic Efficiency for Chemical Reactions
Appendix 3: Chemical Categories of EPAUs SMART Review Process
Appendix 4: Utilization of Antifreeze Solutions for Internal Combustion Engines
Appendix 5: Definition of EG, PG, EO, and PO Reactions
Appendix 6: Stoichiometric Calculations for EG and PG Feedstocks
Appendix 7: Cost Data for EG, PG, EO, and PO Production

VII. Literature Cited 17K Acrobat file

List of Tables (corresponding page in printed copy shown in parentheses)

Table 1: High-Technology Industries Based on Chemistry Science (2)
Table 2: Trade-offs Associated with Decision and Output Variables of Chemical Reactions (9)
Table 3: Microbial Catalytic Agents Utilized in Biochemical Manufacturing of Chemicals (17)
Table 4: Physical and Chemical Properties of Chemicals and Chemical Reactions (27))
Table 5: Health and Physical Hazards Associated with Chemicals (27)
Table 6: Statutory Terminology that Applies to Chemicals and Reaction Residuals (28)
Table 7: Renewable and Non-renewable Reaction Feedstock and Energy Sources (31)
Table 8: Ecological Impacts Associated with Renewable Feedstock and Energy Sources (32)
Table 9: Reaction Costing Framework Based on ABC/M and TCA Principles (34)
Table 10: Federal Laws for Consideration in Chemical Production and Utilization (36)
Table 11: Component Weights for EG- and PG-based Antifreeze Product and Packaging System (43)
Table 12: Energy Requirements for Production and Utilization of 1,000 Gallons of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Solutions (44)
Table 13: Energy Requirements for Components of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Product and Packaging Systems (45)
Table 14: Energy Sources Associated with Production and Utilization of 1,000 Gallons of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Solutions (46)
Table 15: Solid Waste Associated with Production and Utilization of 1,000 Gallons of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Solutions (46)
Table 16: Industrial Atmospheric Emissions Associated with Production of 1,000 Gallons of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Solutions (49)
Table 17: Industrial Waterborne Emissions Associated with Production of 1,000 Gallons of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Solutions (50)
Table 18: Waterborne Wastes Generated by Improper Disposal of 1,000 Gallons of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Solutions (52)
Table 19: Physical and Chemical Properties of Feedstock Chemicals Used in Production of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Products (56)
Table 20: Toxicity and Adverse Heath Effects Associated with EG, PG, EO, and PO (57)
Table 21: ASTM Testing Methods for Performance Properties of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Solutions (60)

List Of Figures(corresponding page in printed copy shown in parentheses)

Figure 1: Generic View of a Product Life Cycle (6)
Figure 2: Life Cycle of a Chemical Product (7)
Figure 3: Decision and Output Variables Associated With a Chemical Reaction (8)
Figure 4: Summary of Production Processes of EG- and PG-Based Antifreeze Solutions (40)
Figure 5: Post-Production End Use, Waste Management, and Recycling Scenarios for EG- and PG-Based Spent Antifreeze Solutions (52)

This page last updated November 4^th, 1998