Review Articles

• "The limits to organic photovoltaic cell efficiency", S. R. Forrest, MRS Bulletin 30, 28, (2005)
• "The Path to Ubiquitous and Low Cost Organic Electronic Appliances on Plastic", S. R. Forrest, Nature (London), 428, 911, (2004)
• "White organic light emitting devices", B. D’Andrade and S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater, 16, 1585, (2004)
• "Small Molecular Weight Organic Thin-Film Photodetectors and Solar Cells" P. Peumans, A. Yakimov, and S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys. Rev, 93, 3693, (2003)
• "Ultrathin Organic Films Grown by Organic Molecular Beam Deposition and Related Techniques", S. R. Forrest, Chem. Rev, 97, 1793, (1997)

Recent Publications

• 2009
• "Broad Spectral Response Using Carbon Nanotube/Organic Semiconductor/C60 Photodetectors", M. S. Arnold, J. D. Zimmerman, C. K. Renshaw, X. Xu, R. R. Lunt, C. M. Austin and S. R. Forrest Nano Lett. 2009 9, 3354-3358 (2009)
• "Direct evidence for degradation of polaron excited states in organic light emitting diodes", N. C. Giebink, B. W. D'Andrade, M. S. Weaver, J. J. Brown, and S. R. Forrest J. Appl. Phys. 105, 124514 (2009)
• "Molecular and Morphological Influences on the Open Circuit Voltages of Organic Photovoltaic Devices", M.D. Perez, C. Borek, S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, (26) 9281–9286 (2009)
• "High efficiency organic photovoltaic cells based on a vapor deposited squaraine donor", S. Y. Wang, E. I. Mayo, M. D. Perez, L. Griffe, G. D. Wei, P. I. Djurovich, S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 233304 (2009)
• "Full-wave simulation of enhanced outcoupling of organic light-emitting devices with an embedded low-index grid", M. Slootsky and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 163302 (2009)
• "A subwavelength near-infrared negative index material", X. H. Zhang, M. Davanco, Y. Urzhumov, G. Shvets, S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 131107 (2009)
• "Organic Photovoltaics Using Tetraphenylbenzoporphyrin Complexes as Donor Layers", M. D. Perez, C. Borek, P. I. Djurovich, E. I. Mayo, R. R. Lunt, S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson, Adv. Mater. 21, 14-15, 1517-1520 (2009)
• "Measurement of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies of molecular organic semiconductors", P. I. Djurovich, E. I. Mayo, S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson, Org. ELectron. 10 3, (2009)
• 10.1109/LEOS.2008.4688637Open circuit voltage enhancement due to reduced dark current in small molecule photovoltaic cells" N. Li, B.E. Lassiter, R. R.Lunt, G. Wei, S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 023307 (2009)
• "Organic photodetector arrays with indium tin oxide electrodes patterned using directly transferred metal masks", X. Xu, M. Mihnev, A. Taylor, S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 043313 (2009)
• "Measurement of the Mean Inner Potentials of Anthracene and Naphthalene", R.R. Lunt, S. Kena-Cohen, J. B. Benziger, S. R.Forrest, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 065504 (2009)
• "Temporal response of optically pumped organic semiconductor lasers and its implication for reaching threshold under electrical excitation", N. C. Giebink, S. R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B 79, 073302 (2009)
• "Exciton diffusion lengths of organic semiconductor thin films measured by spectrally resolved photoluminescence quenching", R.R. Lunt, N.C. Giebink, A.A. Belak, J. B. Benziger, S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 053711 (2009)
• 2008
• "Resonant Rayleigh scattering from an anisotropic organic single crystal microcavity", S. Kena-Cohen, M. Davanco and S.R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 78, p. 153102, (2008)
• "Hemispherical Focal Plane Detector Arrays", X. Xu, M. Davanco, and S. R. Forrest, LEOS 2008 Annual Mtg., Paper TuAA 2, Newport Beach, CA (Nov. 2008)
• ""Stacked white organic light emitting devices consisting of separate red, green and blue subelements", X. Qi, M. Slootsky, and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 193306, (2008)
• "Strong exciton-photon coupling in an organic single crystal microcavity”, S. Kéna-Cohen, M. Davanço and S.R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, 116401 (2008).
• "Direct Transfer Patterning on Three Dimensionally Deformed Surfaces at Micrometer Resolutions and Its Application to Hemispherical Focal Plane Detector Arrays”, X. Xu, M. Davanco, X.Qi and S. R. Forrest, Org. Electron., 9, 1122 (2008).
• "Multiple Exciton Generation Regions in Phosphorescent White Organic Light Emitting Devices”, Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Org. Electron., in press (2008).
• "Enhanced Light Outcoupling of Organic Light Emitting Devices using Embedded Low-Index Grids”, Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Nature Photon., 2, 483 (2008).
• "Quantum efficiency roll-off at high brightness in fluorescent and phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes”, N.C. Giebink and S.R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B, 77, 235215 (2008).
• "Evidence for enhanced interactions between Pt centers in binuclear phosphorescent complexes”, X. Qi, P. I. Djurovich, N. C. Giebink, M. E. Thompson and S. R. Forrest, Chem. Phys. Lett., 458, 323 (2008).
• "Photocurrent generation in nanostructured organic solar cells”, F. Yang and S. R. Forrest, ACS Nano, 2, 1022 (2008).
• "Intrinsic luminance loss in phosphorescent small-molecule organic light emitting devices due to bimolecular annihilation reactions”. N.C. Giebink, B.W. D’Andrade, M.S. Weaver, P.B. Mackenzie, J.J. Brown, M.E. Thompson, and S.R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys., 103, 044509 (2008).
• "Giant Davydov splitting of the lower polariton branch in a polycrystalline tetracene microcavity” S. Kena-Cohen and S. R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B, 77, 073205 (2008).
• "Simultaneous heterojunction organic solar cells with broad spectral sensitivity", F. Yang, R. R. Lunt and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 053310 (2008).
• "Response to comment on "Thermodynamic limits of quantum photovoltaic cell efficiency", G. Wei, K.T. Shiu, N. C. Giebink and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 066102 (2008).
• "Direct Vapor Jet Printing of Three Color Segment Organic Light Emitting Devices for White Light Illumination", M. S. Arnold, G. J. McGraw, R. R. Lunt and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 053301 (2008).
• 2007
  • “Organic Photodetector Focal Plane Arrays Fabricated on Hemispherical Substrates by Three-Dimensional Stamping”, X. Xu, X. F. Qi, Davanco M, S. R. Forrest, 2007 IEEE LEOS Annual Mtg. Conf. Proc. 1, 578 (2007)
  • "High-efficiency White Organic Light Emitting Devices with Three Separate Phosphorescent Emission Layers", Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 263503 (2007).
  • "Intermediate-band solar cells employing quantum dots embedded in an energy fence barrier", G. Wei and S. R. Forrest, Nano Letters, 7, 218 (2007).
  • "Highly Efficient, Near-Infrared Electrophosphorescence from a Pt Metalloporphyrin Complex", C. Borek, K. Hanson, P. Djurovich, M. E. Thompson, Y. Sun, S. R. Forrest, J. Brooks, and J. Brown, Angew. Chemie, 46, 1109 (2007).
  • "Strong exciton-photon coupling in organic materials" R. J. Holmes and S. R. Forrest, _invited_,Organic Electron., 8, 77 (2007).
  • "Offset energies at organic semiconductor heterojunctions and their influence on the open-circuit voltage of thin-film solar cells", B. P. Rand, D. P. Burk and S. R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B, 75, 115327 (2007).
  • "Integratable High Linearity Compact Waveguide Coupled Tapered InGaAsP Photodetectors", S. S. Agashe, K. -T. Shiu and S. R. Forrest, IEEE J. Quant. Electron.,7, 518 (2007).
  • "Evidence of cascaded emission in a dual-wavelength quantum cascade laser", K. J. Franz, D. Wasserman, A. J. Hoffman, D. C. Jangraw, K.-T. Shiu, S. R. Forrest, and C. Gmachl, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 091104 (2007).
  • "Real-time Monitoring of Organic Vapor-Phase Deposition of Molecular Thin Films Using High-Pressure Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction ", R. Lunt, J. B. Benziger and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 181932 (2007).
  • "Enhancement-Mode Buried Channel In_0.7 Ga_0.3 As/In_0.52 Al_0.48 As MOSFET with High-k Gate Dielectrics", Y. Sun, E. W. Kiewra, S. J. Koester, N. Ruiz, A. Callegari, K. E. Fogel, D. K. Sadana, J. Fompeyrine, D. J. Webb, J.-P. Locquet, M. Sousa, R. Germann, K. T. Shiu and S. R. Forrest, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., 28, 47 (2007).
  • "Organic Electronics and Optoelectronics", S. R. Forrest and M. E. Thompson, Chem. Rev., 107, 923 (2007).
  • "Photophysics of Pt-porphyrin electrophosphorescent devices emitting in the near infrared", Y. Sun, C. Borek, K. Hanson, P. I. Djurovich,^ J. Brooks,^ J. J. Brown, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 213503 (2007).
  • "Enhanced Outcoupling from Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Aperiodic Dielectric Mirrors", M. Agrawal, Y. Sun, S. R. Forrest and P. Peumans, /Appl. Phys. Lett./, 90, 241112 (2007).
  • "Near-infrared sensitive small molecule organic photovoltaic cells based on chloroaluminum phthalocyanine", R. F. Bailey-Salzman, B. P. Rand, and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 013508 (2007).
  • "Gallium doped zinc oxide films as transparent electrodes for organic solar cell applications", V. Bhosle, J. T. Prater, D. Pendergrast, S.R. Forrest, J. Narayan, J. Appl. Phys. , 102, 023501 (2007).
  • "Green polariton photoluminescence using the red-emitting phosphor PtOEP", S. Kena-Cohen and S.R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B, 76, 075202 (2007).
  • "The limits to accumulation of electric field-stabilized geminate polaron-pairs in an organic semiconductor thin film", N.C. Giebink, S.R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B, 76, 075318 (2007).
  • "An InP-based monolithically integrated reconfigurable optical ADD-DROP multiplexer", K. -T. Shiu, S.S. Agashe and S. R. Forrest, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 19, 1445 (2007).
  • "Growth of an ordered crystalline organic heterojunction", R. R. Lunt, J. B. Benziger and S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater., in press (2007).
  • "Efficient solar cells using all-organic nanocrystalline networks", F. Yang, K. Sun, and S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater., in press (2007).
  • "Active-matrix organic light-emitting displays employing two thin-film-transistor a-Si : H pixels on flexible stainless-steel foil" A. Z. Kattamis, N. C. Giebink, . I-C Cheng, S. Wagner, S. R. Forrest, Y. Hong, and V. Cannella, J. Soc. Information Display, 15, 433 (2007).
  • "Thermodynamic Limits of Quantum Photovoltaic Cell Efficiency", G. Wei, K. T. Shiu, N. C. Giebink and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., in press (2007).
  • Integratable High Linearity Compact Waveguide Coupled Tapered InGaAsP Photodetectors", S. S. Agashe, K. –T. Shiu and S. R. Forrest, IEEE J. Quant. Electron., in press (2007).
• 2006
  • "A simple, monolithically integrated optical receiver consisting of an optical preamplifier and a p-i-n photodiode", K. -T. Shiu, S.S. Agashe and S. R. Forrest, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett, 18, 956 (2006).
  • "Management of singlet and triplet excitons for efficient white organic light emitting devices", Y. Sun, N. Giebink, H. Kanno, B. Ma, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, Nature, 440, 908 (2006).
  • "Reduced geminate recombination in iridium based electrophosphorescent materials", R. J. Holmes and S. R. Forrest, Org. Electron., 7, 163 (2006).
  • "Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaic Cells", R. Bailey-Salzman, B. P. Rand and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 88, 233502  (2006).
  • "Transient Analysis of Triplet Exciton Dynamics in Amorphous Organic Semiconductor Thin Films", N. Giebink, Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Organic Electron., 7, 375 (2006).
  • "Organic solar cells using transparent SnO2:F anodes", F. Yang and S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater., 18, 2018 (2006).
  • "Stacked White Organic Light Emitting Devices Based on a Combination of Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Emitters," H. Kanno, Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 023503 (2006).
  • "Strong exciton-photon coupling in organic materials" R. J. Holmes and S. R. Forrest, invited, Organic Electron., in press (2006).
  • "Enhanced Open Circuit Voltage in Subphthalocyanine/C60 Organic Photovoltaic Cells", K.L. Mutolo, E. I. Mayo, B. P. Rand, S. R. Forrest and M. E. Thompson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 8108 (2006).
  • "White organic light-emitting device based on a compound fluorescent-phosphor-sensitized-fluorescent emission layer", H. Kanno, Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 143516 (2006).
  • "Mechanisms for Current Induced Conductivity Changes in a Conducting Polymer", X. Xu, R. A. Register and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 142109 (2006).
  • "Organic light emitting devices with enhanced out-coupling via microlenses fabricated by imprint lithography", Y. Sun, S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys., 100, 073106 (2006).
  • "Light-Induced Symmetry Breaking and Related Giant Enhancement of Nonlinear Properties in CdZnTe:V Crystals", S. Shwartz,  R. Weil,  M. Segev,  E. Lakin,  E. Zolotoyabko, V. M. Menon,  S. R. Forrest,  and  U. El-Hanany, Opt. Express, 14, 9385 (2006).
  • "Strong coupling and hybridization of Frenkel and Wannier-Mott excitons in an organic-inorganic optical microcavity", R.J. Holmes, S. Kéna-Cohen, V.M. Menon and S.R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B, in press (2006).
  • "Intermediate-band solar cells employing quantum dots embedded in an energy fence barrier", G. Wei and S. R. Forrest, Nano Letters, DOI 10.1021/nl062564s (2006).
  • "Integratable high linearity and high bandwidth compact tapered photodetector", S. S. Agashe, K.-T. Shiu and S. R. Forrest, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 18, 2635 (2006).
  • "Highly Efficient, Near-Infrared Electrophosphorescence from a Pt Metalloporphyrin Complex", C. Borek, K. Hanson, P. Djurovich, M. E. Thompson, Y. Sun, S. R. Forrest, J. Brooks, and J. Brown, Angew. Chemie, in press (2006).
• 2005
  • "Compact polarization-insensitive 2x2 optical switch", S. S. Agashe, K.-T. Shiu and S. R. Forrest, Photon. Technol. Lett., 17, 52 (2005).
  • "The limits to organic photovoltaic cell efficiency", S. R. Forrest, invited, MRS Bulletin, 30, 28 (2005).
  • "Photonic integration using asymmetric twin-waveguide (ATG) technology. I. Concepts and theory", F. Xia, V. M. Menon, and S. R. Forrest, IEEE J. Sel. Topics in Quant. Electron., 11, 17 (2005)
  • "Photonic integration using asymmetric twin-waveguide (ATG) technology. II. Devices", V. M. Menon, F. Xia, and S. R. Forrest, IEEE J. Sel. Topics in Quant. Electron., 11, 30 (2005)
  • "A hybrid planar-mixed molecular heterojunction photovoltaic cell", J. Xue, B. P. Rand, S. Uchida and S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater., 17, 66 (2005).
  • "Stable and efficient electrophosphorescent organic light emitting devices grown by organic vapor phase deposition", T. X. Zhou, T. Ngo, J. J. Brown, M. Shtein and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 021107 (2005).
  • "A 16GHz Linear Analog Heterodyne RF Optical Link Employing a WIRNA Receiver", S. Datta and S. R. Forrest, Photon. Technol. Lett., 17, 890 (2005).
  • "A Low Through Channel Loss Wavelength Multiplexer using Multiple Transmission Volume Bragg Gratings", S. Datta, S. R. Forrest, B. Volodin and V. S. Ban, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 22, 1624 (2005).
  • "Relationship between the ionization and oxidation potentials of molecular organic semiconductors", B. W. D'Andrade, S. Datta and S. R. Forrest, Org. Electron., 6, 11 (2005).
  • "Direct Patterning of Organic Light Emitting Devices by Organic Vapor Jet Printing", Y. Sun, M. Shtein, and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86 113504 (2005).
  • "Patterning of Active Organic Materials by Direct Transfer for Organic Electronic Devices", C. Kim,. Y. Cao, W. O. Soboyejo, and S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 113512 (2005).
  • "Exciton-photon coupling in organic materials with large intersystem crossing rates and strong excited state molecular relaxation", R.J. Holmes and S.R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B, 71, 235203 (2005).
  • "A monolithically integrated optical heterodyne receiver", F. Xia, S. Datta, and S. R. Forrest, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 17, 1716 (2005).
  • "Morphology control and material mixing by high-temperature organic vapor phase deposition and its application to thin-film solar cells", F. Yang, M. Shtein and S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys., 98, 014906 (2005).
  • "High efficiency top-emissive white light emitting electrophosphorescent devices", H. Kanno, Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 263502 (2005).
  • "An Investigation of the Effects of Layer Thickness and Dust Particles on Cold Welding in Organic Electronics Fabrication", Y. Cao, C. Kim, S. Forrest, and W. O. Soboyejo, J. Appl. Phys., 98, 033713 (2005).
  • "Organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic cells employing thick tris(acetylacetonato) ruthenium(III) exciton blocking layers", B. P. Rand, J. Li, J. Xue, R. J. Holmes, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mat., 17, 2714 (2005).
  • "Blue and Near-UV Phosphorescence from Iridium Complexes with Cyclometalated Pyrazolyl or N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands", T. Sajoto, P. I. Djurovich, A. Tamayo, M. Yousufuddin, R. Bau, M. E. Thompson, R. J. Holmes and S. R. Forrest, Inorg. Chem., 44, 7992 (2005).
  • "The effects of copper phthalocyanine purity on organic solar cell performance", R. F. Salzman, J. Xue, B. P. Rand, A. Alexander, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, Org. Electron. Lett., 6, 242 (2005).
  • "Organic solar cells with sensitivity extending into the near-infrared", B. P. Rand, J. Xue, F. Yang and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 233508 (2005).
  • "Saturated deep blue organic electrophosphorescence using a fluorine-free emitter", R. J. Holmes, S. R. Forrest, T. Sajoto, A. Tamayo, P. I. Djurovich, M. E. Thompson, J. Brooks, Y.-J. Tung, B. W. D'Andrade, M. S. Weaver, R. C. Kwong and J. J. Brown, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 243507 (2005).
  • "White stacked electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting devices employing MoO3 as a charge generation layer", H. Kanno, R. J. Holmes, Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mat., in press (2005).
  • "High Mobility Nanocrystalline Silicon Transistor on Clear Plastic Substrates," A. Kattamis, K. Long, I.-C. Cheng, J. Sturm, R. Holmes, S. R. Forrest and S. Wagner, IEEE Electron Device Lett., 27, 49 (2005).
  • "Mixed Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions for Photovoltaic Applications. I. Materials Properties", B. P. Rand, J. Xue, S. Uchida and S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys., 98, 124902 (2005).
  • "Mixed Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions for Photovoltaic Applications. II. Device Applications", B. P. Rand, J. Xue, S. Uchida and S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys., 98, 124903 (2005).

Projects

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Review Articles

Recent Publications

• 2009
• 2008
• 2007
• 2006
• 2005