(* to be used in conjunction with material from lectures, readings and discussion sections)

major parts of the neuron and types of neurons

basics of neural activity: resting potential, depolarization, action potential, ion gates, myelin

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and major parts of each

4 major lobes in each hemisphere: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

types of brain damage: atrophy, focal lesion, infarct

definitions of aphasia, apraxia,

clinical vs. research agendas

research methods of neuropsychology

phrenology- its basic tenets, founders of, problems with

Broca’s and Wernicke’s cases and their importance

cerebral dominance

meninges: (1) dura mater (2) arachnoid membrane (3) pia mater

cerebral spinal fluid, ventricles, neurons, glia and their functions, myelin (functions and disorders of)

directional terms: anterior / posterior (rostral/caudal); dorsal/ventral; lateral/medial

bilateral/unilateral/contralateral

Planes of section (coronal, horizontal/transaxial, saggital)

fissure (e.g. longitudinal, calcarine, lateral (Sylvian)), sulcus (e.g. central sulcus), gyrus (e.g. pre- and post-central)

primary, secondary, association cortex

cognitive neuroscience methods: neuroanatomical (histology), neurophysiological (electrical stimulation, single-unit recordings), experimental lesions, neurology (structural brain imaging with CT and MRI), PET, fMRI, ERPs, basics of neuropsychological testing: tests of general intellectual ability (i.e., WAIS), and how they relate to tests of executive function, memory, and premorbid abilities

Posner’s categorization experiment, findings, and implications

cytoarchitecture/cytoarchitectonic map (Brodmann's map)

projection maps, retinotopic map, cortical magnification

Penfield's specification of the somatotopic and motor maps: homunculus

Effects of "nurture" on the somatotopic maps

Auditory processing areas in the Temporal lobe

decussation, optic nerve, chiasm, tract, LGN, optic radiations, geniculostriate pathway

primary visual cortex (area 17 or striate cortex, V1)

nasal and temporal hemiretinas, visual field (nasal/temporal), hemifield

fovea versus peripheral field

perimetry, monocular, binocular

anopia, quadranopsia, homonymous hemianopia, scotoma

effects of lesions on the visual system

blindsight, residual vision, and its implications

saccade, saccadic localization study of blindsight by Poppel, Held, & Frost

brain pathways (retinotectal & tectopulvinar) thought to mediate blindsight

cortical islands hypothesis and the evidence for it

encephalization

superior colliculus, tectum

Ungerleider & Mishkin's study of the dorsal & ventral visual pathways

receptive field, m and p retinal ganglion cells and their properties

manocellular/parvocellular pathways; cytochrome oxidase reveals blobs/interblobs

double dissociation (know the logic of this method)

attribute-specific deficits: achromatopsia, akinetopsia

extrastriate cortex: areas 18 [V2 & V3] and 19 [V4 & V5 (MT)]

PET evidence for functional activation of attribute specific regions

Visual search experiments, findings, and implications (Treisman)

Gestalt grouping principles

Grandmother cell versus ensemble hypothesis

Stages of object recognition and explantions of visual agnosic deficits

evidence for face-specific processor (e.g. Case CK, face inversion effect of Yin)

covert recognition, electrodermal response/ Guilty Knowledge Test

prosopagnosia

pure alexia/ letter-by-letter reading

double dissociation of pure alexia and face processing: theoretical implications for two processors (Farah’s theory of visual recognition)

What vs. how distinction (Goodale and Milner)

importance of hand orientation as evidence for object processing (posting task)

hemispheric differences in parietal lobe functions

symptoms of parietal lobe damage, including apraxia, astereognosis, autotopagnosia, Gerstmann’s syndrome

syndrome, fractionation

Balint's syndrome, gaze apraxia, optic ataxia, simultanagnosia, spatial disorientation

anosagnosia

allesthesia

extinction

Brodmann's Areas 7, 40

release sign; positive symptom

unilateral neglect; theories of: Disorder of space representation (Bisiach & colleagues);

Attentional orienting model (Kinsbourne)

Top-down processing, early versus late selection

Selective attention effects in V4 (Moran and Desimone results)

Selective attention effects in Superior Colliculus, and Parietal cells (monkey studies by Wurtz et al.)

Cueing study by Posner & colleagues, evidence for disengagement deficit

PET evidence for attention shifting network

covert versus overt orienting

Biasing effects of target placement on neglect patients performing visual search tasks

frontal eye fields and direction of gaze, gaze paralysis

reference frames-- retinotopic, hemispatial, object-centered (Berhmann & Tipper,1994),

environmental/gravitational

Bisiach's imagery study and clouds-behind slit study