Psychology 350
Lecture 10
10-18-00
Revised Answer Key-Exam 1A
- #8 = C or D
- #20 = A or B
- #51 = A or B
- #62 = A or B
- #71 = B or C
Exam 1A Results
Mean = 64.4, Range = 42-78
Number of Students Percentile Scores
49 90-100 72-80
131 80-89 64-71
94 70-79 56-63
27 60-69 48-55
6 Below 60 Below 47
Friday Re-Take: Optional
- 3-5pm in MLB Aud 3 and 4
- MLB 137 for special needs students
- Remember: Step 2 in projects due next week in sections
Outline - Cognitive Development
- Intellectual revolution from 4-8 yrs
- Piaget’s theory
- Preoperational period
- Concrete operations
- Memory development
- Metacognition
- Social cognition
- Moral development
Preschoolers’ Thinking
- Appearances become less powerful
- Attention becomes decentered
- Thinking becomes reversible
- Learning becomes strategic
- Language becomes instrumental
Misconceptions about Causality
According to Piaget
- Finalism
- Artificialism
- Animism
Preschoolers’ Reasoning is Sometimes:
- Transductive
- Syncretic
- Juxtaposed
Because they try to impose order and organization but sometimes get confused
Factors That Promote Advances in Thinking
- Experience with objects
- Social interaction & negotiation
- Parental teaching & expectations
- Formal schooling
- Quantitative orientation & measurement
- Self-control & self-regulation
- Maturation & equilibration
Piaget studied children’s understanding of:
- Social interactions & judgments
- Spatial relationships
(topology, projective space, Euclidean relations)
- Logico-arithmetic relationships
(based on "groupings" which are hybrids of algebraic group and lattice structures)
Reversibility
- Inversion or negation
- undo one operation
- Compensation or reciprocity
- two operations cancel each other
Examples of Concrete Operational Thinking
- Classification and Class Inclusion
- Ordered relations
- seriation
- transitivity
- Number skills and knowledge
- Conservation
Developmental Memory Changes
- Larger capacity
- Faster processing
- Multiple access routes
- Intentional strategies
- Automatic processing
Memory Development
Memory improves because of:
- Increased knowledge organization
- More efficient strategies
- Increased metamemory
Metacognition
- Self-appraisal
- person
- task
- strategy
- Self-management
- planning
- monitoring
- repairing
Social Cognition
What the other person is:
- seeing
- feeling
- thinking
- intending
- like
Piaget’s View of Moral Development
- Moral realism - morality of constraint
- Moral reciprocity - morality of cooperation
Gilligan’s Gender-Linked View of Morality
- Boys base morality on ethics of justice which focuses on rights
- Girls base morality on ethics of care which focuses on responsibilities and compassion
Damon and Hart’s View of Moral Development
Moral reasoning develops separately for :
- friendships
- justice and fairness
- obedience to authority
- social rules and conventions
Conclusions
Children’s cognitive development from 4-10 years reveals :
- better conceptual relations
- more controlled strategies
- greater awareness of thinking
- better causal reasoning
- better understanding of other people
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