• Genetic foundations
• Contraception & infertility
• Conception
• 3 Periods of prenatal development
• Principles of prenatal growth
• Video on prenatal development

• Chromosomes
• Genes
• Genotype & Phenotype
• Carriers
• Range of Reaction
• Canalization

• Additive genes
• Dominant genes
• Recessive genes
• Sex-linked inheritance
• Polygenic traits

• Interactions among proteins synthesized by genes
• Examples: height, hair curliness, skin color

• Brown eyes
• Dark hair
• Normal color vision

• Blue, gray, green eyes
• Blond hair
• Albinism
• Sickle cell anemia

• Male baldness
• Hemophilia
• Color blindness
• Muscular dystrophy

Sex Chromosome Disorders

Fragile X syndrome

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)

XYY syndrome

Autosomal Chromosome Disorders

Down’s syndrome (extra chromosome)

Sickle cell anemia (misshaped red blood cells)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

• Female ovulates mid-cycle
• Sperm penetrates egg wall
• Fertilization in Fallopian tube
• Zygote travels to uterus and implants in uterine lining
• Placenta established to sustain growth

   

• But, conception can be blocked or may fail for many reasons

• Obstruction
• Chemical action
• Birth control pills
• Withdrawal
• Rhythm
• Sterilization

Males

Impotence, low sperm count, poor sperm chemistry, blockage in epididymus

Females

failure to ovulate, cervical chemical hostility, damaged fallopian tubes, poor corpus luteum does not stimulate enough estrogen & progesterone

Problems

Low sperm count

Dilated veins around testicles

Damaged sperm ducts

Hormone deficiencies

Solutions

Cool temp, boxers, hormone therapy

Surgery, antibiotics

Surgery

Hormone therapy

Problem

Damaged or blocked fallopian tubes

Abnormal ovulation

Endometriosis

Hostile cervical mucus

Solution

Surgery, hysterospalpingogram

Hormone therapy

Antibiotics, surgery, hormone therapy

Antibiotics, hormone therapy

Lifestyle changes

Temperature monitoring for ovulation

Artificial insemination

External fertilization

• Frozen sperm placed directly into uterus via a catheter
• Success rate = 10%
• Cost = $300 with donor sperm

• Egg & sperm combined in lab dish; if fertilized, is implanted in uterus
• Success rate = 20%
• Cost = $6-10,000 each cycle of IVF

• Inserts egg and sperm into fallopian tube
• Success rate = 30%
• Cost = $6-10,000 per attempt

• Egg fertilized in lab; zygote transferred to fallopian tube
• Success rate = 25%
• Cost = $8-10,000 per attempt

• Sperm collected from male and egg removed from female
• Pipette used to inject a single sperm into an egg
• After fertilization, zygote returned to woman’s body
• Success rate = 25%

Germinal - 0-2 weeks

Embryonic - 2-8 weeks

Fetal - 8 weeks onward

Cephalocaudal - head to tail

Proximo-distal - midline to periphery

Gross to fine motor control

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