• Infant mortality
• Newborns’ appearance, emotions, reflexes, states,
• SIDS
• Sucking & feeding
• Physical growth of major systems

• Covered with blood, mucus, vernix caseosa
• Hairy (lanugo), chubby
• Often tense, crying, flexed limbs
• Misshapen head sometimes

• At birth - startle, interest, disgust, distress, "gas smile"
• 4-6 weeks - social smile
• 3-4 months - anger, surprise, sadness
• 5-7 months - fear
• 6-8 months - shame, shyness. self-awareness

• Easy child
• Difficult child
• Slow-to-warm-up child

• Deep sleep
• Light sleep
• Drowsiness
• Alert inactivity
• Alert activity
• Crying

• Newborns sleep 16-20hrs/day
• Infants fall asleep on 3-4 hour cycles
• During first 6 months, 30-50% of total sleep is REM sleep
• By 3-4 months, infants can sleep all night
• By 1 year of age, infants follow adult sleep schedule but with long naps

• Strikes 1-2 of 1,000 babies in USA annually
• Apparently healthy infants stop breathing
• Causes unknown but linked with head colds, weak reflexes to clear air passage, sleeping on stomach, lack of stimulation
• Possibly immature brainstem does not regulate heart rate and breathing
• Declining with parent education

• Nutritive sucking - adapting reflexes
• Non-nutritive sucking - soothing stimulation
• Exploratory sucking - learning about objects

• Breastfeeding
• Psychological benefits
• Physiological benefits
• Feeding Transitions
• 2-3 months, juices
• 4 months, semi-solid foods
• 6 months, strained meats & veggies
• 8-10 months, weaning & solid foods

• Height & Weight
• Skeletal Development
• Muscular Development
• Brain & Nervous System
• Locomotion & Posture
• Manual Dexterity
• Large-Muscle Motor Skills

• Newborns weigh 7-8 pounds; double weight by 6 months; triple weight by 12 months
• 2 year olds are about half of adult height and weigh about 30 pounds
• Growth spurts - intense growth in 1-2 days followed by long periods of little change

• Skull hardens by 2-3 years
• Bones build at "growing plates" at ends
• Girls’ bones grow faster than boys until puberty
• But girls begin puberty 1-2 years earlier than boys so height difference is reversed after puberty

• Born with all our muscle cells
• Muscle tissue develops longer in males
• By mid-20s, muscle = 40% of male body weight but only 24% of female weight

• Newborn brain is 25% of adult weight
• By age 2 yrs, brain =75% of adult weight
• Early growth in cell migration and cell elaboration
• Early differentiation in cerebrum that controls sensory and motor functions
• Lateralization continues through puberty

• 2 months - lift chest up
• 4months - sit with support
• 6-7 months - sit alone; crawl
• 9-10 months - stand holding furniture; creep on hands & knees
• 11-13 months - pull to standing; walk when led; climb up stairs
• 12-15 months - walk alone

• 0-2 months - palmer grasp
• 2 months -reach with fist
• 4-5 months - open-handed and visually- directed reaching
• 7-9 months - skilled reaching
• 8-12 months - "pincer" movement with thumb and fingers
• 3-5 years - consistent hand preference

• 1-2 yr olds - walk; climb stairs one/time
• 2 yr olds - run clumsily & fall often
• 3 yr olds - jump; hop irregularly; and climb stairs alternating feet
• 4 yr olds - start & stop quickly; hop on one foot; descend stairs with alternating feet with support
• 5 yr olds - running jump; hop & skip 20 ft; descend stairs unaided with alternating feet

• Children today are taller, heavier, stronger than children 100 years ago - Why?
• Does early deprivation or enrichment have long-term consequences?
• What are the effects of living in poverty?
• How do cultural differences in child rearing influence development?

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