Developmental Psychology 350
Lecture 9
10/11/00
Announcements
Exam Rooms- 10/16 Mon 8-10PM
Students in Roxana’s and Janna’s sections in 1324EH
Students in other sections will take the exam in 140 Lorch
Special needs students go to 1084 EH
Pages 257-264 in Berger are also included in the exam
Outline
The Development of Attachment
4 Stages of attachment
Consequences of attachment
Types of attachment
Fathers’ roles
What influences attachment?
Explanations of attachment
Stages of Attachment
Indiscriminate social responsiveness
birth - 2 months
Discriminate social responsiveness
2-7 months
Specific attachment
7-30 months
Goal-directed partnership
30 months on
Consequences of Attachment
Separation distress
Wariness of strangers
Trust & autonomy
The Strange Situation
Purpose: Observe baby’s reactions to mother’s absence, stranger’s presence, and being alone
8 episodes of baby with mother, with stranger, or alone that increase in stress
3 Kinds of Attachment Relationships
Secure attachment - 65%
Avoidant attachment - 20%
Resistant attachment - 15%
Child Maltreatment Byron Egeland
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Neglect
Psychologically unavailable parenting
Causes of Child Maltreatment
Family stress
Parent’s chaotic relationships
Parent’s own maltreatment as child
Consequences of Child Abuse
At 18 months, abused children show anxious-resistant attachments
Toddlers display anger, frustration, & noncompliance
Girls display anxiety and depression
Boys display defiance and aggression
Consequences of Neglect
At 2 years, children show frustration and negative affect and no enthusiasm
At 3-4 years, children are distractible and noncompliant
Dependent on teachers
Poor academic achievement
Isolated from peers
Consequences of Psychological Unavailability
At 18 months, insecurely attached
At 2 years, angry, frustrated, and little positive affect
Physical and mental development are below average as preschoolers
Protective factors that promote resilience in children
Secure attachment to some adult
Stable home environment
Mothers who were abused learn to integrate their experiences into a coherent view of themselves and learn to respond to children’s needs
Fathers’ Roles - Ross Parke
Caring leads to security & comfort
Playing leads to stimulation & fun
Both mother and father can form attachment relationships with children
Parents teach children to express and read emotions of others
Unpopular children display reciprocal anger with fathers
Features of Paternal Behavior - (Michael Lamb)
Engagement
Accessibility
Responsibility
Factors that Influence Attachment Relationships
Emotional vitality (Thompson)
Institutionalization
Separation & Deprivation
SES
Ethnicity
Culture
Maternal Employment
Long-Term Consequences of Attachment Relations
Self-reliance
Reduced stress-related hormones
Better peer relations
Joint book-reading & learning
Explanations of Attachment
Conditioning & reinforcement
Emotional bonding & contact
Biological/hormonal stimulation
Cognitive abilities
Behavioral synchronies