I. Early Emotions

1. Early Emotions

1. distress
2. sadness
3. interest
4. pleasure

1. Social smile - a smile in response to a face or voice

1. The Older Infant

1. Emotions in the older baby are more selective and diverse

1. physical emotion
2. growing cognitive skills
3. more varied experiences

1. Fear and Anxiety

1. Stranger wariness - fear of strangers
2. Separation anxiety – the fear of being left by the mother or other caregiver

1. Emotions as a Social Window

1. Social referencing – searching the expressions of others for emotional cues

1. begins at 6 months

1. Referring to Dad

1. Fathers are more encouraging and mothers are more protective
2. More physical play helps children master motor skills and develop muscle control
3. Physical play helps with the growth of social skills and emotional expressions

1. Self-awareness

1. A person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people

1. Self-awareness begins at about 15 to 18 months
2. Awareness of other people begins at 9 and 15 months

1. Who’s in the Mirror

1. Lewis and Brook experiment to examine the sense of self

1. Rouge dot placed on the babies’ noses
2. Babies looked in the mirror and if they reacted to the dot, this was an indication of self-awareness
3. Pride and Shame

1. Shame and guilt appear after the development of self-awareness

2. The Origins of Personality

1. Learning Theory

1. Personality is molded as parents reinforce or punish their child’s spontaneous behaviors
2. Infants observe and imitate personality traits of their parents

1. Psychoanalytic Theory

1. Oral and Anal Stages

1. Oral stage – the mouth is the young infant’s prime source of gratification

1. Oral fixation – the person is fixated at the oral stage because they

1. Anal stage – gratification of the anus, particularly the sensual pleasure taken in bowel movements and the psychological pleasure in controlling them

1. Anal personality – because of a conflict over resistance or inability to comply when they were a toddler, the child becomes fixated
2. Trust and Autonomy

1. Trust versus mistrust – according to Erik Erikson, the first crisis in infancy where the infant learns whether the world is essentially a secure place where basic needs will be readily satisfied, or the opposite, an unpredictable arena where needs will be met only after much crying

1. Babies develop a sense of security

1. Autonomy versus Shame and doubt – toddlers want autonomy, or self-rule, over their own actions and bodies and failure in their effort makes them feel ashamed of their actions and doubtful of the abilities

1. Problems arising in early infancy can last a lifetime
2. Experiences later in life can alter or transform the effects of early

1. Epigenetic Systems Theory

1. Temperament – Set of innate tendencies, or dispositions, that affect and shape almost all aspects of personality
2. Temperament consists of basic tendencies that are foundation for personality differences later in life
3. Temperament is epigenetic
4. More stability in temperament after age 2

2. Interaction Again

1. Becoming Social Partners

1. Synchrony

1. Coordinated interaction between infant and caregiver
2. Parents go from newborn phase to family phase in care of child
3. Infants learn to express and read emotions and develop basic social interaction skills
4. Distinguished by moment-by-moment actions and reactions of infant and caregiver

1. Cross-cultural Variation

1. Episodes of face-to-face play are universal, but frequency, duration, and goals are different
2. Older siblings and other adults take active role in infant care in many non-Western cultures

1. Attachment

1. Emotional connection between people that produces a desire for continual contact and distress during separation

1. Deepens parent-child relationship and also may have contributed to human survival
2. Measuring Attachment

1. Secure attachment – provides comfort and confidence by infant’s attempts to be close to caregiver and also readiness to explore
2. Insecure attachment – characterized by infant’s fear, anxiety, anger, or seeming indifference toward caregiver
3. Strange Situation – experimental condition to assess infant’s attachment to caregiver

1. exploration of toys
2. reaction to caregiver’s departure
3. reaction to caregiver’s return
4. Attachment and Context

1. Attachment is affected by quality of care, past experiences of caregiver, and infant’s temperament
2. Things that increase quality of attachment

1. Sensitivity to infant’s needs
2. Responsiveness to infant’s signals
3. Infant-caregiver play
4. Greater synchrony
5. The Importance of Attachment

1. Attachment pattern may be preview of child’s social and personality development
2. Attachment is a sign of direction a child’s development will take (not a cause)
3. Attachment patterns can change