By 1988 NES had become aware that the evolution of the American religious scene had made the Religion Code in use at the time inadequate. Two main criticisms were leveled against it: 1) there weren't separate codes for some of the fastest growing denominations in the last twenty years; and 2) groups with different characteristics along political dimensions were lumped under the same heading. A group of scholars headed by David Leege from the University of Notre Dame developed and then tested (in the 1989 NES Pilot) an entirely new coding scheme which was adopted in 1990. Note that this new set of codes has coding added for different affiliations within the major mainline Protestant denominations, and the Pentecostal, Holiness, fundamentalist and evangelical Protestant denominations have been reworked almost entirely. The listing below of 1990-later religion codes includes a rough "translation table" for comparison with the 1960-1988 master codes and is designed to help analysts doing comparisons across years. However, the very nature of those problems which the new code was designed to address makes any translation between the two coding schemes extremely dubious (for a complete discussion of the development of the 1990 Code please see: Leege, D,, Wald, K. & Kellstedt L., 'Religion and Politics: A report on Measures of Religiosity in the 1989 NES Pilot Study'). In the second column is the 1990-later code; in the first column is the 1960-1988 code which would have been assigned to the same given response; blanks in the first column mean that there is no specific category associated with this response in the 1960-1988 codes. Note that in some cases without indication of 1960-1988 equivalent (blank), it is nonethe- less clear from context what 1960-1988 code number probably would have been assigned to a particular response [for example, "Norwegian Lutheran"--115 in 1990-1992-- would certainly have been coded 111 "Lutheran not further specified" in 1960-1988], but in other instances it is not apparent how responses coded in 1990 and later would have been coded in 1960-1988 coding scheme. NOTE: The following additions and changes to the full set of religious denomination codes (years 1990 and later) have been made: Year Codes Change made ---- ----------------------- ----------- 1990 151 (Congreg. Christian) new number (155) 1994 111,186,234,262,276 added 1996 240 added 1998 263,264,524,725,726,727 added 1990- NFS = 'not further specified' 1988: later: GENERAL PROTESTANT 100 010. Protestant, no denomination given 101 020. Non-denominational Protestant 102 030. Community church 040 040. Inter-denominational Protestant 099. Christian (NFS); "just Christian" ADVENTIST 139 100. 7th Day Adventist 102. Fundamentalist Adventists (Worldwide CHurch of God) [1990 only] 109. Adventist (NFS) ANGLICAN 116 110. Episcopalian; Anglican 111. Independent Anglican, Episcopalian BAPTIST 120. American Baptist Association 121. American Baptist Churches U.S.A. (inaccurately known as "Northern Baptist") 122. Baptist Bible Fellowship 123. Baptist General Conference 124. Baptist Missionary Association of America 125. Conservative Baptist Association of America 126. General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (G.A.R.B.) 138 127. National Association of Free Will Baptists (United Free Will Baptist Church) 138 128. Primitive Baptists 129. National Baptist Convention in the U.S.A.* 130. National Baptist Convention of America* 131. National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.* 132. Progressive National Baptist Convention* 133. United Free-Will Baptist Church [1990 only] 134. Reformed Baptist (Calvinist) 140 135. Southern Baptist Convention 147. Fundamental Baptist (no denom. ties) 148. Local (independent) Baptist churches with no denominational ties or links to a national fellowship 123 149. Baptist (NFS) CONGREGATIONAL 112, 150. United Church of Christ (includes Congregational, Evangelical 113, and Reformed) 115 1551. Congregational Christian EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS) 160. Church of the Brethren 127 161. Brethren (NFS) 126 162. Mennonite Church 163. Moravian Church 126 164. Old Order Amish 155 165. Quakers (Friends) 166. Evangelical Covenant Church (not Anabaptist in tradition) 167. Evangelical Free Church (not Anabaptist in tradition) 168. Brethren in Christ 170. Mennonite Brethren HOLINESS 180. Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA) 131 181. Church of God (Anderson, IN) 132 182. Church of the Nazarene 132 183. Free Methodist Church 137 184. Salvation Army 185. Wesleyan Church 186. Church of God of Findlay, OH 199. Holiness (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST 134 200. Plymouth Brethren 201. Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America 149 219. Independent-Fundamentalist (NFS) LUTHERAN 220. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly Lutheran Church in America and The American Lutheran Church); ELCA 141 221. Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod; LC-MS 222. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; WELS 223. Other Conservative Lutheran 111 229. Lutheran (NFS) METHODIST 122 230. United Methodist Church; Evangelical United Brethren 121 231. African Methodist Episcopal Church 232. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 233. Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 234. Primitive Methodist 240. Congregational Methodist (Fundamentalist) 120 249. Methodist (NFS) PENTECOSTAL 135 250. Assemblies of God 131 251. Church of God (Cleveland, TN) 252. Church of God (Huntsville, AL) 253. International Church of the Four Square Gospel 254. Pentecostal Church of God 255. Pentecostal Holiness Church 256. United Pentecostal Church International 131 257. Church of God in Christ (incl. NA whether 258) 133 258. Church of God in Christ (International) 260. Church of God of the Apostolic Faith 261. Church of God in Prophecy 262. Vineyard Fellowship 263. Open Bible Standard Churches 264. Full Gospel 267. Apostolic Pentecostal 268. Spanish Pentecostal 135 269. Pentecostal (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic PRESBYTERIAN 270. Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. 271. Cumberland Presbyterian Church 272. Presbyterian Church in American (PCA) 275. Evangelical Presbyterian 276. Reformed Presbyterian (NFS) 110 279. Presbyterian (NFS) REFORMED 114 280. Christian Reformed Church (inaccurately known as "Dutch Reformed") 281. Reformed Church in America 282. Free Hungarian Reformed Church 289. Reformed (NFS) RESTORATIONIST 124,125 290. Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 291. Christian Churches and Churches of Christ 136 292. Churches of Christ; "Church of Christ" (NFS) 293. Christian Congregation NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANTS 150 300. Christian Scientists 152 301. Mormons; Latter Day Saints 151 302. Spiritualists 153 303. Unitarian; Universalist 154 304. Jehovah's Witnesses 156 305. Unity; Unity Church; Christ Church Unity 306. Fundamentalist Adventist (Worldwide Church of God) 309. Non-traditional Protestant (NFS) ROMAN CATHOLIC 200 400. Roman Catholic 300 JEWISH 500. Jewish, no preference 501. Orthodox 502. Conservative 503. Reformed 524. Jewish, other EASTERN ORTHODOX (GREEK RITE CATHOLIC) 700 700. Greek Rite Catholic 710 701. Greek Orthodox 711 702. Russian Orthodox 712 703. Rumanian Orthodox 713 704. Serbian Orthodox 705. Syrian Orthodox 706. Armenian Orthodox 707. Georgian Orthodox 708. Ukranian Orthodox 719 719. Eastern Orthodox (NFS) NON-CHRISTIAN/NON-JEWISH 720 720. Muslim; Mohammedan; Islam 721 721. Buddhist 722 722. Hindu 723 723. Bahai 724. American Indian Religions (Native American Religions) 725. New Age 726. Wicca (Wiccan) 727. Pagan 729 729. Other non-Christian/non-Jewish 790 790. Religious/ethical cults OTHER/NO RELIGION/MISSING DATA 800 800. Agnostics 800 801. Atheists 998 997. Other