The best way to combine themes from all the cross-cultural films & genres examined is to explore first of all the concept of the "other" which has been a key ingredient of America’s perception of Japan since our time period began. Japan is western, but not, eastern but not, an ally, but not; the difference lies in tension and/or misunderstanding between the two cultures; first starting with a military conflict and continuing with an economic one.

Chon Noriega first examines the difference between the American and Japanese concepts of the Other: Western thought keeps the Other externalized and separate as a way of defining the Self by contrast. Japanese thought seeks to maintain both Self and Other within the culture by immersing the Self in the Other (Noriega).

 

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