Industry Affiliation Program for
Human Factors in Transportation Safety

Traffic Signs and Retroreflective Markings

The Effect of Headlamp Vertical Aim on Performance of a Lane Tracking System (Bao, Flannagan, Sayer, and Uchida), Report No. UMTRI-2011-48, December 2011.

Heavy Trucks, Conspicuity Treatment, and the Decline of Collision Risk in Darkness (Sullivan and Flannagan), Report No. UMTRI-2011-18, September 2011.

The Conspicuity of First-Responder Safety Garments (Tuttle, Sayer, and Buonarosa), Report No. UMTRI-2008-4, April 2008.

Recent Changes in Headlamp Illumination Directed Toward Traffic Signs (Sivak, Schoettle, and Flannagan), Report No. UMTRI-2006-31, September 2006.

Conspicuity of High-Visibility Safety Apparel During Civil Twilight (Sayer and Mefford), Report No. UMTRI-2006-13, June 2006.

Further Crash Evidence About the Nighttime Visibility of Trucks (Sullivan), Report No. UMTRI-2005-22, September 2005.

The Roles of Garment Design and Scene Complexity in the Daytime Conspicuity of High-Visibility Safety Apparel (Sayer and Mefford), Report No. UMTRI-2005-5, February 2005.

Mercury-Free HID Headlamps: Glare and Color Rendering (Sivak, Schoettle, and Flannagan), Report No. UMTRI-2004-37, November 2004.

The Roles of Retroreflective Arm Treatments and Arm Motion in Nighttime Pedestrian Conspicuity (Sayer and Mefford), Report No. UMTRI-2004-21, October 2004.

Visibility and Rear-End Collisions Involving Light Vehicles and Trucks (Sullivan and Flannagan), Report No. UMTRI-2004-14, June 2004.

LED Headlamps: Glare and Color Rendering (Sivak, Schoettle, and Flannagan), Report No. UMTRI-2003-39, November 2003.

High-Visibility Safety Apparel and the Nighttime Conspicuity of Pedestrians in Work Zones (Sayer and Mefford), Report No. UMTRI-2003-29, September 2003.

Factors Affecting Color Correction of Retroreflective Markings (Sayer, Mefford, and Flannagan), Report No. UMTRI-2001-27, September 2001.

Post-Mounted Delineators and Perceptual Cues for Long-Range Guidance During Night Driving (Schumann), Report No. UMTRI-2000-42, November 2000.

The Effect of Color Contrast on Daytime and Nighttime Conspicuity of Roadworker Vests (Sayer and Mefford), Report No. UMTRI-2000-35, September 2000.

Nighttime Visibility of Retroreflective Pavement Markings From Trucks Versus Cars (Rumar, Sivak, Traube, and Miyokawa), Report No. UMTRI-99-34, November 1999.

Effects of Color on the Detection of Retroreflective Pedestrian Markings by Normal and Color Deficient Drivers (Sayer, Mefford, Flannagan, and Sivak), Report No. UMTRI-99-6, May 1999.

Lane Markings in Night Driving: A Review of Past Research and of the Present Situation (Rumar and Marsh), Report No. UMTRI-98-50, November 1998.

Effects of Retroreflective Marking Color on Pedestrian Detection Distance (Sayer, Mefford, Flannagan, Sivak, Traube, and Kojima), Report No. UMTRI-98-8, March 1998.

Brightness of Colored Retroreflective Materials (Schumann, Sivak, Flannagan, Traube, Hashimoto, and Kojima), Report No. UMTRI-96-33, November 1996.

Effects of Retroreflector Positioning on Nighttime Recognition of Pedestrians (Luoma, Schumann, and Traube), Report No. UMTRI-95-18, June 1995.

In-Traffic Evaluations of High-Intensity Discharge Headlamps: Overall Performance and Color Appearance of Objects (Sivak, Flannagan, Traube, Battle, and Sato), Report No. UMTRI-93-3, January 1993.

Ranges of Stop Sign Chromaticity under Tungsten-Halogen and High-Intensity Discharge Illumination (Flannagan, Sivak, Gellatly, and Luoma), Report No. UMTRI-92-17, May 1992.

The Influence of Truck Driver Eye Position on the Effectiveness of Retroreflective Traffic Signs (Sivak, Flannagan, and Gellatly), Report No. UMTRI-91-35, September 1991.

Subjective Preferences for the Red Color of Stop Signs: Implications for the Design of High-Intensity-Discharge Headlamps (Sivak, Flannagan, Gellatly, and Luoma), Report No. UMTRI-91-27, June 1991.

Color of Retroreflective Traffic Sign Materials when Illuminated by High-Intensity-Discharge Headlights (Simmons, Sivak, and Flannagan), Report No. UMTRI-89-7, March 1989.